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clean (a ships bottom) with heat
flesh of various freshwater fishes of North America or of Europe (同)freshwater_bream
flesh of any of various saltwater fishes of the family Sparidae or the family Bramidae (同)sea_bream
important dark-colored edible food and game fish of Australia (同)Chrysophrys australis
sea bream of warm Atlantic waters (同)Archosargus rhomboidalis
food fish of European coastal waters (同)Pagellus centrodontus

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タイ科の海産魚 / コイ科の淡水魚

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/26 10:39:36」(JST)

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"Bream" redirects here. For other uses, see Bream (disambiguation).

"Abramis Brama" redirects here. For the band, see Abramis Brama (band).

The common bream, freshwater bream, bream, bronze bream^[2] or carp bream,^[3] Abramis brama, is a European species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is now considered to be the only species in the genus Abramis.

Range and habitat

The common bream's home range is Europe north of the Alps and Pyrenees, as well as the Balkans. It is found as far east as the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aral Sea. The common bream lives in ponds, lakes and canals, and in slow-flowing rivers.

Description

The bream is usually 30 to 55 cm (12 to 22 in) long, though some specimens of 75 cm (30 in) have been recorded; it usually weighs 2 to 4 kg (4.4 to 8.8 lb). The maximum length is 90 cm (35.5 in) with a maximum recorded weight of about 9.1 kg (20 lb).

It has a laterally flattened and high-backed body and a slightly undershot mouth. It is a silvery grey colour, though older fish can be bronze-coloured especially in clear waters. The fins are greyish to black, but never reddish.

Similar-looking fish

Silver bream above, common bream below

The common bream can easily be confused with the silver or white bream (Blicca bjoerkna), in particular at the younger stages (see picture). The most reliable method of distinguishing these species is by counting the scales in a straight line downwards from the first ray of the dorsal fin to the lateral line. Silver bream have fewer than 10 rows of scales, while common bream have 11 or more. At the adult stage the reddish tint of the pectoral fin of the silver bream is diagnostic. Like other Cyprinidae, common bream can easily hybridise with other species, and hybrids with roach (Rutilus rutilus) can be very difficult to distinguish from pure-bred bream.^[2]

Habitat

Common bream on fish exhibition in Prague

The common bream generally lives in rivers (especially in the lower reaches) and in nutrient-rich lakes and ponds with muddy bottoms and plenty of algae. It can also be found in brackish sea waters.^[1]

Feeding habits

The common bream lives in schools near the bottom. At night common bream can feed close to the shore and in clear waters with sandy bottoms feeding pits can be seen during daytime. The fish's protractile mouth helps it dig for chironomid larvae, Tubifex worms, bivalves, and gastropods. The bream eats water plants and plankton, as well.

In very turbid waters, common bream can occur in large numbers, which may result in a shortage of bottom-living prey such as chironomids. The bream are then forced to live by filter feeding with their gill rakers, Daphnia water fleas being the main prey. As the fish grows, the gill rakers become too far apart to catch small prey and the bream will not then grow bigger than 40 cm (16 in).^{[citation needed]} If a common bream is malnourished, it can develop a so-called "knife back", a sharp edge along its back.

Spawning

A mature bronze-coloured common bream from the Netherlands

The common bream spawns from April to June, when water temperatures are around 17 °C (63 °F). At this time, the males form territories within which the females lay 100,000 to 300,000 eggs on water plants.^{[citation needed]} The fry hatch after three to 12 days and attach themselves to water plants with special adhesive glands, until their yolk is used up.

Because of their slender shape, the young fish are often not recognised as bream, but they can be identified by their flat bodies and silvery colour. At this stage, the fish are still pelagic, but after a few months, they acquire their typical body shape and become bottom-dwellers. By three to four years old, the fish are sexually mature.

Fishing

They are fished both commercially and for sport.

However, bream do not often fight as hard as some other species native to the UK, and owing to their flat, disc-shaped profile, once tilted to one side, are relatively easy to bring to the bank. Common baits for bream include:

Sweetcorn - two or three grains hair-rigged is an effective method.
Maggot - again, hair rigging maggots can produce bream, or two to three maggots straight on the hook.
Boilies - these can produce bream as long as the boilies are smaller, in a variety of flavours.

