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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/10 00:41:23」(JST)

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A polyol is an alcohol containing multiple hydroxyl groups. In two technological disciplines the term "polyol" has a special meaning: food science and polymer chemistry.

Food science

Sugar alcohols, a class of polyols, are commonly added to foods because of their lower caloric content than sugars; however, they are also, in general, less sweet, and are often combined with high-intensity sweeteners. They are also added to chewing gum because they are not broken down by bacteria in the mouth or metabolized to acids, and thus do not contribute to tooth decay.^[1] Maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and isomalt are some of the more common types. Sugar alcohols may be formed under mild reducing conditions from their analogue sugars.

Polymer chemistry

In polymer chemistry, polyols are compounds with multiple hydroxyl functional groups available for organic reactions. A molecule with two hydroxyl groups is a diol, one with three is a triol, one with four is a tetrol and so on.

Monomeric polyols such as glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol and sucrose often serve as the starting point for polymeric polyols. These materials are often referred to as the "initiators" and reacted with propylene oxide or ethylene oxide to produce polymeric polyols. However, they should not be confused with free radical "initiators" used to promote other polymerization reactions. The functional group used as the starting point for a polymeric polyol need not be a hydroxyl group; there are a number of important polyols which are built up from amines. A primary amino group (-NH₂) often functions as the starting point for two polymeric chains, especially in the case of polyether polyols.

Polymeric polyols are generally used to produce other polymers. They are reacted with isocyanates to make polyurethanes used to make mattresses, foam insulation for appliances (refrigerators and freezers), home and automotive seats, elastomeric shoe soles, fibers (e.g. Spandex), and adhesives.^[2]

Polymeric polyols are usually polyethers or polyesters. Polyether polyols are made by reacting epoxides like ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with the multifunctional initiator in the presence of a catalyst, often a strong base such as potassium hydroxide or a double metal cyanide catalyst such as zinc hexacyanocobaltate-t-butanol complex.^[3] Common polyether diols are polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol. The examples shown below are fairly low molecular weight triols based on glycerin (a triol) being reacted with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide or a combination of the two. In reality, the chains would not be of equal length in any one molecule and there would be a distribution of molecular weight polyols within the material. Polyether polyols account for about 90% of the polymeric polyols used industrially; the balance is polyester polyols.^[4]

Another class of polymeric polyols is the polyesters. Polyesters are formed by condensation or step-growth polymerization of diols and dicarboxylic acids (or their derivatives), for example diethylene glycol reacting with phthalic acid.^[5] Alternatively, the hydroxyl group and the carboxylic acid (or their derivatives) may be within the same molecule, as in the case of caprolactone. The example below is an idealized structure that could be obtained by reacting pentaerythritol (a tetrol) with gamma-butyrolactone.

Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is a polyol used to produce polyurethane. Polyester polyols from vegetable oils, known as natural oil polyols or NOPs, are replacing some epoxide-based polyols.

References

^ "Polyols information source". www.Polyol.org. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
^ Chinn, Henry; Akihiro Kishi; Uwe Loechner (April 2006). "Polyether Polyols for Urethanes (abstract only without subscription)". SRI Consulting.
^ Alper, H.; J. L. Garcia; E. J. Jang (4 September 2002). "New heterogeneous catalysis for the synthesis of poly(ether polyol)s" (abstract). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 86 (7): 1553–1557. doi:10.1002/app.10996. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
^ "Dow Polyurethanes and Thermoset Systems, uses and innovations". Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
^ Kaszynski, Poitr; Oleg Kadkin; Karol Osajda; Thomas A. Barber (2003). "Polyester Polyols: Synthesis and Characterization of Diethylene Glycol Terephthalate Oligomers" (PDF). Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry 41 (8): 1114–1123. Bibcode:2003JPoSA..41.1114K. doi:10.1002/pola.10655. Retrieved 2008-08-09.

English Journal

Modification of the degree of branching of a beta-(1,3)-glucan affects aggregation behavior and activity in an oxidative burst assay.

Magee AS1, Langeslay RR1, Will PM1, Danielson ME1, Wurst LR1, Iiams VA1.
Biopolymers.Biopolymers.2015 Dec;103(12):665-74. doi: 10.1002/bip.22685.
Scleroglucan is a β-(1,3)-glucan which is highly branched at the 6-position with a single glucose residue. Acid hydrolysis of a high molecular weight scleroglucan gave a medium molecular weight, freely soluble material. Linkage analysis by the partially methylated alditol acetate method showed that
PMID 26015027

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of N-acetyllactosamine and lacto-N-biose, the two major building blocks of human milk oligosaccharides in human milk samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a porous graphitic carbon column.

Balogh R1, Jankovics P2, Béni S3.
Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2015 Oct 9. pii: S0021-9673(15)01449-1. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.006. [Epub ahead of print]
This study presents a validated, porous graphitic carbon stationary phase-based LC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of lacto-N-biose (LNB) and N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc). These compounds are the major building blocks of human milk oligosaccharides, however the presence of the
PMID 26477523

Characterization of a unique Caulobacter crescentus aldose-aldose oxidoreductase having dual activities.

Andberg M1, Maaheimo H2, Kumpula EP2, Boer H2, Toivari M2, Penttilä M2, Koivula A2.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2015 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]
We describe here the characterization of a novel enzyme called aldose-aldose oxidoreductase (Cc AAOR; EC 1.1.99) from Caulobacter crescentus. The Cc AAOR exists in solution as a dimer, belongs to the Gfo/Idh/MocA family and shows homology with the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobil
PMID 26428243

Japanese Journal

Ce^<3+>-induced exopolysaccharide production by Bradyrhizobium sp. MAFF211645(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Fitriyanto Nanung Agus,Nakamura Masashi,Muto Shuji,Kato Koji,Yabe Tomio,Iwama Tomonori,Kawai Keiichi,Pertiwiningrum Ambar
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(2), 146-152, 2011-02
… Quantitative analysis of alditol acetate derivatives of acid hydrolyzate of EPS by GLC revealed that EPS was composed of more than 95% L-rhamnose, indicating that this EPS was a rhamnan. … GC/MS analysis of methylated alditol acetate derivatives of the rhamnan demonstrated that it was composed of main chainα-(1→4)-1inked L-rhamnopyranosyl residues. …
NAID 110008460326

Substrate Specificity of Mutanase of Paenibacillus humicus from Fermented Food

Tsumori Hideaki,Shimamura Atsunari,Sakurai Yutaka [他],Yamakami Kazuo
Journal of Health Science 57(1), 78-81, 2011
… Mutanase hydrolyzed borohydride-treated α-1,3-glucan hexasaccharide into the tetrasaccharide and the disaccharide-alditol. …
NAID 130000425126

34 式根島産海綿Axinella infundibula由来のテロメラーゼ阻害性新規硫酸化糖脂質axinelloside Aの単離と構造(口頭発表の部)

蕨薫,濱田季之,中尾洋一,松永茂樹,廣田洋,van Soest Rob W. M.,伏谷伸宏
天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集 (47), 169-174, 2005-09-15
… The sugar composition was determined by GC and GC/MS analyses of the alditol acetate derivatives of the acid hydrolysates, whereas fatty acids were identified by FABMS and NMR data of both alkaline and acid hydrolysates. …
NAID 110006682540