無酸素運動

WordNet

do physical exercise; "She works out in the gym every day" (同)work_out
give a workout to; "Some parents exercise their infants"; "My personal trainer works me hard"; "work ones muscles"; "this puzzle will exercise your mind" (同)work, work_out
a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding; "you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook" (同)example
the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit; "the doctor recommended regular exercise"; "he did some exercising"; "the physical exertion required by his work kept him fit" (同)exercising, physical exercise, physical exertion, workout
systematic training by multiple repetitions; "practice makes perfect" (同)practice, drill, practice session, recitation
(usually plural) a ceremony that involves processions and speeches; "academic exercises"
not aerobic; "isometric exercises are anaerobic"
living or active in the absence of free oxygen; "anaerobic bacteria" (同)anaerobiotic

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〈U〉(身体の)『運動』;〈C〉体操 / 〈C〉(…の)『練習』,けいこ;練習問題《+『in』(『for』,『on』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉《the~》(精神力・能力などを)『働かせること』,(権力などの)行使《+『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》(軍の)演習;《米》式,式典 / 〈C〉礼拝,勤行 / 〈手足など,体の器官〉‘を'『働かせる』,動かす,訓練する / 〈人〉‘に'(…の)『訓練をさらる』,(…で)〈人〉‘を'鍛練する《+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈精神力・能力など〉‘を'『働かせる』,〈権力など〉‘を'行使する / 《文》《受動態で》(…について)〈人〉‘を'悩ます,心配させる《+『名』〈人〉+『about』(『over』)+『名』》 / 練習する;運動する
嫌気性の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/19 17:41:26」(JST)

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Anaerobic exercise

Fox and Haskell formula

Anaerobic exercise is an exercise intense enough to trigger lactate formation. It is used by athletes in non-endurance sports to promote strength, speed and power and by body builders to build muscle mass. Muscle energy systems trained using anaerobic exercise develop differently compared to aerobic exercise, leading to greater performance in short duration, high intensity activities, which last from mere seconds to up to about 2 minutes.^[1] Any activity lasting longer than about two minutes has a large aerobic metabolic component.^{[citation needed]}

Metabolism

Anaerobic metabolism, or anaerobic energy expenditure, is a natural part of whole-body metabolic energy expenditure.^[2] Fast twitch muscle (as compared to slow twitch muscle) operates using anaerobic metabolic systems, such that any recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers leads to increased anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of about four minutes (e.g., a mile race) may still have a considerable anaerobic energy expenditure component. High-intensity interval training, although based on aerobic exercises like running, cycling and rowing, effectively become anaerobic when performed in excess of 90% maximum heart rate. Anaerobic energy expenditure is difficult to accurately quantify, although several reasonable methods to estimate the anaerobic component to exercise are available.^[1]^[3]^[4]

In contrast, aerobic exercise includes lower intensity activities performed for longer periods of time. Activities such as walking, long slow runs, rowing, and cycling require a great deal of oxygen to generate the energy needed for prolonged exercise (i.e., aerobic energy expenditure). In sports which require repeated short bursts of exercise however, the anaerobic system enables muscles to recover for the next burst. Therefore training for many sports demands that both energy producing systems be developed.

The two types of anaerobic energy systems are: 1) high energy phosphates, ATP adenosine triphosphate and CP creatine phosphate; and 2) anaerobic glycolysis. High energy phosphates are stored in limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen or more specifically, when ATP is needed at rates that exceed those provided by aerobic metabolism; the consequence of rapid glucose breakdown is the formation of lactic acid (more appropriately, lactate at biological pH levels). Physical activities that last up to about thirty seconds rely primarily on the former, ATP-CP phosphagen system. Beyond this time both aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic metabolic systems begin to predominate.

