beta 2-microglobulin

β2ミクログロブリン

関

beta2 microglobulin

WordNet

1. to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
2. work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
3. have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
4. be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
5. happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
6. have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
7. occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
8. spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
9. stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" (同)wager, play
10. the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" (同)wager
11. maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" (同)wager
12. second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory"
13. the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
14. preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software"
15. beets (同)genus Beta

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
2. 『かけ』・(…との)かけ《+『with』+『名』》 / かけた物(金) / かけの対象 / 〈金・物〉'を'『かける』 / (かけ事・ゲームなどで)〈人〉‘と'『かけをする』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)『かける』《+『on』(『against』)+『名』(one's do『ing』)》
3. ベータ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第2文字;B,β;英語のB,b に遭当)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/17 16:11:09」(JST)

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Beta-2-microglobulin
PDB rendering based on 1a1m.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1A1M, 1A1N, 1A1O, 1A6Z, 1A9B, 1A9E, 1AGB, 1AGC, 1AGD, 1AGE, 1AGF, 1AKJ, 1AO7, 1B0G, 1B0R, 1BD2, 1C16, 1CE6, 1CG9, 1DE4, 1DUY, 1DUZ, 1E27, 1E28, 1EEY, 1EEZ, 1EFX, 1EXU, 1GZP, 1GZQ, 1HHG, 1HHH, 1HHI, 1HHJ, 1HHK, 1HLA, 1HSA, 1HSB, 1I1F, 1I1Y, 1I4F, 1I7R, 1I7T, 1I7U, 1IM3, 1IM9, 1JF1, 1JGD, 1JGE, 1JHT, 1JNJ, 1K5N, 1KPR, 1KTL, 1LDS, 1LP9, 1M05, 1M6O, 1MHE, 1MI5, 1N2R, 1OF2, 1OGA, 1OGT, 1ONQ, 1P7Q, 1PY4, 1Q94, 1QEW, 1QLF, 1QQD, 1QR1, 1QRN, 1QSE, 1QSF, 1QVO, 1R3H, 1S9W, 1S9X, 1S9Y, 1SYS, 1SYV, 1TMC, 1TVB, 1TVH, 1UQS, 1UXS, 1UXW, 1VGK, 1W0V, 1W0W, 1W72, 1X7Q, 1XH3, 1XR8, 1XR9, 1XZ0, 1YDP, 1YPZ, 1ZHK, 1ZHL, 1ZS8, 1ZSD, 1ZT4, 1ZVS, 2A83, 2AK4, 2AV1, 2AV7, 2AXF, 2AXG, 2BCK, 2BNQ, 2BNR, 2BSR, 2BSS, 2BST, 2BVO, 2BVP, 2BVQ, 2C7U, 2CII, 2CIK, 2CLR, 2D31, 2D4D, 2D4F, 2DYP, 2E8D, 2ESV, 2F53, 2F54, 2F74, 2F8O, 2FYY, 2FZ3, 2GIT, 2GJ6, 2GT9, 2GTW, 2GTZ, 2GUO, 2H26, 2H6P, 2HJK, 2HJL, 2HLA, 2HN7, 2J8U, 2JCC, 2NW3, 2NX5, 2P5E, 2P5W, 2PO6, 2PYE, 2RFX, 2UWE, 2V2W, 2V2X, 2VB5, 2VLJ, 2VLK, 2VLL, 2VLR, 2X4N, 2X4O, 2X4P, 2X4R, 2X4S, 2X4T, 2X4U, 2X70, 2X89, 2XKS, 2XKU, 2XPG, 2YPK, 2YPL, 2YXF, 2Z9T, 3AM8, 3B3I, 3B6S, 3BGM, 3BH8, 3BH9, 3BHB, 3BO8, 3BP4, 3BP7, 3BVN, 3BW9, 3BWA, 3BXN, 3BZE, 3BZF, 3C9N, 3CDG, 3CII, 3CIQ, 3CZF, 3D18, 3D25, 3D2U, 3D39, 3D3V, 3DBX, 3DHJ, 3DHM, 3DTX, 3DX6, 3DX7, 3DX8, 3DXA, 3EKC, 3FFC, 3FQN, 3FQR, 3FQT, 3FQU, 3FQW, 3FQX, 3FT2, 