WordNet

people who are old collectively; "special arrangements were available for the aged" (同)elderly
at an advanced stage of erosion (pronounced as one syllable); "aged rocks"
(used of tobacco) aging as a preservative process (`aged is pronounced as one syllable) (同)cured
advanced in years; (`aged is pronounced as two syllables); "aged members of the society"; "elderly residents could remember the construction of the first skyscraper"; "senior citizen" (同)elderly, older, senior
having attained a specific age; (`aged is pronounced as one syllable); "aged ten"; "ten years of age" (同)of age
of wines, fruit, cheeses; having reached a desired or final condition; (`aged pronounced as one syllable); "mature well-aged cheeses" (同)ripened
how long something has existed; "it was replaced because of its age"
a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld" (同)eld
begin to seem older; get older; "The death of his wife caused him to age fast"
make older; "The death of his child aged him tremendously"
remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age (同)ageing, senescence
growing old (同)ageing, senescent
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned

PrepTutorEJDIC

《補語にのみ用い,数詞を伴って》…『歳の』 / (酒・チーズなどが)熟成した
年とった
〈U〉(一般に)『年齢』,寿命;〈C〉(個々の)『年齢』,年 / 〈U〉成年(おとなとしての資格・権利を得る年齢;通例18または21歳) / 〈U〉『老齢』;《集合的に》老人たち / 〈U〉(人生の)『一時期』;〈C〉世代(generation) / 〈U〉〈C〉《しばしばA-》(歴史上の)『時代』 / 〈C〉《話》長い間 / 年をとる,ふける;〈物が〉古くなる / 〈年〉'を'とらせる;〈物〉'を'古びさせる
〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
年をとること / (ワイン・チーズなどの)熟成
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/07 09:02:20」(JST)

wiki en

Bone age is the degree of maturation of a child's bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray. The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach this stage of bone maturation. A child's current height and bone age can be used to predict adult height. For most people, their bone age is the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple years older or younger. Those with advanced bone ages typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing early sooner while those with delayed bone ages hit their growth spurt later than normal. Kids who are below average height do not necessarily have a delayed bone age; in fact their bone age could actually be advanced which if left untreated, will stunt their growth.

At birth, only the metaphyses of the "long bones" are present. The long bones are those that grow primarily by elongation at an epiphysis at one end of the growing bone. The long bones include the femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the lower limb, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the upper limb (arm + forearm), and the phalanges of the fingers and toes. The long bones of the leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height is the spine and skull.

As a child grows the epiphyses become calcified and appear on the x-rays, as do the carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet, separated on the x-rays by a layer of invisible cartilage where most of the growth is occurring. As sex steroid levels rise during puberty, bone maturation accelerates. As growth nears conclusion and attainment of adult height, bones begin to approach the size and shape of adult bones. The remaining cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses become thinner. As these cartilaginous zones become obliterated, the epiphyses are said to be "closed" and no further lengthening of the bones will occur. A small amount of spinal growth concludes an adolescent's growth.

Pediatric endocrinologists frequently order bone age x-rays to evaluate children for advanced or delayed growth and physical development. These are interpreted by pediatric radiologists, physicians who are experts in using medical imaging for pediatric diagnosis and therapy.

Methods

The most commonly used method is based on a single x-ray of the left hand, fingers, and wrist. A hand is easily x-rayed with minimal radiation ^[1] and shows many bones in a single view.^[2] The bones in the x-ray are compared to the bones of a standard atlas, usually "Greulich and Pyle".^[3]^[4]

A more complex method also based on hand x-rays is the "TW2" method.^[5] An atlas based on knee maturation has also been compiled.

Bone age rating is a procedure well-suited for automation by computer. The main advantage is the elimination of the variability of rating between different human raters. The BoneXpert method is the most prominent example of a completely automated method.^[6]

The hands of infants do not change much in the first year of life and if precise bone age assessment is desired, an x-ray of approximately half of the skeleton (a "hemiskeleton" view) may be obtained to assess some of the areas such as shoulders and pelvis which change more in infancy.

Height prediction

Statistics have been compiled to indicate the percentage of height growth remaining at a given bone age. By simple arithmetic, a predicted adult height can be computed from a child's height and bone age. Separate tables are used for boys and girls because of the sex difference in timing of puberty, and slightly different percentages are used for children with unusually advanced or delayed bone maturation. These tables, the Bayley-Pinneau tables, are included as an appendix in the Greulich and Pyle atlas.

In a number of conditions involving atypical growth, bone age height predictions are less accurate. For example, in children born small for gestational age who remain short after birth, the bone age is a poor predictor of adult height.

