arras

　

WordNet

1. cause to be embarrassed; cause to feel self-conscious (同)abash
2. the state of being embarrassed (usually by some financial inadequacy); "he is currently suffering financial embarrassments"
3. some event that causes someone to be embarrassed; "the outcome of the vote was an embarrassment for the liberals"
4. the shame you feel when your inadequacy or guilt is made public
5. causing to feel shame or chagrin or vexation; "the embarrassing moment when she found her petticoat down around her ankles"; "it was mortifying to know he had heard every word" (同)mortifying
6. made to feel uncomfortable because of shame or wounded pride; "too embarrassed to say hello to his drunken father on the street"; "humiliated that his wife had to go out to work"; "felt mortified by the comparison with her sister" (同)humiliated, mortified
7. something that extricates you from embarrassment

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. アラス織り(美しい絵模様のあるつづれ織り);〈C〉アラス織りの壁掛け
2. 〈人〉‘の'『まごつかせる』,困惑させる,きまり悪がらせる / …‘を'『じゃまする』,妨げる / 〈人・会社など〉‘を'『財政困難にする』
3. 〈U〉困惑,当惑;きまりの悪さ / 〈U〉〈C〉財政困難 / 〈C〉じゃま者,妨害物
4. (人を)まごつかせる,困惑させる,きまり悪がらせる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/23 21:15:07」(JST)

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For other uses, see Arras (disambiguation).

Arras
Clockwise from top: A row of Flemish-Baroque-style townhouses, the Saint-Vaast Abbey, a colorful house, the Vauban Citadel, and the Town Hall and its Belfry
Coat of arms
Arras
Location within Nord-Pas-de-Calais region  Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E
Country	France
Region	Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Department	Pas-de-Calais
Arrondissement	Arras
Intercommunality	Arras
Government
• Mayor (2012–2014)	Frédéric Leturque
Area
• Land1	11.63 km2 (4.49 sq mi)
Population (2012)
• Population2	43,693
• Population2 Density	3,800/km2 (9,700/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	62041 / 62000
Elevation	52–99 m (171–325 ft) (avg. 72 m or 236 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Arras (French pronunciation: ​[aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital 'chef-lieu' of the Pas-de-Calais department. It is part of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, France’s fourth most populous region. It is located in Northern France on the Scarpe river. Established during the Iron Age by the Gauls, the city of Arras was first known as Nemetocenna, which is believed to have originated from the Celtic word nemeton, meaning 'sacred space'. The first mention of the name Arras appeared in the 12th century. Some hypothesize it is a contraction of Atrebates, a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain that used to inhabit the area. The name Atrebates could have successively evolved to become Atrades, Atradis, Aras and finally Arras. Others believe it comes from the Celtic word Ar, meaning 'running water', as the Scarpe river flows through Arras.

Arras is Pas-de-Calais’ third most populous city after Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer. The city counts 43,693 residents (2012) while the Arras metropolitan area gathers a population of 124,200. It is located 182 kilometers (113 miles) north of Paris and can be reached in 2 hours by car and 45 minutes by train/TGV. It is the historic center of the Artois region. Its local speech is characterized as a patois. The city of Arras is well known for its architecture, culture and history. It was once part of the Spanish Netherlands, a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from 1556 to 1714.

Each year Arras attracts thousands of visitors, who can explore the city's architecture and historic buildings. The most famous attractions include: the visit of the Town Hall, the ascent of the Belfry (listed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 15, 2005), the underground garden of the Boves (Le Jardin des Boves, a maze 10 meters beneath the city), the Squares (La Place des Héros and La Grande Place), the Art District (the Theatre of Arras and the Hôtel de Guînes), the Abbey District (The Saint-Vaast Abbey and the Cathedral of Arras), the Vauban Citadel, and the Nemetacum site (the ancient town founded by the Romans 2,000 years ago).

Unlike many French words, the final s in the name Arras should be pronounced.