3FT3, 3FT4, 3GIV, 3GJF, 3GSN, 3GSO, 3GSQ, 3GSR, 3GSU, 3GSV, 3GSW, 3GSX, 3H7B, 3H9H, 3H9S, 3HAE, 3HCV, 3HG1, 3HLA, 3HPJ, 3HUJ, 3I6G, 3I6K, 3I6L, 3IB4, 3IXA, 3JTS, 3KLA, 3KPL, 3KPM, 3KPN, 3KPO, 3KPP, 3KPQ, 3KPR, 3KPS, 3KWW, 3KXF, 3KYN, 3KYO, 3L3D, 3L3G, 3L3I, 3L3J, 3L3K, 3LKN, 3LKO, 3LKP, 3LKQ, 3LKR, 3LKS, 3LN4, 3LN5, 3LOW, 3LOZ, 3LV3, 3M17, 3M1B, 3MGO, 3MGT, 3MR9, 3MRB, 3MRC, 3MRD, 3MRE, 3MRF, 3MRG, 3MRH, 3MRI, 3MRJ, 3MRK, 3MRL, 3MRM, 3MRN, 3MRO, 3MRP, 3MRQ, 3MRR, 3MV7, 3MV8, 3MV9, 3MYJ, 3MYZ, 3MZT, 3NA4, 3NFN, 3O3A, 3O3B, 3O3D, 3O3E, 3O4L, 3OV6, 3OX8, 3OXR, 3OXS, 3PWJ, 3PWL, 3PWN, 3PWP, 3QDA, 3QDG, 3QDJ, 3QDM, 3QEQ, 3QFD, 3QFJ, 3QZW, 3REW, 3RL1, 3RL2, 3RWJ, 3S6C, 3SDX, 3SJV, 3SKM, 3SKO, 3SPV, 3T8X, 3TID, 3TIE, 3TLR, 3TM6, 3TO2, 3TZV, 3U0P, 3UPR, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V5D, 3V5H, 3V5K, 3VCL, 3VFM, 3VFS, 3VFU, 3VFV, 3VFW, 3VH8, 3VRI, 3VRJ, 3VWJ, 3VWK, 3VXM, 3VXN, 3VXO, 3VXP, 3VXR, 3VXS, 3VXU, 3W0W, 3W39, 4E0K, 4E0L, 4E5X, 4EN3, 4EUP, 4EUQ, 4F7M, 4F7P, 4F7T, 4FTV, 4FXL, 4G8G, 4G8I, 4G9D, 4G9F, 4GKN, 4GKS, 4GUP, 4HKJ, 4HWZ, 4HX1, 4I48, 4I4W, 4JFD, 4JFE, 4JFF, 4JFO, 4JFP, 4JFQ, 4JQX, 4JRX, 4JRY, 4K71, 4K7F, 4KDT, 4L4T, 4L4V, 4LCW, 4LHU, 4MNQ
Identifiers
Symbol	B2M
External IDs	OMIM: 109700 MGI: 88127 HomoloGene: 2987 ChEMBL: 1741302 GeneCards: B2M Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • protein binding Cellular component • Golgi membrane • extracellular region • extracellular space • endoplasmic reticulum lumen • plasma membrane • external side of plasma membrane • ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane • phagocytic vesicle membrane • early endosome membrane • early endosome lumen • MHC class I protein complex Biological process • positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity • response to molecule of bacterial origin • antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-independent • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent • viral reproduction • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway • T cell differentiation in thymus • protein refolding • response to drug • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I • innate immune response • response to cadmium ion • regulation of defense response to virus by virus • regulation of immune response • interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	567	12010
Ensembl	ENSG00000166710	ENSMUSG00000060802
UniProt	P61769	P01887
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_004048	NM_009735
RefSeq (protein)	NP_004039	NP_033865
Location (UCSC)	Chr 15: 45 – 45.01 Mb	Chr 2: 122.15 – 122.15 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

β₂ microglobulin also known as B2M is a component of MHC class I molecules, which are present on all nucleated cells (excludes red blood cells). In humans, the β₂ microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene.