All three methods can be fished using a paternoster rig, and cage feeder with the bait, for example sweetcorn fixed inside using groundbait plugs, or maggot feeder when fishing maggots.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). Abramis brama. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
^ ^a ^b Giles, Nick, Freshwater Fish of the British Isles: A Guide for Anglers and Naturalists, Swan Hill Press, 1994, ISBN 1-85310-317-9, pp 140–144
^ FishBase, Common names of Abramis brama. Retrieved 2010-11-13.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abramis brama .

Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). "Abramis brama" in FishBase. August 2011 version.
ITIS 163666

This article includes material translated from the French and German Wikipedias.

English Journal

Ectoparasites increase swimming costs in a coral reef fish.

Binning SA, Roche DG, Layton C.SourceDivision of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
Biology letters.Biol Lett.2013 Feb 23;9(1):20120927. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0927.
Ectoparasites can reduce individual fitness by negatively affecting behavioural, morphological and physiological traits. In fishes, there are potential costs if ectoparasites decrease streamlining, thereby directly compromising swimming performance. Few studies have examined the effects of ectoparas
PMID 23193046

Indigenous and spoilage microbiota of farmed sea bream stored in ice identified by phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene analysis.

Parlapani FF, Meziti A, Kormas KA, Boziaris IS.SourceDept. of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Street, 38446 N. Ionia, Volos, Greece.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2013 Feb;33(1):85-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.09.001. Epub 2012 Sep 13.
Investigation of the initial and spoilage microbial diversity of iced stored sea bream was carried out. Culture dependent methods were used for bacterial enumeration and phenotypic identification of bacterial isolates, while culture independent methods, using bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification, c
PMID 23122505

Effects of tea polyphenol coating combined with ozone water washing on the storage quality of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus).

Feng L, Jiang T, Wang Y, Li J.SourceCollege of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, PR China.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2012 Dec 15;135(4):2915-21. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.078. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
The present research evaluated the effects of tea polyphenol (TP) combined with ozone water (O(3)) on the quality of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus) over a period of 15 days storage at 4°C. A solution of TP (0.2%, w/v) was used to coat the fish after washing with ozone water (1mg/L). Fish ph
PMID 22980890

Japanese Journal

養殖トラフグとマダイにおける粘液胞子虫性やせ病原因虫の検出状況

魚病研究 = Fish pathology 50(3), 127-129, 2015-09
NAID 40020616968

Can red sea bream Pagrus major learn about feeding and avoidance through the observation of conspecific behavior in video playback?

Fisheries science 81(4), 679-685, 2015-07
NAID 120005674663

大豆粕飼料内フィターゼの添加が交雑魚マダイ雌×クロダイ雄のリン利用能の改善に及ぼす影響

水産増殖 = Aquaculture science 63(2), 159-167, 2015-06
NAID 40020516968

Dietary effects of housefly (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae on the growth performance and the resistance against bacterial pathogen in red sea bream (Pagrus major) (Perciformes: Sparidae)

Applied entomology and zoology 50(2), 213-221, 2015-05
NAID 40020470135

Related Pictures

Yellowfin Bream, Australian bream Yellowfin Bream Acanthopagrus australis Couch'sSea Bream RedSea Bream (=Backspot Sea Bream Bream Description Carp bream1.jpg of a papier maché Black Sea Bream fish Gilthead Sea Bream

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Common bream
	Common bream (Abramis brama)
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cyprinidae
Genus:	Abramis; Cuvier, 1816
Species:	A. brama
Binomial name
	Abramis brama; (Linnaeus, 1758)

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[IUCN-1] Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). Abramis brama. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 18 February 2009.

[Giles-2] Giles, Nick, Freshwater Fish of the British Isles: A Guide for Anglers and Naturalists, Swan Hill Press, 1994, ISBN 1-85310-317-9, pp 140–144

[3] FishBase, Common names of Abramis brama. Retrieved 2010-11-13.

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