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any compound containing a chlorine atom
any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion)

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塩化物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/03 21:32:23」(JST)

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Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action. Bethanechol is sold under the brand names Duvoid (Roberts), Myotonachol (Glenwood), Urecholine (Merck Frosst) and Urocarb (Hamilton).

Uses

Bethanechol alleviates dry mouth^[1] and is sometimes given orally or subcutaneously to treat urinary retention resulting from general anesthetic, diabetic neuropathy of the bladder, or a side effect of antidepressants; or to treat gastrointestinal lack of muscular tone. The muscarinic receptors in the bladder and gastrointestinal tract stimulate contraction of the bladder and expulsion of urine, and increased gastrointestinal motility, respectively. Bethanechol should be used to treat these disorders only after mechanical obstruction is ruled out as a possible cause.

Its potential benefit in the treatment of cerebral palsy has been investigated.^[2] Bethanechol is a powerful cholinergic agent which does not cross the blood - brain barrier and may have powerful nootropic properties in enhancement of neural signaling and processing speed as well.

Atropine is given preoperatively to prevent voiding of the bowel/bladder during surgery, Bethanechol is then given postoperatively to revert this action.^[3]

Contraindications

Use of bethanechol, as well as all other muscarinic receptor agonists, is contraindicated in patients with asthma, coronary insufficiency, peptic ulcers, intestinal obstruction and hyperthyroidism. The parasympathomimetic action of this drug will exacerbate the symptoms of these disorders.

References

^ Gorsky, Meir; Epstein, Joel B.; Parry, Jamie; Epstein, Matthew S.; Le, Nhu D.; Silverman, Sol (2004-02-01). "The efficacy of pilocarpine and bethanechol upon saliva production in cancer patients with hyposalivation following radiation therapy". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 97 (2): 190–195. doi:10.1016/S107921040300564X. ISSN 1079-2104. PMID 14970777.
^ Carter WJ (September 2008). "Unexpected benefits of bethanechol in adults with cerebral palsy". Med. J. Aust. 189 (5): 293. PMID 18759732.
^ Obied, Hassan (2011). Cholinergic Pharmacology. CSU.

(Benavides-Haro et al. (2003)). The cholinomimetic agent bethanechol activates IK(ACh) in feline atrial myocytes. Naunyn-Schmiedederg's Arch Pharmacol. 368:309-315

UpToDate Contents

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1. Anal fissure: Medical management
2. Chronic urinary retention in women
3. 糖尿病性自律神経障害 diabetic autonomic neuropathy
4. 全身性硬化症（強皮症）における消化管疾患の治療 treatment of gastrointestinal disease in systemic sclerosis scleroderma
5. 脊髄損傷および疾患の慢性合併症 chronic complications of spinal cord injury and disease

English Journal

Bethanechol and Aripiprazole for the management of refractory urinary incontinence in a patient on Clozapine.

Dadlani N1, Austin M2.
The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.Aust N Z J Psychiatry.2016 Feb;50(2):182. doi: 10.1177/0004867415583878. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
PMID 25922356

Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction: Structural changes, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapies.

Acauan MD1, Figueiredo MA1, Cherubini K1, Gomes AP2, Salum FG3.
Archives of oral biology.Arch Oral Biol.2015 Dec;60(12):1802-10. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.014. Epub 2015 Sep 25.
PURPOSE: This review addressed the structural changes observed in salivary glands and pathogenic mechanisms resulting from oxidative stress caused by radiotherapy. The preventive and regenerative therapies for altered acinar morphology and glandular function were also reviewed. Among acute and late
PMID 26454716

Neuropeptide S inhibits gastrointestinal motility and increases mucosal permeability through nitric oxide.

Wan Saudi WS1, Halim MA2, Rudholm-Feldreich T2, Gillberg L2, Rosenqvist E1, Tengholm A3, Sundbom M4, Karlbom U4, Näslund E5, Webb DL2, Sjöblom M1, Hellström PM6.
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.2015 Oct 15;309(8):G625-34. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00104.2015. Epub 2015 Jul 23.
Neuropeptide S (NPS) receptor (NPSR1) polymorphisms are associated with enteral dysmotility and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study investigated the role of NPS in conjunction with nitrergic mechanisms in the regulation of intestinal motility and mucosal permeability. In rats, small intesti
PMID 26206857

Japanese Journal

症例水腎症の精査を契機に発見された尿管・膀胱マラコプラキアの1例

泌尿器科紀要 51(3), 183-185, 2005-03
NAID 120002141412

モルモット大腸粘膜下神経叢による上皮クロライドイオン分泌の制御 : コリナージックニューロンとVIPナージックニューロンの役割

北里医学 31(5), 288-296, 2001-10-31
NAID 110004698395

Ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌ　ｍｙｏｐａｔｈｙ，ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｐａｔｈｙ，ｌａｃｔｉｃ　ａｃｉｄｏｓｉｓ，ａｎｄ　ｓｔｒｏｋｅ‐ｌｉｋｅ　ｅｐｉｓｏｄｅｓ（ＭＥＬＡＳ）を伴うミトコンドリア糖尿病に合併した難治性慢性偽性腸閉塞にネオスチグミンが奏効した１例

糖尿病 44(10), 825-830, 2001
NAID 130004115309

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関連記事	「bethanechol」「chloride」

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Bethanechol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	2-(Carbamoyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium
Clinical data
Trade names	Urecholine
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682849
Pregnancy; category	US: C (Risk not ruled out); ;
Routes of; administration	Oral, subcutaneous
Identifiers
CAS Number	674-38-4
ATC code	N07AB02
PubChem	CID: 2370
IUPHAR/BPS	297
DrugBank	DB01019
ChemSpider	2280
UNII	004F72P8F4
KEGG	C06850
ChEBI	CHEBI:3084
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1482
Synonyms	2-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]- N,N,N-trimethyl- 1-propanaminium
Chemical data
Formula	C7H17N2O2
Molecular mass	161.221 g/mol
	SMILES O=C(OC(C)C[N+](C)(C)C)N ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C7H16N2O2/c1-6(11-7(8)10)5-9(2,3)4/h6H,5H2,1-4H3,(H-,8,10)/p+1 ; Key:NZUPCNDJBJXXRF-UHFFFAOYSA-O ;
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