Structure and function

Schematic representation of MHC class I

β₂ microglobulin lies lateral to the α₃ chain on the cell surface. Unlike α₃, β₂ has no transmembrane region. Directly above β₂ (i.e. away from the cell) lies the α₁ chain, which itself is lateral to the α₂.

β₂ microglobulin associates not only with the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules, but also with class I-like molecules such as CD1 and Qa.

An additional function is association with the HFE protein, together regulating the expression of hepcidin in the liver which targets the iron transporter ferroportin on the cytoplasmic membrane of enterocytes and macrophages for degradation resulting in decreased iron uptake from food and iron release from recycled red blood cells respectively. Loss of this function causes iron excess and hemochromatosis.

Clinical significance

In patients on long-term hemodialysis, it can aggregate into amyloid fibers that deposit in joint spaces, a disease known as dialysis-related amyloidosis.

Mice models deficient for the β₂ microglobulin gene have been engineered. These mice demonstrate that β₂ microglobulin is necessary for cell surface expression of MHC class I and stability of the peptide binding groove. In fact, in the absence of β₂ microglobulin, very limited amounts of MHC class I (classical and non-classical) molecules can be detected on the surface. In the absence of MHC class I, CD8 T cells cannot develop. (CD8 T cells are a subset of T cells involved in the development of acquired immunity.) Low levels of β₂ microglobulin can indicate non-progression of HIV.

Levels of beta-2 microglobulin can be elevated in multiple myeloma and lymphoma, though in these cases primary amyloidosis (amyloid light chain) and secondary amyloidosis (amyloid associated protein) are more common. The normal value of beta-2 microglobulin is <0.2 mg/dL. However, with respect to multiple myeloma, the levels of beta2-microglobulin may also be at the other end of the spectrum. Diagnostic testing for multiple myeloma includes obtaining the beta2-microglobulin level, for this level is an important prognostic indicator. A patient with a level <0.004 g/L is expected to have a median survival of 43 months, while one with a level >0.004 g/L has a median survival of only 12 months.