The by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, lactate, has traditionally been thought to be detrimental to muscle function. However, this appears likely only when lactate levels are very high. Elevated lactate levels are only one of many changes that occur within and around muscle cells during intense exercise that can lead to fatigue. Fatigue, that is muscle failure, is a complex subject. Elevated muscle and blood lactate concentrations are a natural consequence of any physical exertion. The effectiveness of anaerobic activity can be improved through training.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Medbo, JI; Mohn, Tabata, Bahr, Vaage, Sejersted (January 1988). "Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2 deficit". Journal of Applied Physiology 64 (1): 50–60. Retrieved 14 May 2011. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Scott, Christopher B (June 2005). "Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis". Nutrition & Metabolism. 14 2. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-14. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ Di Prompero, PE; G. Ferretti (Dec 1, 1999). "The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism". Respiration Physiology 118 (2-3): 103–115. doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(99)00083-3.
^ Scott, Christopher B (2008). A Primer for the Exercise and Nutrition Sciences: Thermodynamics, Bioenergetics, Metabolism. Humana Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-60327-382-4.
^ McMahon, Thomas A (1984). Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–51. ISBN 0-691-02376-X.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および思春期における有酸素運動試験の概要 overview of aerobic exercise testing in children and adolescents
2. 機能運動テスト：呼気ガス分析 functional exercise testing ventilatory gas analysis
3. 心不全における運動耐用能およびVO2 exercise capacity and vo2 in heart failure
4. 運動生理学 exercise physiology
5. 冠動脈心疾患の患者における運動評価および運動許容能の測定 exercise assessment and measurement of exercise capacity in patients with coronary heart disease

English Journal

The effects of 8 weeks of motor skill training on cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance in children with developmental coordination disorder.

Farhat F1,2, Masmoudi K3, Hsairi I1, Smits-Engelsman BC4,5, Mchirgui R6, Triki C1, Moalla W2.
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.2015 Dec;40(12):1269-1278. Epub 2015 Aug 19.
Interventions based on everyday motor skills have been developed to be effective in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of motor skill training on exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with DCD. C
PMID 26579947

HIF-1-driven skeletal muscle adaptations to chronic hypoxia: molecular insights into muscle physiology.

Favier FB1,2, Britto FA3,4, Freyssenet DG5, Bigard XA6, Benoit H7,8.
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS.Cell Mol Life Sci.2015 Dec;72(24):4681-96. doi: 10.1007/s00018-015-2025-9. Epub 2015 Aug 23.
Skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue and the major body protein reservoir. Drop in ambient oxygen pressure likely results in a decrease in muscle cells oxygenation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and stabilization of the oxygen-sensitive hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α.
PMID 26298291

Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration Improves Muscular Performance in Healthy Volunteers.

Ostojic SM1, Stojanovic MD, Hoffman JR.
Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research.J Investig Med.2015 Dec;63(8):942-6. doi: 10.1097/JIM.0000000000000212.
BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a natural precursor of creatine, is a new promising dietary supplement, yet its performance-enhancing effect, if any, has yet to be established. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental GAA on muscle strength, anaerobic perfo
PMID 26079223

Japanese Journal

Emotional Fitnessのための無酸素性作業閾値(AT)を用いた最適運動強度推定

藤村佳史,亀井且有,クーパーエリック
ファジィシステムシンポジウム講演論文集 29, 509-512, 2013-09-09
NAID 40019825166

Exercise-induced hypoxemia and anaerobic capacity in Thoroughbred horses

Ohmura Hajime,Hiraga Atsushi,Jones James H.
The journal of physical fitness and sports medicine : JPFSM : official journal of the Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 2(2), 163-168, 2013-05
NAID 40019655607

Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Associated With Lower Aerobic Capacity and Impaired Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

Yokota Takashi,Kinugawa Shintaro,Yamato Mayumi,Hirabayashi Kagami,Suga Tadashi,Takada Shingo,Harada Kuniaki,Morita Noriteru,Oyama-Manabe Noriko,Kikuchi Yasuka,Okita Koichi,Tsutsui Hiroyuki
Diabetes Care 36(5), 1341-1346, 2013-05
… RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-The incremental exercise testing with cycle ergometer was performed in 14 male patients with MetS and 13 age-, sex-, and activity-matched healthy subjects. … To assess skeletal muscle energy metabolism, we measured high-energy phosphates in the calf muscle during plantar flexion exercise and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) in the resting leg muscle, using P-31- and (1)proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. …
NAID 120005311817