History

Foundation

Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgae tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.

Medieval and early modern period

The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.

In 1025 a Catholic council was held at Arras against certain Manichaean (dualistic) heretics who rejected the sacraments of the Church. In 1097, two councils, presided over by Lambert of Arras, dealt with questions concerning monasteries and persons consecrated to God. In this time, Arras became an important cultural center, especially for the group of poets who came to be known as trouvères. One particular society of such poets was later called the Puy d'Arras.

The town was granted a commercial charter by the French crown in 1180 and became an internationally important location for banking and trade. The wool industry of Arras, established in the 4th century, became of great importance during the Middle Ages. By the 14th century it had gained renown and considerable wealth from the cloth and wool industry, and was particularly well known for its production of fine tapestries—so much so that in English and Italian the word "arras" (in Italian, "arazzi") was adopted to refer to tapestries in general. The patronage of wealthy cloth merchants ensured that the town became an important cultural centre, with major figures such as the poet Jean Bodel and the trouvere Adam de la Halle making their homes in Arras.

The ownership of the town was, however, repeatedly disputed along with the rest of Artois. During the Middle Ages, possession of Arras passed to a variety of feudal rulers and fiefs, including the County of Flanders, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and the French crown. The town was the site of the Congress of Arras in 1435, an unsuccessful attempt to end the Hundred Years' War that resulted in the Burgundians breaking their alliance with the English. After the death of Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1477, King Louis XI of France took control of Arras but the town's inhabitants, still loyal to the Burgundians, expelled the French. This prompted Louis XI to besiege Arras in person and, after taking it by assault, he had the town's walls razed and its inhabitants expelled, to be replaced by more loyal subjects from other parts of France. In a bid to erase the town's identity completely, Louis renamed it temporarily to Franchise. In 1482, the Peace of Arras was signed in the town to end a war between Louis XI and Maximilian I of Austria; ten years later, the town was ceded to Maximilian. It was eventually bequeathed to the Spanish Habsburgs as part of the Spanish Netherlands. Arras remained under Habsburg rule from 1493 until 1640 when it was captured by the French. The Spanish ceded it by the peace treaty in 1659 and it has since remained French.

The Union of Atrecht (the Dutch name for Arras) was signed here in January 1579 by the Catholic principalities of the Low Countries that remained loyal to King Philip II of Habsburg; it provoked the declaration of the Union of Utrecht later the same month.

Grand Place of Arras in February 1919

Modern period

During the First World War, Arras was near the front and a series of battles were fought around the city, and nearby Vimy Ridge. A series of medieval tunnels beneath the city, linked and greatly expanded by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company, became a decisive factor in the British forces holding the city. The city, however, was heavily damaged and had to be rebuilt after the war. In the Second World War, during the invasion of France in May 1940, the town was the focus of a major British counterattack. The town was occupied by the Germans and 240 suspected French Resistance members were executed in the Arras citadel. On 3 September 1944 the town was entered and liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division.

In September 1993 Ipswich and Arras became twin towns, and a square in the new Ipswich Buttermarket development was named Arras Square to mark the relationship.

Geography

Arras in the Pas-de-Calais

Arras Arrondissement in the Pas-de-Calais

Arras in the summer

Localization and Area

Arras is located in Northern France in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. Nord-Pas-de-Calais is divided in 2 departments: Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Arras is in the south-east part of the Pas-de-Calais department. By car, it is 182 kilometers (113 miles) north of Paris, 110 kilometers (68 miles) east of the English Channel, 152 kilometers (94 miles) south of Brussels, and 335 kilometers (208 miles) south of Amsterdam. The city's total area is 1163 hectares/11.63 square kilometers (4.49 square miles). The lowest point in the city is at 52 meters (170.60 feet) above sea level and the highest is at 99 meters (324.80 feet).