References

Further reading

• Huang WC, Havel JJ, Zhau HE, Qian WP, Lue HW, Chu CY, Nomura T, Chung LW. (2008). "β2-Microglobulin Signaling Blockade Inhibited Androgen Receptor Axis and Caused Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells". Clin. Cancer Res. 14 (17): 5341–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0793. PMC 3032570. PMID 18765525. 
• Huang WC, Wu D, Xie Z, Zhau HE, Nomura T, Zayzafoon M, Pohl J, Hsieh CL, Weitzmann MN, Farach-Carson MC, Chung LW. (2006). "Beta2-microglobulin is a signaling and growth-promoting factor for human prostate cancer bone metastasis". Cancer Res. 66 (18): 9108–16. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1996. PMID 16982753. 
• Winchester JF, Salsberg JA, Levin NW (2004). "Beta-2 microglobulin in ESRD: an in-depth review". Advances in renal replacement therapy 10 (4): 279–309. doi:10.1053/j.arrt.2003.11.003. PMID 14681859. 
• Krangel MS, Orr HT, Strominger JL (1980). "Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo". Cell 18 (4): 979–91. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90210-1. PMID 93026. 
• Okon M, Bray P, Vucelić D (1992). "1H NMR assignments and secondary structure of human beta 2-microglobulin in solution". Biochemistry 31 (37): 8906–15. doi:10.1021/bi00152a030. PMID 1390678. 
• Guo HC, Jardetzky TS, Garrett TP et al. (1992). "Different length peptides bind to HLA-Aw68 similarly at their ends but bulge out in the middle". Nature 360 (6402): 364–6. doi:10.1038/360364a0. PMID 1448153. 
• Gattoni-Celli S, Kirsch K, Timpane R, Isselbacher KJ (1992). "Beta 2-microglobulin gene is mutated in a human colon cancer cell line (HCT) deficient in the expression of HLA class I antigens on the cell surface". Cancer Res. 52 (5): 1201–4. PMID 1737380. 
• Saper MA, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC (1991). "Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol. 219 (2): 277–319. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90567-P. PMID 2038058. 
• Caruana RJ, Lobel SA, Leffell MS et al. (1991). "Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and beta 2-microglobulin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients". The International journal of artificial organs 13 (12): 794–8. PMID 2289831. 
• Connors LH, Shirahama T, Skinner M et al. (1985). "In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from intact beta 2-microglobulin". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 131 (3): 1063–8. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(85)90198-6. PMID 2413854. 
• Hochman JH, Shimizu Y, DeMars R, Edidin M (1988). "Specific associations of fluorescent beta-2-microglobulin with cell surfaces. The affinity of different H-2 and HLA antigens for beta-2-microglobulin". J. Immunol. 140 (7): 2322–9. PMID 2450918. 
• Homma N, Gejyo F, Isemura M, Arakawa M (1989). "Collagen-binding affinity of beta-2-microglobulin, a preprotein of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis". Nephron 53 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1159/000185699. PMID 2674742. 
• Bataille R, Grenier J, Commes T (1988). "In vitro production of beta 2 microglobulin by human myeloma cells". Cancer Invest. 6 (3): 271–7. doi:10.3109/07357908809080649. PMID 3048575. 
• Hönig R, Marsen T, Schad S et al. (1989). "Correlation of beta-2-microglobulin concentration changes to changes of distribution volume". The International journal of artificial organs 11 (6): 459–64. PMID 3060434. 
• Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B et al. (1987). "Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2". Nature 329 (6139): 506–12. doi:10.1038/329506a0. PMID 3309677. 
• Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I et al. (1987). "The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit". J. Immunol. 139 (9): 3132–8. PMID 3312414. 
• Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA (1974). "The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin". Biochemistry 12 (24): 4811–22. doi:10.1021/bi00748a001. PMID 4586824. 
• Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T et al. (1982). "Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 (11): 6613–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613. PMC 349099. PMID 6171820. 
• Momoi T, Suzuki M, Titani K et al. (1995). "Amino acid sequence of a modified beta 2-microglobulin in renal failure patient urine and long-term dialysis patient blood". Clin. Chim. Acta 236 (2): 135–44. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(95)06039-G. PMID 7554280. 
• Collins EJ, Garboczi DN, Karpusas MN, Wiley DC (1995). "The three-dimensional structure of a class I major histocompatibility complex molecule missing the alpha 3 domain of the heavy chain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (4): 1218–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1218. PMC 42670. PMID 7862664. 
• Matoba R, Okubo K, Hori N et al. (1994). "The addition of 5'-coding information to a 3'-directed cDNA library improves analysis of gene expression". Gene 146 (2): 199–207. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90293-3. PMID 8076819. 
• Wang Z, Cao Y, Albino AP et al. (1993). "Lack of HLA class I antigen expression by melanoma cells SK-MEL-33 caused by a reading frameshift in beta 2-microglobulin messenger RNA". J. Clin. Invest. 91 (2): 684–92. doi:10.1172/JCI116249. PMC 288010. PMID 8432869. 

External links

• beta 2-Microglobulin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 多発性骨髄腫における病期分類および予後研究 staging and prognostic studies in multiple myeloma
• 2. 血液透析膜の生体適合性についての臨床結果 clinical consequences of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility
• 3. 慢性リンパ性白血病の病期分類および予後 staging and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• 4. アミロイドーシスの概要 overview of amyloidosis
• 5. 透析アミロイドーシス dialysis related amyloidosis

English Journal

• Reduction in glomerular pore size is not restricted to pregnant women. Evidence for a new syndrome: 'Shrunken pore syndrome'.

