関: excitatory neurotoxin、excitotoxin、neurotoxin

WordNet

first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
any high mountain
any toxin that affects neural tissues (同)neurolysin

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アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
高山,高峰

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/20 16:34:52」(JST)

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α-Neurotoxins are a group of neurotoxic snake peptides that come from the venom of snakes in the families Elapidae and Hydrophidae that cause paralysis, respiratory failure, and death. They are antagonists of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the neuromuscular synapse that bind competitively and irreversibly, preventing synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) from opening the ion channel. Over 100 α-neurotoxins have been identified and sequenced.^[1]

History

The term α-neurotoxin was coined by C.C. Chang, who designated the postsynaptic bungarotoxin with the α- prefix because it happened to be slowest moving of the bungarotoxins under starch zone electrophoresis.^[2] The "α-" prefix subsequently came to connote any toxins with postsynaptic action.

As more snake venoms were characterized, many were found to contain homologous nAChR-antagonist proteins. These came to be collectively known as the snake venom α-neurotoxins.

General Structure

α-Neurotoxins from snake venoms that tightly bind nAChRs contain 60-75 amino acid (aa) residues and are linked by 4-5 disulfide bridges. Of these, there are two kinds, short type and long type, which have significant sequence homology and share the same three-dimensional structure, but have differing kinetics of association/dissociation with the receptor.^[3] All α-neurotoxins share a tertiary structure known as the three-finger fold, a four-disulfide globular core from which emerge three loops or fingers and a C-terminal tail. Localized mobility at the tips of fingers I and II is essential for binding.^[4] Accordingly, mutation of these residues produces large effects on binding.^[5]^[6]

Short Type:

Contain four disulfide bridges; composed of 60-62 aa's. Do not potently block α7 homo-oligomeric neuronal AChRs.

Long Type:

Contain a fifth disulfide bridge at the tip of the second loop;^[7] composed of 66-75 aa's. Potently block α7 homo-oligomeric neuronal AChRs. α-bungarotoxin and α-cobratoxin are both long-type.

Functions

For specifics, see Alpha-Bungarotoxin and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

α-Neurotoxins antagonistically bind tightly and noncovalently to nAChRs of skeletal muscles, thereby blocking the action of ACh at the postsynaptic membrane, inhibiting ion flow and leading to paralysis. nAChRs contain two binding sites for snake venom neurotoxins. Progress towards discovering the dynamics of binding action of these sites has proved difficult, although recent studies using normal mode dynamics^[8] have aided in predicting the nature of both the binding mechanisms of snake toxins and of ACh to nAChRs. These studies have shown that a twist-like motion caused by ACh binding is likely responsible for pore opening, and that one or two molecules of α-bungarotoxin (or other long-chain α-neurotoxin) suffice to halt this motion. The toxins seem to lock together neighboring receptor subunits, inhibiting the twist and therefore, the opening motion.^[9]

