アデノシンA2B受容体、アデノシンA2Bレセプター

WordNet

the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet (同)a
the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen (同)type_A, group A
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
(biochemistry) a nucleoside that is a structural component of nucleic acids; it is present in all living cells in a combined form as a constituent of DNA and RNA and ADP and ATP and AMP

PrepTutorEJDIC

answer / ampere
=sense organ / 受信装置

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/04 14:05:29」(JST)

wiki en

The adenosine A_2B receptor, also known as ADORA2B, is a G-protein coupled adenosine receptor, and also denotes the human adenosine A_2b receptor gene which encodes it.^[1]

Mechanism

This integral membrane protein stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of adenosine. This protein also interacts with netrin-1, which is involved in axon elongation.

Gene

The gene is located near the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17.^[1]

Ligands

Research into selective A_2B ligands has lagged somewhat behind the development of ligands for the other three adenosine receptor subtypes, but a number of A_2B-selective compounds have now been developed,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] and research into their potential therapeutic applications is ongoing.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

Agonists

BAY 60-6583
NECA (N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine)
(S)-PHPNECA - high affinity and efficacy at A_2B, but poor selectivity over other adenosine receptor subtypes
LUF-5835
LUF-5845 - partial agonist

Antagonists and inverse agonists

Compound 38:^[18] antagonist, high affinity and good subtype selectivity
ATL-801
CVT-6883
MRS-1706
MRS-1754
OSIP-339,391
PSB-603
PSB-0788
PSB-1115

References

^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor".
^ Volpini R, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Taffi S, Vittori S, Klotz KN, Cristalli G (July 2002). "N(6)-alkyl-2-alkynyl derivatives of adenosine as potent and selective agonists at the human adenosine A(3) receptor and a starting point for searching A(2B) ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (15): 3271–9. doi:10.1021/jm0109762. PMID 12109910.
^ Volpini R, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Vittori S, Cristalli G (2002). "Purine nucleosides bearing 1-alkynyl chains as adenosine receptor agonists". Current Pharmaceutical Design 8 (26): 2285–98. PMID 12369946.
^ Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Preti D, Bovero A, Romagnoli R, Fruttarolo F, Zaid NA, Moorman AR, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA (March 2004). "Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 8-heterocyclic xanthine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A2B adenosine receptor antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47 (6): 1434–47. doi:10.1021/jm0309654. PMID 14998332.
^ Cacciari B, Pastorin G, Bolcato C, Spalluto G, Bacilieri M, Moro S (December 2005). "A2B adenosine receptor antagonists: recent developments". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 5 (12): 1053–60. PMID 16375751.
^ Baraldi PG, Romagnoli R, Preti D, Fruttarolo F, Carrion MD, Tabrizi MA (2006). "Ligands for A2B adenosine receptor subtype". Current Medicinal Chemistry 13 (28): 3467–82. PMID 17168717.
^ Beukers MW, Meurs I, Ijzerman AP (September 2006). "Structure-affinity relationships of adenosine A2B receptor ligands". Medicinal Research Reviews 26 (5): 667–98. doi:10.1002/med.20069. PMID 16847822.
^ Elzein E, Kalla R, Li X, Perry T, Parkhill E, Palle V, Varkhedkar V, Gimbel A, Zeng D, Lustig D, Leung K, Zablocki J (January 2006). "Novel 1,3-dipropyl-8-(1-heteroarylmethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-xanthine derivatives as high affinity and selective A2B adenosine receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16 (2): 302–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.002. PMID 16275090.
^ Carotti A, Cadavid MI, Centeno NB, Esteve C, Loza MI, Martinez A, Nieto R, Raviña E, Sanz F, Segarra V, Sotelo E, Stefanachi A, Vidal B (January 2006). "Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of 1-,3-,8-, and 9-substituted-9-deazaxanthines at the human A2B adenosine receptor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 (1): 282–99. doi:10.1021/jm0506221. PMID 16392813.
^ Tabrizi MA, Baraldi PG, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Saponaro G, Baraldi S, Moorman AR, Zaid AN, Varani K, Borea PA (March 2008). "1,3-Dipropyl-8-(1-phenylacetamide-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-xanthine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (5): 2419–30. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.058. PMID 18077171.
^ Stefanachi A, Brea JM, Cadavid MI, Centeno NB, Esteve C, Loza MI, Martinez A, Nieto R, Raviña E, Sanz F, Segarra V, Sotelo E, Vidal B, Carotti A (March 2008). "1-, 3- and 8-substituted-9-deazaxanthines as potent and selective antagonists at the human A2B adenosine receptor". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (6): 2852–69. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.01.002. PMID 18226909.
^ Volpini R, Costanzi S, Vittori S, Cristalli G, Klotz KN (2003). "Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of A2B adenosine receptors". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 3 (4): 427–43. doi:10.2174/1568026033392264. PMID 12570760.
^ Gao ZG, Jacobson KA (September 2007). "Emerging adenosine receptor agonists". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 12 (3): 479–92. doi:10.1517/14728214.12.3.479. PMID 17874974.
^ Kolachala V, Ruble B, Vijay-Kumar M, Wang L, Mwangi S, Figler H, Figler R, Srinivasan S, Gewirtz A, Linden J, Merlin D, Sitaraman S (September 2008). "Blockade of adenosine A2B receptors ameliorates murine colitis". British Journal of Pharmacology 155 (1): 127–37. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.227. PMC 2440087. PMID 18536750.
^ Haskó G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P (September 2008). "Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 7 (9): 759–70. doi:10.1038/nrd2638. PMC 2568887. PMID 18758473.
^ Ham J, Rees DA (December 2008). "The adenosine a2b receptor: its role in inflammation". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets 8 (4): 244–54. PMID 19075778.
^ Kim MO, Kim MH, Lee SH, Suh HN, Lee YJ, Lee MY, Han HJ (June 2009). "5'-N-ethylcarboxamide induces IL-6 expression via MAPKs and NF-kappaB activation through Akt, Ca(2+)/PKC, cAMP signaling pathways in mouse embryonic stem cells". Journal of Cellular Physiology 219 (3): 752–9. doi:10.1002/jcp.21721. PMID 19194991.
^ Stefanachi A, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, et al. (2008). "1,3-Dialkyl-8-(hetero)aryl-9-OH-9-deazaxanthines as potent A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists: Design, synthesis, structure-affinity and structure-selectivity relationships". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (22): 9780–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.067. PMID 18938084.