Geology

The soil of Arras is primarily composed of chalk, a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock that formed what is called the European stratigraphic unit. That Chalk Group deposited during the late Cretaceous Period 90 million years ago. It used to be extracted to construct the most prestigious buildings and houses of Arras. As a result residents once nicknamed the city La ville blanche (the White Town). The Arras area soil is also composed of clay, which was used to produce bricks, build less noble buildings, and embellish facades. Clay is mostly found in the lieu-dit of La Terre Potier in the western part of the city.

The level of earthquake hazard in the Arras area is low, as is it in the whole Pas-de-Calais department.

Climate

Arras mainly experiences an oceanic climate due to its proximity of the English Channel (La Manche). Arras' oceanic climate is characterized by frequent rains in all seasons. The temperatures are generally mild thanks to the proximity of the sea and the thermal amplitude is low. However, the city can sometimes experience brief cold temperatures as it is at the crossroads between oceanic and continental influences. Therefore the city's climate can also be referred as semi-oceanic (known as a climat océanique dégradé in French).

Population and Society

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1793	21,019	—
1800	19,958	−5.0%
1806	19,286	−3.4%
1821	19,798	+2.7%
1831	23,419	+18.3%
1836	23,485	+0.3%
1841	24,439	+4.1%
1846	26,956	+10.3%
1851	25,271	−6.3%
1856	26,216	+3.7%
1861	25,905	−1.2%
1866	25,749	−0.6%
1872	27,329	+6.1%
1876	26,764	−2.1%
1881	27,041	+1.0%
1886	26,914	−0.5%
1891	25,701	−4.5%
1896	26,144	+1.7%
1901	25,813	−1.3%
1906	24,921	−3.5%
1911	26,080	+4.7%
1921	24,835	−4.8%
1926	29,718	+19.7%
1931	29,490	−0.8%
1936	31,488	+6.8%
1946	33,345	+5.9%
1954	36,242	+8.7%
1962	41,761	+15.2%
1968	49,144	+17.7%
1975	46,483	−5.4%
1982	41,736	−10.2%
1990	38,983	−6.6%
1999	40,535	+4.0%
2006	42,015	+3.7%
2009	42,049	+0.1%
2012	43,693	+3.9%

Arras' demography in the Pas-de-Calais department

The Arras Prefecture

Demographics

As of 2012, the Arras' population is 43,693 for a density of 3,756.92 people per square kilometers (9,880.69 per square miles). The residents go by the name of Arrageois (male) and Arrageoise (female). The Arras metropolitan area gathers a population of 124,200.

Education

Arras is part of the académie de Lille (Lille's School District). There are 11 écoles maternelles (nursery schools), 11 écoles primaires (elementary schools), 8 collèges (junior high schools) and 7 lycées (high schools) within the city.

Sights and Attractions

Flemish-Baroque-style townhouses

The Belfry of Arras

View from the Belfry over the market Place des Héros

The Arras Cathedral

The Boves

The Vauban Citadel

The Squares

The city center is marked by two large squares, La Grand' Place and La Place des Héros, also called La Petite Place. The two squares are surrounded by a unique architectural ensemble of 155 Flemish-Baroque-style townhouses. These were built in the 17th and 18th century and were initially made of wood. In 1918, after the end of World War I, most of the townhouses were so severely damaged that they had to be restored to their pre-war conditions. They now made of bricks.

The Town Hall and its Belfry

The Gothic Town Hall and its Belfry were constructed between 1463 and 1554 and had to be rebuilt in a slightly less grandiose style after World War I. The Belfry is 75 meters (246 feet) high and used to serve as a watchtower. Nowadays tourists can enjoy ascending the Belfry.

The Cathedral of Arras

The original 19th-century Cathedral was constructed between 1030 and 1396 and was one of the most beautiful Gothic structures in Northern France. It was destroyed during the French Revolution.

The Boves

The Boves, a well-preserved underground network of galleries 10 meters beneath the city, was built in the 10th century and can now be visited by tourists. The idea was to set up a vast underground network to make all inhabitant's cellars communicate by means of galleries. Excavation material (chalk) was not wasted but rather used to construct houses. During World War I and World War II, the Boves was utilized as an underground bunker to hide and protect residents and valued materials from falling bombs.

