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blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens; provides immunity to a disease

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抗血清(抗毒(免疫)素・凝集素のような抗体を含む血清)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/12 17:13:24」(JST)

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Antiserum (plural: antisera) is blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies and is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases. For example, passive antibody transfusion from a previous human survivor (convalescent serum) used to be the only known effective treatment for Ebola infection (but with little success rate).^[1]

Antisera are widely used in diagnostic virology laboratories. The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom, to treat envenomation.

How it works

Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen.^[2] The immune system then recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and triggers a more robust immune response. The use of antiserum is particularly effective against pathogens which are capable of evading the immune system in the unstimulated state but which are not robust enough to evade the stimulated immune system. The existence of antibodies to the agent therefore depends on an initial "lucky survivor" whose immune system by chance discovered a counteragent to the pathogen, or a "host species" which carries the pathogen, but does not suffer from its effects.^[3] Further stocks of antiserum can then be produced from the initial donor or from a donor organism that is inoculated with the pathogen and cured by some stock of preexisting antiserum. Diluted snake venom is often used as an antiserum to give a passive immunity to the snake bite itself.^[4]^[5]

References

^ Mupapa, K; Massamba, M; Kibadi, K; Kuvula, K; Bwaka, A; Kipasa, M; Colebunders, R; Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ (1999). "Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients (suppl 1)". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 Suppl 1 (Volume 179): S18–S23. doi:10.1086/514298. PMID 9988160. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
^ de Andrade, Fábio Goulart, et al. "The Production And Characterization Of Anti-Bothropic And Anti-Crotalic Igy Antibodies In Laying Hens: A Long Term Experiment." Toxicon 66.(2013): 18-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ Mortimer, Nathan T., et al. "Parasitoid Wasp Venom SERCA Regulates Drosophila Calcium Levels And Inhibits Cellular Immunity." Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 110.23 (n.d.): 9427-9432. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ O'Leary, M.A., K. Maduwage, and G.K. Isbister. "Use Of Immunoturbidimetry To Detect Venom–Antivenom Binding Using Snake Venoms." Journal Of Pharmacological & Toxicological Methods 67.3 (2013): 177-181. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ Vogel, Carl-Wilhelm, Paul W. Finnegan, and David C. Fritzinger. "Humanized Cobra Venom Factor: Structure, Activity, And Therapeutic Efficacy In Preclinical Disease Models." Molecular Immunology 61.2 (2014): 191-203. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

External links

Antisera at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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English Journal

Selectivity of binding of PEGs and PEG-like oligomers to anti-PEG antibodies induced by methoxyPEG-proteins.

Saifer MG, Williams LD, Sobczyk MA, Michaels SJ, Sherman MR.Author information Mountain View Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3475 Edison Way, Suite S, Menlo Park, CA 94025-1821, United States.AbstractThe use of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) in PEG conjugates of proteins and non-protein therapeutic agents has led to the recognition that the polymer components of such conjugates can induce anti-PEG antibodies (anti-PEGs) that may accelerate the clearance and reduce the efficacy of the conjugates. Others have classified anti-PEGs as "methoxy-specific" or "backbone-specific". The results of our previous research on anti-PEGs in the sera of rabbits immunized with mPEG or hydroxyPEG (HO-PEG) conjugates of three unrelated proteins were consistent with that classification (Sherman, M.R., et al., 2012. Bioconjug. Chem. 23, 485-499). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed on rabbit antisera and rabbit monoclonal anti-PEGs with competitors including 10kDa mPEG, 10kDa PEG diol and six linear or cyclic oligomers of oxyethylene (CH2CH2O), with molecular weights of ca. 150-264Da. Our results demonstrate that (1) the binding affinities of anti-mPEGs depend more on the backbone lengths of the polymers and the hydrophobicities of their end-groups than on their resemblance to the methoxy terminus of the immunogenic polymer; (2) anti-PEGs raised against HO-PEG-proteins are not directed against the terminal hydroxy group, but against the backbone; (3) rabbit anti-PEGs bind to and distinguish among PEG-like oligomers with as few as three oxyethylene groups; and (4) none of the monoclonal or polyclonal anti-PEGs was absolutely "methoxy-specific" or "backbone-specific", but displayed distinct relative selectivities. If these results are relevant to human immune responses, the clinical use of stable conjugates of HO-PEG with proteins and non-protein therapeutic agents would be expected to produce fewer and less intense immune responses than those induced by conjugates with mPEG or PEGs with larger alkoxy groups.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 Feb;57(2):236-46. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.07.014. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
The use of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) in PEG conjugates of proteins and non-protein therapeutic agents has led to the recognition that the polymer components of such conjugates can induce anti-PEG antibodies (anti-PEGs) that may accelerate the clearance and reduce the efficacy of the conjug
PMID 24200843

Involvement of Fcα/μR (CD351) in autoantibody production.

