WordNet
- not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes
- artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" (同)contrived, hokey, stilted
- contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" (同)unreal
- a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; "humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 『人造の』,『人工の』,人為的な / 模造の / 不自然な,見せかけの
- 染色体
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/02 14:54:23」(JST)
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- 1. 先天性の細胞遺伝学的異常 congenital cytogenetic abnormalities
- 2. 産科における染色体マイクロアレイの利用 use of chromosomal microarray in obstetrics
- 3. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：研究用に育種された遺伝子改変マウス tools for genetics and genomics specially bred and genetically engineered mice
- 4. 男性不妊症の治療 treatment of male infertility
- 5. 骨髄異形成症候群における細胞遺伝学および分子遺伝学 cytogenetics and molecular genetics of myelodysplastic syndromes
English Journal
- The role of cannabinoid 1 receptor expressing interneurons in behavior.
- Brown JA1, Horváth S2, Garbett KA1, Schmidt MJ3, Everheart M1, Gellért L4, Ebert P1, Mirnics K5.Author information 1Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.2Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.3Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.4Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.5Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Electronic address: karoly.mirnics@vanderbilt.edu.AbstractSchizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population. Reduced expression of the 67-kDa protein isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) is a hallmark of the disease and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. In schizophrenia, GAD67 downregulation occurs in multiple interneuronal subpopulations, including the cannabinoid receptor type 1 positive (CNR1+) cells, but the functional consequences of these disturbances are not well understood. To investigate the role of the CNR1-positive GABA-ergic interneurons in behavioral and molecular processes, we employed a novel, miRNA-mediated transgenic mouse approach. We silenced the Gad1 transcript using a miRNA engineered to specifically target Gad1 mRNA under the control of Cnr1 bacterial artificial chromosome. Behavioral characterization of our transgenic mice showed elevated and persistent conditioned fear associated with an auditory cue and a significantly altered response to an amphetamine challenge. These deficits could not be attributed to sensory deficits or changes in baseline learning and memory. Furthermore, HPLC analyses revealed that Cnr1/Gad1 mice have enhanced serotonin levels, but not dopamine levels in response to amphetamine. Our findings demonstrate that dysfunction of a small subset of interneurons can have a profound effect on behavior and that the GABA-ergic, monoamine, and cannabinoid systems are functionally interconnected. The results also suggest that understanding the function of various interneuronal subclasses might be essential to develop knowledge-based treatment strategies for various mental disorders including schizophrenia and substance abuse.
- Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2014 Mar;63:210-21. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.001. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
- Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population. Reduced expression of the 67-kDa protein isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) is a hallmark of the disease and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. In schizophrenia, GAD67 downregulation occ
- PMID 24239560
- Radiation of the Nod-independent Aeschynomene relies on multiple allopolyploid speciation events.
- Arrighi JF, Chaintreuil C, Cartieaux F, Cardi C, Rodier-Goud M, Brown SC, Boursot M, D'Hont A, Dreyfus B, Giraud E.Author information IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-82/J, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.AbstractThe semi-aquatic legumes belonging to the genus Aeschynomene constitute a premium system for investigating the origin and evolution of unusual symbiotic features such as stem nodulation and the presence of a Nod-independent infection process. This latter apparently arose in a single Aeschynomene lineage. But how this unique Nod-independent group then radiated is not yet known. We have investigated the role of polyploidy in Aeschynomene speciation via a case study of the pantropical A. indica and then extended the analysis to the other Nod-independent species. For this, we combined SSR genotyping, genome characterization through flow cytometry, chromosome counting, FISH and GISH experiments, molecular phylogenies using ITS and single nuclear gene sequences, and artificial hybridizations. These analyses demonstrate the existence of an A. indica polyploid species complex comprising A. evenia (C. Wright) (2n = 2x = 20), A. indica L. s.s. (2n = 4x = 40) and a new hexaploid form (2n = 6x = 60). This latter contains the two genomes present in the tetraploid (A. evenia and A. scabra) and another unidentified genome. Two other species, A. pratensis and A. virginica, are also shown to be of allopolyploid origin. This work reveals multiple hybridization/polyploidization events, thus highlighting a prominent role of allopolyploidy in the radiation of the Nod-independent Aeschynomene.
