WordNet

relating to or occurring in a term or fixed period of time; "terminal examinations"; "terminal payments"
a contact on an electrical device (such as a battery) at which electric current enters or leaves (同)pole
station where transport vehicles load or unload passengers or goods (同)terminus, depot
electronic equipment consisting of a device providing access to a computer; has a keyboard and display
being or situated at an end; "the endmost pillar"; "terminal buds on a branch"; "a terminal station"; "the terminal syllable"
causing or ending in or approaching death; "a terminal patient"; "terminal cancer"
of or relating to or situated at the ends of a delivery route; "freight pickup is a terminal service"; "terminal charges"
terminate; "The NSF axed the research program and stopped funding it" (同)axe
an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle (同)axe
long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron (同)axone

PrepTutorEJDIC

『終りの』,末端の / 毎期の,定期の;学期末の / 『死に至る』, / 末端 / (電池の)端子 / (町の中心に近い)空港バス発着場;(一般に,鉄道・バスの)終点,終着駅

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/22 23:27:49」(JST)

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Activity at an axon terminal: Neuron A is transmitting a signal at the axon terminal to neuron B (receiving). Features: 1. Mitochondrion. 2. Synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters. 3. Autoreceptor. 4. Synapse with neurotransmitter released (serotonin). 5. Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitter (induction of a postsynaptic potential). 6. Calcium channel. 7. Exocytosis of a vesicle. 8. Recaptured neurotransmitter.

Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons) are distal terminations of the branches of an axon. An axon nerve fiber is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses (called "action potentials") away from the neuron's cell body, or soma, in order to transmit those impulses to other neurons.

Neurons are interconnected in complex arrangements, and use electrochemical signals and neurotransmitter chemicals to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next; axon terminals are separated from neighboring neurons by a small gap called a synapse, across which impulses are sent. The axon terminal, and the neuron to which it is attached, is sometimes referred to as the "presynaptic" neuron.

Nerve impulse release

Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles that cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse. The axonal terminals are specialized to release the electrical impulse of the presynaptic cell.^[1] The terminals release transmitter substances into a gap called the synaptic cleft between the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron. The information is received by the dendrite receptors of the postsynaptic cell that are connected to it. Neurons don't touch each other, but communicate across the synapse.^[2]

The neurotransmitter molecule packages (vesicles) are created within the neuron, then travel down the axon to the distal axon terminal where they sit docked. Calcium ions then trigger a biochemical cascade which results in vesicles fusing with the presynaptic membrane and releasing their contents to the synaptic cleft within 180 µs of calcium entry.^[3] Triggered by the binding of the calcium ions, the synaptic vesicle proteins begin to move apart, resulting in the creation of a fusion pore. The presence of the pore allows for the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.^[4]^[5] The process occurring at the axon terminal is exocytosis, which a cell uses to exude secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. These membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble proteins to be secreted to the extracellular environment, as well as membrane proteins and lipids that are sent to become components of the cell membrane. Exocytosis in neuronal chemical synapses is Ca²⁺ triggered and serves interneuronal signalling.^{[citation needed]}

Mapping activity

Dr. Wade Regehr, professor of Neurobiology developed a method to physiologically see the synaptic activity that occurs in the brain. A dye alters the fluorenscence properties when attached to calcium. Using fluorescence-microscopy techniques calcium levels are detected, and therefore the influx of calcium in the presynaptic neuron.^[6] Regehr's laboratory specializes in pre-synaptic calcium dynamics which occurs at the axon terminals. Regehr studies the implication of calcium Ca²⁺ as it affects synaptic strength.^[7]^[8] By studying the physiological process and mechanisms, a further understanding is made of neurological disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, as well as memory and learning.^[9]^[10]

References

^ "Axon Terminal". Medical Dictionary Online. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
^ Foster, Sally. "Axon Terminal - Synaptic Vesicle - Neurotransmitter". Retrieved February 6, 2013. ^{[self-published source?]}^{[unreliable medical source?]}
^ Llinás R, Steinberg IZ, Walton K (1981). "Relationship between presynaptic calcium current and postsynaptic potential in squid giant synapse". Biophysical Journal 33 (3): 323–51. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(81)84899-0. PMC 1327434. PMID 6261850.
^ Carlson, 2007, p.56^{[verification needed]}
^ Chudler, Eric H. (November 24, 2011). "Neuroscience for kids Neurotransmitters and Neuroactive Peptides". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2013. ^{[self-published source?]}^{[unreliable medical source?]}
^ Sauber, Colleen. "Focus October 20-Neurobiology VISUALIZING THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTION". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
^ Regehr, Wade (1999–2008). "Wade Regehr, Ph.D.". Retrieved July 3, 2013. ^{[self-published source?]}
^ President and Fellows of Harvard College (2008). "The Neurobiology Department at Harvard Medical School". Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
^ "NINDS Announces New Javits Neuroscience Investigator Awardees" (Press release). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. May 4, 2005. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
^ "Scholar Awards". The McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience. Archived from the original on 2004-05-08. Retrieved July 3, 2013.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
2. 末期進行癌における生存期間の推定 survival estimates in advanced terminal cancer
3. 心不全におけるナトリウム利尿ペプチド測定 natriuretic peptide measurement in heart failure
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English Journal