The Art District

The Art District is renowned for its Italian-style theatre hall built in 1785 and the Hôtel de Guînes, a private 18th-century townhouse that attracts artists, designers and producers of intimist shows.

The Abbey District

Many of Arras's most remarkable structures, including the Musée des beaux-arts d'Arras and several government buildings, occupy the site of the old Abbaye de Saint-Vaast. The abbey's church was demolished and rebuilt in fashionable classical style in 1833, and now serves as the town's cathedral. The design was chosen by the one-time Abbot of St Vaast, the Cardinal de Rohan, and is stark in its simplicity, employing a vast number of perpendicular angles. There is a fine collection of statuary within the church and it houses a number of religious relics.

The Vauban Citadel

Built between 1667 and 1672, the Vauban Citadel has been nicknamed La belle inutile (the beautiful useless) by residents as the city has never been attacked since its construction. However the site remains a great architectural achievement for a 17th-century military structure. Within the citadel on the side of La Place de Manœuvre a small Baroque-style chapel was built. Outside, Le Mur des Fusillés (the wall of the people executed by a firing squad) pays tribute to the 218 members of the French Resistance shot in the citadel's ditch during World War II. The Fortifications of Vauban, that include the citadel of Arras and eleven other sites, are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since July 7, 2008.

Seasonal events

Arras holds the biggest Christmas Market north of Paris every year from the end of November to the end of December. Around 80 exhibitors offer a wide selection of arts and crafts, as well as local delicacies like chocolate rats, Atrébate beer and Coeurs d'Arras – heart-shaped biscuits which come in two flavours; ginger and cheese. Entertainment includes cooking lessons with chefs, craft demonstrations, a merry-go-round, a ferris wheel, an ice-skating rink and heated shelters. It also offers native products from International locations such as Canada, Vietnam, Morocco, Indonesia, Africa and gourmet regional specialities from different parts of France: Auvergne, Savoie, South-Western France and Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

The Main Square Festival is held for several days in early July within the Vauban Citadel, attracting tens of thousands of attendees and playing host to major acts such as The Chemical Brothers, Coldplay, Imagine Dragons, David Guetta and The Black Eyed Peas.

The Festival international du film d'Arras is a popular film festival held for ten days in November.

Le jardin botanique Floralpina is a private botanical garden specializing in alpine plants. It opens every year on the last Sunday of May and can be visited by appointment.

UNESCO Recognition

Two buildings in Arras are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

• The Belfry of the Town Hall, as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France group, since 2005
• The Vauban Citadel, as part of the "Fortifications of Vauban" group, since 2008

Outside Arras

The Vimy Memorial is a memorial just north of the town honouring a major World War I battle, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, which marked the first time Canada fielded an entire army of her own. Four Canadian divisions fought there on Easter weekend 1917. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the broader Allied offensive in April known as the Battle of Arras. Vimy was the only victory the Allies would enjoy during their 1917 spring offensive. The Basilica of Notre Dame de Lorette cemetery, overlooking the nearby village of Ablain-Saint-Nazaire, likewise stands before one of France's largest World War I necropolises. Part of an extensive network of tunnels dug in World War I by British Empire soldiers can be visited at the Carrière Wellington museum in the suburbs.

Transportation

Railway Station

La Gare d'Arras

La Gare d'Arras before 1907

The Gare d'Arras railway station is served by a purpose-built branch of the LGV Nord high speed railway, with regular TGV services to Paris (45 minutes). There are also regular trains to Lille, Amiens, Dunkerque and several regional destinations.

La Gare d'Arras offers service through TGV (High-speed train) and TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Regular trains).