- The New phytologist.New Phytol.2014 Mar;201(4):1457-68. doi: 10.1111/nph.12594. Epub 2013 Nov 15.
- The semi-aquatic legumes belonging to the genus Aeschynomene constitute a premium system for investigating the origin and evolution of unusual symbiotic features such as stem nodulation and the presence of a Nod-independent infection process. This latter apparently arose in a single Aeschynomene lin
- PMID 24237245
- Development of a novel DNA-launched dengue virus type 2 infectious clone assembled in a bacterial artificial chromosome.
- Usme-Ciro JA1, Lopera JA2, Enjuanes L3, Almazán F3, Gallego-Gomez JC4.Author information 1Molecular and Translational Medicine Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Viral Vector Core & Gene Therapy, Neuroscience Group, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia. Electronic address: jusme@ins.gov.co.2Viral Vector Core & Gene Therapy, Neuroscience Group, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.3Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.4Molecular and Translational Medicine Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Viral Vector Core & Gene Therapy, Neuroscience Group, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia. Electronic address: juanc.gallegomez@gmail.com.AbstractMajor progress in Dengue virus (DENV) biology has resulted from the use of infectious clones obtained through reverse genetics. The construction of these clones is commonly based on high- or low-copy number plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes, yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Prokaryotic promoters have consistently been used for the transcription of these clones. The goal of this study was to develop a novel DENV infectious clone in a BAC under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter and to generate a virus with the fusion envelope-green fluorescent protein in an attempt to track virus infection. The transfection of Vero cells with a plasmid encoding the DENV infectious clone facilitated the recovery of infectious particles that increased in titer after serial passages in C6/36 cells. The plaque size and syncytia phenotypes of the recombinant virus were similar to those of the parental virus. Despite the observation of autonomous replication and the detection of low levels of viral genome after two passages, the insertion of green fluorescent protein and Renilla luciferase reporter genes negatively impacted virus rescue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using a DENV infectious clone under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter to facilitate the recovery of recombinant viruses without the need for in vitro transcription. This novel molecular clone will be useful for establishing the molecular basis of replication, assembly, and pathogenesis, evaluating potential antiviral drugs, and the development of vaccine candidates for attenuated recombinant viruses.
- Virus research.Virus Res.2014 Feb 13;180:12-22. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.001. Epub 2013 Dec 14.
- Major progress in Dengue virus (DENV) biology has resulted from the use of infectious clones obtained through reverse genetics. The construction of these clones is commonly based on high- or low-copy number plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes, yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors, and bacterial
- PMID 24342140
Japanese Journal
- Integration-free and stable expression of F8 using a human artificial chromosome
- Kurosaki Hajime,Hiratsuka Masaharu,Imaoka Natsuko [他]
- Journal of human genetics 56(10), 727-733, 2011-10
- NAID 40019034088
- DNA-FISH法 : プローブ作製から染色,応用まで(B.遺伝子発現の解析技術,見るバイオサイエンス-基礎から最先端技術まで)
- 瀬山 敦,村田 晋一
- 組織細胞化学 2011, 83-91, 2011-07-10
- NAID 110008913880
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| 拡張検索 | 「P1 bacteriophage artificial chromosome」「P1-derived artificial chromosome」「human artificial chromosome」「mammalian artificial chromosome」 |
| 関連記事 | 「artificial」 |
「P1 bacteriophage artificial chromosome」
「P1-derived artificial chromosome」
「human artificial chromosome」
- 関
- HAC
「mammalian artificial chromosome」
「artificial」
- adj.
- 人工の、人工的な、人為的な