Yoshizawa Y, Honda S, Shibuya A.Author information Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Japan.AbstractAntibody exerts various immune responses via binding to Fc receptors expressed on immune cells. Although several reports have demonstrated that IgM prevents autoantibody production, the role of IgM Fc receptors is largely unknown. To analyze the involvement of Fcα/μR (CD351), an Fc receptor for IgM and IgA expressed on B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), in IgM-mediated suppression of autoantibody production, we generated mice deficient in Fcα/μR on the background of MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr/lpr) (Fcamr(-/-)Fas(lpr/lpr)) mice. Fcamr(-/-)Fas(lpr/lpr) mice showed significantly lower titers of IgG autoantibodies against double strand (ds) DNA, histone and cardiolipin in the sera than did Fcamr(+/+)Fas(lpr/lpr) mice. Moreover, Fcamr(-/-)Fas(lpr/lpr) mice showed higher survival rate at the ages of 28, 32 and 40 weeks old, compared with Fcamr(+/+)Fas(lpr/lpr) mice. These results suggest that Fcα/μR enhances, rather than suppresses, autoantibody production.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 Feb;57(2):216-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.002. Epub 2013 Oct 27.
Antibody exerts various immune responses via binding to Fc receptors expressed on immune cells. Although several reports have demonstrated that IgM prevents autoantibody production, the role of IgM Fc receptors is largely unknown. To analyze the involvement of Fcα/μR (CD351), an Fc receptor for Ig
PMID 24172225

Neospora caninum tachyzoites inoculated by the conjunctival route are not vertically transmitted in pregnant cattle: A descriptive study.

Moore DP, Alvarez-García G, Chiapparrone ML, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Lischinsky LH, de Yaniz MG, Odeón AC, Ortega-Mora LM, Campero CM.Author information Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CP C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: pmoore@balcarce.inta.gov.ar.AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether Neospora caninum tachyzoites (Nc-1) inoculated by the conjunctival route in pregnant cows were able to generate infection in their fetuses. Group 1 contained 2 naturally infected cows; group 2 contained two cows inoculated intravenously with 2.5×10(8) tachyzoites, group 3 contained two cows inoculated with 2.5×10(8) tachyzoites by the conjunctival route, and group 4 contained two uninfected control cows. The four inoculated cows from groups 2 and 3 were challenged at 23 weeks of gestation. An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), recombinant NcGRA7-based ELISA, ELISA for IgG subisotypes and Western blot analysis were assessed to characterize the humoral immune response in dams. Sera from their fetuses were tested also using Western blot analysis. Routine microscopic evaluation of H&E stained fetal tissues was made and any fetal tissues and placentas with lesions compatible with Neospora-infection were processed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). DNA extraction from fresh and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal tissues were tested by nested PCR. All dams from groups 1, 2 and 3 were seropositive by IFAT, rNcGRA7-based-ELISA and Western blot. IgG1/IgG2 ratios were ≤1 at weeks 27 and 29 of gestation. Only fetuses from groups 1 and 2 developed N. caninum specific antibodies by Western blot. Histopathological lesions compatible with those caused by N. caninum were observed in fetuses from groups 1 and 2. N. caninum cysts and tachyzoites were observed by IHC on fetal tissues from groups 1 and 2. Only fetal samples from group 2 were positive by PCR. Further work is needed not only to characterize the cellular immune response but also to clarify the consequences on the dam after conjunctival inoculation of N. caninum tachyzoites. This study shows that N. caninum tachyzoites inoculated by the conjunctival route were not vertically transmitted in pregnant cows.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2014 Jan 17;199(1-2):1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.006. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Neospora caninum tachyzoites (Nc-1) inoculated by the conjunctival route in pregnant cows were able to generate infection in their fetuses. Group 1 contained 2 naturally infected cows; group 2 contained two cows inoculated intravenously with 2.5×10(8) t
PMID 24184173

Japanese Journal

Characterization of the Envelope Glycoprotein of a Novel Filovirus, Lloviu Virus

Maruyama Junki,Miyamoto Hiroko,Kajihara Masahiro,Ogawa Hirohito,Maeda Ken,Sakoda Yoshihiro,Yoshida Reiko,Takada Ayato
Journal of virology 88(1), 99-109, 2014-01
… Mouse antiserum to LLOV VLP was barely cross-reactive to viruses of the other genera, indicating that LLOV is serologically distinct from the other known filoviruses. …
NAID 120005451570