TGV lines

Ligne Saint-Omer / Dunkerque - Lens - Arras - Paris-Nord

Ligne Valenciennes - Douai - Arras - Paris-Nord

Ligne Lille-Europe - Lyon - Marseille

Ligne Lille-Europe - Rennes

Ligne Lille-Europe - Nantes - Saint-Nazaire

Ligne Lille-Europe - Bordeaux

TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais lines

Ligne 2 : Lille - Douai - Arras - Amiens - Rouen

Ligne 6 : Arras - Hazebrouck - Dunkerque

Ligne 7 : Arras - Hazebrouck - Calais

Ligne 14 : Arras - Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise - Etaples - Boulogne-sur-Mer

Ligne Lille - Arras (TERGV)

Highway

L'autoroute A1 (The A1 highway) is a tollway that connects Arras with Lille and Paris. As part of the European 'inter-country' route E15, it also connects Arras with The United Kingdom and Spain as well as the northern and southern parts of France. L'autoroute A26 (The A26 highway) connects Arras with Calais and Reims.

• L'autoroute A1 connecting Arras with Paris and Lille

• L'autoroute A26 connecting Arras with Calais and Reims

• The European route E 15 connecting Arras with The United Kingdom and Spain as well as the northern and southern parts of France

Personalities

Arras was one of the centers of trouvère poetry, and trouvères from Arras include:

• Adam de la Halle (c.1240–88)
• Andrieu Contredit d'Arras († c.1248)
• Audefroi le Bastart (fl. c1200–1230)
• Dame Margot
• Dame Maroie
• Gaidifer d'Avion
• Guillaume le Vinier (fl. c1220–45; †1245)
• Jacques le Vinier
• Jehan Bretel (c1200–1272)
• Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras (fl. c1240–70)
• Jehan Erart († c1259)
• Mahieu de Gant
• Moniot d'Arras (fl c1250–75)
• Robert de Castel
• Robert de la Piere

Arras was the birthplace of:

• Matthias of Arras (1290?–1352), architect
• Antoine de Févin (c.1470–1511 or 1512), composer
• Charles de l'Écluse (1526–1609), doctor and pioneering botanist
• Philippe Rogier (c. 1561–1596), composer
• Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758–1794), French revolutionary leader
• Joseph le Bon (1765–1795), politician
• Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857), one of the first modern private investigators
• Lucien Gaudin (1886–1934), fencing champion
• Gabriel Hanot (1889–1968), journalist
• Violette Leduc (1907–1972), author
• Jean-Christophe Novelli (born 1961), chef and restaurateur
• Benoît Assou-Ekotto (born 1984), footballer
• Jean Pierre Arras (born 1998), footballer

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – Sister cities

Arras is twinned with:

• Ipswich, United Kingdom
• Oudenaarde, (Belgium)

See also

• Battles of Arras, for a list of battles so named.
• St. Vaast's Abbey
• Lion and Sun#Other (non-Iranian) variants

References

• INSEE commune file
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Arras". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 

External links

• Information and pictures about Arras (in French)
• Demographic statistics of Arras
• Fortifications of Arras
• "In and around Arras" pages 45–47 Discover Pas-de-Calais
• Inside the amazing cave city that housed 25,000 Allied troops under German noses in WWI
• "Rebuilding Arras after WW1: old and new ideas" on the website "Remembrance Trails of the Great War in Northern France"
• Article on Arras War Memorial/Sculptor Felix-Alexandre Desruelles

English Journal

• T cell tyrosine phosphorylation response to transient redox stress.

• Secchi C1, Carta M2, Crescio C2, Spano A2, Arras M3, Caocci G4, Galimi F1, La Nasa G4, Pippia P2, Turrini F5, Pantaleo A6.
• Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2015 Apr;27(4):777-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.014. Epub 2015 Jan 6.
• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are crucial to multiple biological processes involved in the pathophysiology of inflammation, and are also involved in redox signaling responses. Although previous reports have described an association between oxidative events and the modulation of innate immunity, a ro
• PMID 25572700

• Moesin is a major regulator of centrosome behavior in epithelial cells with extra centrosomes.