• Grubb A1, Lindström V, Jonsson M, Bäck SE, Åhlund T, Rippe B, Christensson A.
• Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation.Scand J Clin Lab Invest.2015 Jul;75(4):333-40. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1025427.
• The plasma levels of cystatin C, β2-microglobulin, beta-trace protein, retinol binding protein (RBP) and creatinine were determined in plasma samples from 111 randomly selected patients with eGFRcystatin C ≤ 60% of eGFRcreatinine and from 55 control patients with 0.9eGFRcreatinine ≤ eGFRcystati
• PMID 25919022

• Efficacy and Outcome of Allogeneic Transplantation in IgD and Nonsecretory Myeloma. A Report on Behalf of the Myeloma Subcommittee of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

• Morris C1, Iacobelli S2, Gahrton G3, van Biezen A4, Drake M5, Garderet L6, Potter M7, Schattenberg AV8, Cornelissen JJ9, Hamladji RM10, Martelli M11, Petersen E12, Rovira M13, Bandini G14, Kroger N15, de Witte T16.
• Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2015 Jun;21(6):1054-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.02.012. Epub 2015 Feb 20.
• We have recently reported on the outcome of autologous transplantation in the rare myelomas (IgD, IgE, IgM, and nonsecretory [NS]) but there is no real information on the outcome of these conditions after allogeneic transplantation. We used the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation mye
• PMID 25708221

• Connect MM Registry: The Importance of Establishing Baseline Disease Characteristics.

• Rifkin RM1, Abonour R2, Terebelo H3, Shah JJ4, Gasparetto C5, Hardin J6, Srinivasan S7, Ricafort R7, Nagarwala Y7, Durie BG8.
• Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia.Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk.2015 Jun;15(6):368-376. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.12.002. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
• BACKGROUND: Connect MM is the first and largest observational, noninterventional, prospective registry of patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma (NDMM) in the United States. It collects longitudinal data on patients within clinical practice including patients in clinical trials.PATIENTS AND
• PMID 25617035

Japanese Journal

• O-14 インスリンも吸着するリクセルを糖尿病を合併した透析患者に使用した1例 : 糖代謝への安全性の確認(腎疾患(2),一般演題4,第35回日本アフェレシス学会学術大会)

• 溝口 薫央,西村 典史,甲斐 正信,嶋田 英敬
• 日本アフェレシス学会雑誌 33(Supplement), 159, 2014-09-26
• NAID 110009874526

• 在胎32週以降の新生児における尿中β2-microglobulin 値に関する検討

• 佐藤 美保,西巻 滋,津田 兼之介,魚住 梓,粟生 耕太,石田 史彦,岩崎 志穂,堀口 晴子,関 和男,横田 俊平
• 日本周産期・新生児医学会雑誌 = Journal of Japan Society of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine 49(3), 936-940, 2013-09-01
• NAID 10031194996

• Relationship between Major Histocompatibility Complex Class Ⅰ Expression and Prognosis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors

• TANAKA Toshiyuki,SHIMADA Terumasa,AKIYOSHI Hideo [他],SHIMIZU Junichiro,ZHENG Cao,YIJYUN Li,MIE Keiichiro,HAYASHI Akiyoshi,KUWAMURA Mitsuru,HOSHI Fumio,OHASHI Fumihito
• Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75(10), 1393-1398, 2013
• … We assessed MHC class I expression and its correlation with tumor size, B2M expression, infiltration of lymphocytes, histological grade and prognosis. …
• NAID 130003362222

Related Links

• Beta-2 Microglobulin Tumor Marker: The Test

This beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) test is used as a tumor marker for some blood cell cancers. It is not diagnostic for a specific disease, but it has been associated with the amount of cancer present (tumor burden) and can ...

• Beta-2 Microglobulin Kidney Disease: At a Glance

Overview of the beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) kidney disease test, used to help detect kidney damage and follow kidney disorders ... Proceeds from website advertising help sustain Lab Tests Online. AACC is a not-for-profit organization ...

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