Clinical application of bone age readings

An advanced or delayed bone age does not always indicate disease or "pathologic" growth. Conversely, the bone age may be normal in some conditions of abnormal growth. Children do not mature at exactly the same time. Just as there is wide variation among the normal population in age of losing teeth or experiencing the first menstrual period, the bone age of a healthy child may be a year or two advanced or delayed. Those with an advanced bone age typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing at an earlier age. Consequently, when a naturally short child has an advanced bone age, it stunts their growth at an early age leaving them even shorter than they would have been. Because of this, those who are short with an advanced bone age, need medical attention before their bones fully fuse.

An advanced bone age is common when a child has had prolonged elevation of sex steroid levels, as in precocious puberty or congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The bone age is often marginally advanced with premature adrenarche, when a child is overweight from a young age or when a child has lipodystrophy. Those with an advanced bone age typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing at an earlier age. Bone age may be significantly advanced in genetic overgrowth syndromes, such as Sotos syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Marshall-Smith syndrome.

Bone maturation is delayed with the variation of normal development termed Constitutional growth delay, but delay also accompanies growth failure due to growth hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism.

Marshal smith syndrome show features of dysplasia due to collagenosis

References

^ Patcas, R.; Signorelli, L.; Peltomaki, T.; Schatzle, M. (2012). "Is the use of the cervical vertebrae maturation method justified to determine skeletal age? A comparison of radiation dose of two strategies for skeletal age estimation". The European Journal of Orthodontics 35 (5): 604–9. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjs043. PMID 22828078.
^ Gertych, A.; Zhang, A.; Sayre, J.; Pospiechkurkowska, S.; Huang, H. (Jun–Jul 2007). "Bone age assessment of children using a digital hand atlas". Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 31 (4–5): 322–331. doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2007.02.012. PMC 1978493. PMID 17387000.
^ Büken, B.; Şafak, A. A.; Yazıcı, B.; Büken, E.; Mayda, A. S. (Dec 2007). "Is the assessment of bone age by the Greulich–Pyle method reliable at forensic age estimation for Turkish children?". Forensic Science International 173 (2–3): 146–153. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.02.023. PMID 17391883.
^ Greulich WW, Pyle SI: Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist, 2nd edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959.
^ Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Marshall WA, et al.: Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 Method). New York: Academic Press, 1975.
^ ^a ^b Thodberg, HH (2009). "Clinical review: An automated method for determination of bone age". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 94 (7): 2239–44. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2474.

External links

Automated determination of bone age.
A fuller description of the use of bone age films from the University of Utrecht.
Bone Age - Free Mac OS X software to assist in radiographic assessment using G&P standards.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 低身長の小児や青年への診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to children and adolescents with short stature
2. 高身長や異常に急激な成長がみられる小児 the child with tall stature and or abnormally rapid growth
3. 早期副腎皮質性第二次性徴 premature adrenarche
4. まれな先天性副腎過形成 uncommon congenital adrenal hyperplasias
5. 先天性角化異常症とその他の短縮テロメア症候群 dyskeratosis congenita and other short telomere syndromes

English Journal

Lower bone mineral density in Somali women living in Sweden compared with African-Americans.

Demeke T1, El-Gawad GA, Osmancevic A, Gillstedt M, Landin-Wilhelmsen K.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):208. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0208-5. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteomalacia. Bone mineral density was lower in Somali women, living in Sweden, in relation to both the American and the African-American reference populations. The majority, 73 %, had vitamin D deficiency, and supplementation should be considered to prevent from os
PMID 25693756

Factors associated with bone mineral density in healthy African women.

Mgodi NM1, Kelly C, Gati B, Greenspan S, Dai JY, Bragg V, Livant E, Piper JM, Nakabiito C, Magure T, Marrazzo JM, Chirenje ZM, Riddler SA; MTN-003B Protocol Team.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):206. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0206-7. Epub 2015 Feb 14.
There is a paucity of normative bone mineral density (BMD) data in healthy African women. Baseline total hip and lumbar spine BMD was measured in premenopausal women. BMD distribution was comparable to that of a reference population and was impacted by several factors including contraception and dur
PMID 25680424

Japanese Journal

Involvement of the Skeletal Renin-Angiotensin System in Age-Related Osteoporosis of Ageing Mice

GU Sa-sa,ZHANG Yan,LI Xiao-li [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(7), 1367-1371, 2012-07
NAID 40019357684

Analysis of anatomical and functional determinants of obstructive sleep apnea.

Aihara Kensaku,Oga Toru,Harada Yuka,Chihara Yuichi,Handa Tomohiro,Tanizawa Kiminobu,Watanabe Kizuku,Hitomi Takefumi,Tsuboi Tomomasa,Mishima Michiaki,Chin Kazuo
Sleep & breathing 16(2), 473-481, 2012-06
… [Results] Age, body mass index (BMI), position of the hyoid bone, and proximal airway resistance on IOS (R20) were significantly related to the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) (p < 0.05) in multiple regression analysis. …
NAID 120004247248