References

^ Hodgson WC, Wickramaratna JC. In vitro neuromuscular activity of snake venoms. 2002.
^ Chang C (1999). "Looking back on the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin". J. Biomed. Sci. 6 (6): 368–75. doi:10.1159/000025412. PMID 10545772.
^ Tsetlin, V. (1999). "Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins". European journal of biochemistry / FEBS 264 (2): 281–286. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00623.x. PMID 10491072. edit
^ Connolly, P. J.; Stern, A. S.; Hoch, J. C. (1996). "Solution Structure of LSIII, a Long Neurotoxin from the Venom ofLaticauda semifasciata†,‡". Biochemistry 35 (2): 418–426. doi:10.1021/bi9520287. PMID 8555211. edit
^ Trémeau, O.; Lemaire, C.; Drevet, P.; Pinkasfeld, S.; Ducancel, F.; Boulain, J. C.; Ménez, A. (1995). "Genetic engineering of snake toxins. The functional site of Erabutoxin a, as delineated by site-directed mutagenesis, includes variant residues". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 (16): 9362–9369. PMID 7721859. edit
^ Moise, L.; Piserchio, A.; Basus, V. J.; Hawrot, E. (2002). "NMR Structural Analysis of alpha -Bungarotoxin and Its Complex with the Principal alpha -Neurotoxin-binding Sequence on the alpha 7 Subunit of a Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (14): 12406–12417. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110320200. PMID 11790782. edit
^ Moise, L.; Piserchio, A.; Basus, V. J.; Hawrot, E. (2002). "NMR Structural Analysis of alpha -Bungarotoxin and Its Complex with the Principal alpha -Neurotoxin-binding Sequence on the alpha 7 Subunit of a Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (14): 12406–12417. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110320200. PMID 11790782. edit
^ Levitt, M.; Sander, C.; Stern, P. S. (1985). "Protein normal-mode dynamics: Trypsin inhibitor, crambin, ribonuclease and lysozyme". Journal of Molecular Biology 181 (3): 423–447. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90230-X. PMID 2580101. edit
^ Samson, A. O.; Levitt, M. (2008). "Inhibition Mechanism of the Acetylcholine Receptor by α-Neurotoxins as Revealed by Normal-Mode Dynamics". Biochemistry 47 (13): 4065–4070. doi:10.1021/bi702272j. PMC 2750825. PMID 18327915. edit

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English Journal

Unfolding stabilities of two paralogous proteins from Naja naja naja (Indian cobra) as probed by molecular dynamics simulations.

Gorai B, Sivaraman T.SourceStructural Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2013 Sep;72:11-22. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.024. Epub 2013 Jun 18.
Structurally similar but functionally different two paralogous proteins, CTX1 (a cardiotoxin) and LNTX2 (an alpha-neurotoxin), from venom of Naja naja naja have been homology modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at four different temperatures (298 K, 310 K, 373 K & 473
PMID 23791667

Characterization of monomeric and multimeric snake neurotoxins and other bioactive proteins from the venom of the lethal Australian common copperhead (Austrelaps superbus).

Marcon F, Purtell L, Santos J, Hains PG, Escoubas P, Graudins A, Nicholson GM.SourceNeurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
Biochemical pharmacology.Biochem Pharmacol.2013 May 15;85(10):1555-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.034. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
Envenomation by Australian copperheads results mainly in muscle paralysis largely attributed to the presence of postsynaptic α-neurotoxins. However, poorly reversible neurotoxic effects suggest that these venoms may contain snake presynaptic phospholipase A2 neurotoxins (SPANs) that irreversibly in
PMID 23500536

Modulation of A-type K+ channels by the short-chain cobrotoxin through the protein kinase C-delta isoform decreases membrane excitability in dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Guo Q, Jiang YJ, Jin H, Jiang XH, Gu B, Zhang YM, Wang JG, Qin ZH, Tao J.SourceDepartment of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit & Institute of Neuroscience, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
Biochemical pharmacology.Biochem Pharmacol.2013 May 1;85(9):1352-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.019. Epub 2013 Feb 19.
A-type K(+) channels are crucial in controlling neuronal excitability, and their regulation in sensory neurons may alter pain sensation. In this study, we identified the functional role of cobrotoxin, the short-chain α-neurotoxin isolated from Naja atra venom, which acts in the regulation of the tr
PMID 23435353

Japanese Journal

Amino Acid Sequence and Chemical Modification of a Novel .ALPHA.-Neurotoxin (Oh-5) from King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Venom.

The Journal of Biochemistry 121(4), 690-695, 1997
NAID 130003533161

Chemical Modification of Cationic Groups of a Novel .ALPHA.-Neurotoxin (Oh-4) from King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Venom.

The Journal of Biochemistry 118(2), 297-301, 1995
NAID 130003532597

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リンク元	「αニューロトキシン」「α神経毒」「excitotoxin」「excitatory neurotoxin」「α-ニューロトキシン」
関連記事	「alpha」