• Sabino D1, Gogendeau D1, Gambarotto D1, Nano M1, Pennetier C1, Dingli F2, Arras G2, Loew D2, Basto R3.
• Current biology : CB.Curr Biol.2015 Mar 30;25(7):879-89. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.066. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
• Centrosome amplification has severe consequences during development and is thought to contribute to a variety of diseases such as cancer and microcephaly. However, the adverse effects of centrosome amplification in epithelia are still not known. Here, we investigate the consequences of centrosome a
• PMID 25772448

• Subcellular partitioning of metals in Aporrectodea caliginosa along a gradient of metal exposure in 31 field-contaminated soils.

• Beaumelle L1, Gimbert F2, Hedde M1, Guérin A3, Lamy I4.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Mar 23;520:136-145. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.021. [Epub ahead of print]
• Subcellular fractionation of metals in organisms was proposed as a better way to characterize metal bioaccumulation. Here we report the impact of a laboratory exposure to a wide range of field-metal contaminated soils on the subcellular partitioning of metals in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa
• PMID 25813966

Japanese Journal

• Clinically relevant pain relief with an ibuprofen-releasing foam dressing : Results from a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial in exuding, painful venous leg ulcers

• FOGH Karsten,ANDERSEN Maibritt B.,BISCHOFF-MIKKELSEN Morten,BAUSE Renzo,ZUTT Markus,SCHILLING Stephan,SCHMUTZ Jean-Luc,BORBUJO Jesus,JIMENEZ Juan A.,CARTIER Hugues,JORGENSEN Bo
• Wound repair and regeneration 20(6), 815-821, 2012-11-01
• NAID 10031181871

• Clinical manifestations in patients with SOS1 mutations range from Noonan syndrome to CFC syndrome

• Narumi Yoko,Aoki Yoko,Niihori Tetsuya [他],SAKURAI Masahiro,CAVE Helene,VERLOES Alain,NISHIO Kimio,OHASHI Hirofumi,KUROSAWA Kenji,OKAMOTO Nobuhiko,KAWAME Hiroshi,MIZUNO Seiji,KONDOH Tatsuro,ADDOR Marie-Claude,COESLIER-DIEUX Anne,VINCENT-DELORME Catherine,TABAYASHI Koichi,AOKI Masashi,KOBAYASHI Tomoko,GULIYEVA Afag,KURE Shigeo,MATSUBARA Yoichi
• Journal of human genetics 53(9), 834-841, 2008-09-01
• NAID 10021929483

• ローマ生まれの救世主 : ゴーティエ・ダラス『エラクル』を読む

• 根津 由喜夫
• 金沢大学文学部論集. 史学・考古学・地理学篇 26, 19-50, 2006-03-25
• NAID 110004812252

Related Links

• Arras WordPress Theme

Great, Customizable WordPress Themes - Arras, Project AR2 and Classical Gamer.

Related Pictures

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拡張検索	「embarrass」「embarrassing」「embarrassment」

「embarrass」

　　[★]

em-(中に) + -barass(障害物、横木=bar) = 中に障害物を置く

• vt.

• (人)を恥ずかしがらせる/当惑させる。(人)を辱めて(～)させる(shame)(into doing)。(be ～ed)(人が)(人前で)恥ずかしい思いをする、(～で)まごつく(at, with, by, about, that節)
• (正式)(be ～ed)(人が)財政困難になる、借金を負う
• (問題など)を複雑にする、こじらせる。(政府・行動など)を妨害する
• (消化・肺など)の機能を損なう、～に障害を来す。

関

confound, disconcert, embarrassment, perplexity, puzzle

　 　

「embarrassing」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 当惑させるような、厄介な、間の悪い、ばつの悪い

関

embarrass

　 　

「embarrassment」

　　[★]

• n.

• 困惑

関

confound、embarrass、perplexity