Hypokinetic stress and neuronal porosome complex in the rat brain: The electron microscopic study.

Japaridze NJ, Okuneva VG, Qsovreli MG, Surmava AG, Lordkipanidze TG, Kiladze MT, Zhvania MG.SourceI. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
Micron (Oxford, England : 1993).Micron.2012 Sep;43(9):948-53. Epub 2012 Apr 6.
Porosomes are the universal secretory machinery in cells, where membrane-bound secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intravesicular contents to the outside of the cell during cell secretion. Studies using atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, electron density and 3D contour
PMID 22571877

Japanese Journal

Visual and olfactory input segregation in the mushroom body calyces in a basal neopteran, the American cockroach

Nishino Hiroshi,Iwasaki Masazumi,Yasuyama Kouji,Hongo Hidenori,Watanabe Hidehiro,Mizunami Makoto
Arthropod Structure & Development 41(1), 3-16, 2012-01
… In contrast, interneurons with dendrites mainly in the antennal lobe projection sites send axon terminals to the middle to outer layers of the calyces. … These results suggest that there is general modality specific terminal segregation in the MB calyces and that this is an early event in insect evolution. …
NAID 120003811550

Pheromone Detection by a Pheromone Emitter : A Small Sex Pheromone-Specific Processing System in the Female American Cockroach

Nishino Hiroshi,Iwasaki Masazumi,Mizunami Makoto
Chemical Senses 36(3), 261-270, 2011-03
… Whereas ordinary glomeruli that process normal environmental odors are innervated by single PNs, the B-glomerulus in both sexes is innervated by multiple PNs, one of which possesses a thicker axon, termed here B-PN. … Both soma size and axon diameter were smaller on B-PNs from females compared to B-PNs from males. … The female B-PNs also produce fewer terminal arborizations in the protocerebrum than male B-PNs. …
NAID 80021751848

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「軸索終末」

Structure of a typical neuron
Neuron
	Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of; Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath

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関: axon terminal、presynaptic nerve ending、presynaptic terminal、synaptic terminal

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シナプス前神経終末

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「presynaptic terminal」

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シナプス前終末

関: axon terminal、presynaptic nerve ending、synaptic bouton、synaptic terminal

「synaptic terminal」

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シナプス終末

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n.

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adj.

終端の、終末の、末期の

関: distal、end、end stage、ending、extremity、full-blown、terminal region、terminal stage、terminally、termini、terminus

[1] "Axon Terminal". Medical Dictionary Online. Retrieved February 6, 2013.

[2] Foster, Sally. "Axon Terminal - Synaptic Vesicle - Neurotransmitter". Retrieved February 6, 2013. ^{[self-published source?]}^{[unreliable medical source?]}

[Llin.C3.A1s81-3] Llinás R, Steinberg IZ, Walton K (1981). "Relationship between presynaptic calcium current and postsynaptic potential in squid giant synapse". Biophysical Journal 33 (3): 323–51. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(81)84899-0. PMC 1327434. PMID 6261850.

[4] Carlson, 2007, p.56^{[verification needed]}

[5] Chudler, Eric H. (November 24, 2011). "Neuroscience for kids Neurotransmitters and Neuroactive Peptides". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2013. ^{[self-published source?]}^{[unreliable medical source?]}

[Sauber-6] Sauber, Colleen. "Focus October 20-Neurobiology VISUALIZING THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTION". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved July 3, 2013.

[Wade-7] Regehr, Wade (1999–2008). "Wade Regehr, Ph.D.". Retrieved July 3, 2013. ^{[self-published source?]}

[Regehr-8] President and Fellows of Harvard College (2008). "The Neurobiology Department at Harvard Medical School". Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2013.

[9] "NINDS Announces New Javits Neuroscience Investigator Awardees" (Press release). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. May 4, 2005. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2013.

[10] "Scholar Awards". The McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience. Archived from the original on 2004-05-08. Retrieved July 3, 2013.

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axon terminal