External links

"Adenosine Receptors: A_2B". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Requirement of NK cells for selective A2A receptor blockade to suppress CD73(+) tumor metastasis.

Qin L, Thompson LF, Kuzel TM, Zhang B.Author information Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E Superior Street-Tarry 13-705, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.AbstractEvaluation of: Beavis PA, Divisekera U, Paget C et al. Blockade of A2A receptors potently suppresses the metastasis of CD73(+) tumors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110(36), 14711-14716 (2013). CD73 is becoming an emerging therapeutic target for the prevention of tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which CD73 promotes tumor metastasis is unclear. Beavis et al. evaluated the efficacy of A2A and A2B adenosine receptor antagonists in inhibiting the metastasis of tumors expressing CD73, either endogenously or ectopically. They demonstrate distinct mechanisms whereby A2A versus A2B adenosine receptors could contribute to CD73(+) tumor metastasis. As A2Areceptor (R)/A2BR antagonists have been tested in clinical trials in other disease settings, this study highlights the potential therapeutic application of an A2AR/A2BR blockade strategy for treatment of CD73(+) metastatic tumors.
Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy.2014 Jan;6(1):19-21. doi: 10.2217/imt.13.154.
Evaluation of: Beavis PA, Divisekera U, Paget C et al. Blockade of A2A receptors potently suppresses the metastasis of CD73(+) tumors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110(36), 14711-14716 (2013). CD73 is becoming an emerging therapeutic target for the prevention of tumor growth and metastasis. However, th
PMID 24341879

Role of JunB in Adenosine A2B Receptor-Mediated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production.

Ryzhov S, Biktasova A, Goldstein AE, Zhang Q, Biaggioni I, Dikov MM, Feoktistov I.Author information Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.R., Q.Z., I.F.) and Clinical Pharmacology (A.E.G., I.B.), and Departments of Cancer Biology (A.B., M.M.D.), Medicine (S.R., A.E.G., Q.Z., I.B., I.F.), and Pharmacology (I.B., I.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.AbstractInterstitial adenosine stimulates neovascularization in part through A2B adenosine receptor-dependent upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that A2B receptors upregulate JunB, which can contribute to stimulation of VEGF production. Using the human microvascular endothelial cell line, human mast cell line, mouse cardiac Sca1-positive stromal cells, and mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, we found that adenosine receptor-dependent upregulation of VEGF production was associated with an increase in VEGF transcription, activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity, and JunB accumulation in all cells investigated. Furthermore, the expression of JunB, but not the expression of other genes encoding transcription factors from the Jun family, was specifically upregulated. In LLC cells expressing A2A and A2B receptor transcripts, only the nonselective adenosine agonist NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine), but not the selective A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 [2-p-(2-carboxyethyl) phenylethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine], significantly increased JunB reporter activity and JunB nuclear accumulation, which were inhibited by the A2B receptor antagonist PSB603 [(8-[4-[4-((4-chlorophenzyl)piperazide-1-sulfonyl)phenyl]]-1-propylxanthine]. Using activators and inhibitors of intracellular signaling, we demonstrated that A2B receptor-dependent accumulation of JunB protein and VEGF secretion share common intracellular pathways. NECA enhanced JunB binding to the murine VEGF promoter, whereas mutation of the high-affinity AP-1 site (-1093 to -1086) resulted in a loss of NECA-dependent VEGF reporter activity. Finally, NECA-dependent VEGF secretion and reporter activity were inhibited by the expression of a dominant negative JunB or by JunB knockdown. Thus, our data suggest an important role of the A2B receptor-dependent upregulation of JunB in VEGF production and possibly other AP-1-regulated events.
Molecular pharmacology.Mol Pharmacol.2014 Jan;85(1):62-73. doi: 10.1124/mol.113.088567. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
Interstitial adenosine stimulates neovascularization in part through A2B adenosine receptor-dependent upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that A2B receptors upregulate JunB, which can contribute to stimulation of VEGF production.
PMID 24136993

Adenosine receptor antagonists effect on plasma-enhanced killing.

Bauzá G, Moitra R, Remick D.Author information Departments of *Surgery and †Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated that naive plasma has inherent capabilities to enhance bacterial opsonization and phagocyte killing, but not all plasma is equally effective. This raised the question of whether plasma constituents other than opsonins may play a role. Adenosine receptor antagonists have been shown to modulate cytokine response and survival in mice after a bacterial challenge. We investigated whether selective adenosine receptor blockade would influence the ability of naive plasma to effectively control bacterial growth. Colonic bacteria- and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils were obtained from naive mice. Stock murine plasma from naive was purchased and categorized as having high plasma-enhanced bacterial killing capacity using our previously described methods. Bacteria and plasma were incubated to allow for opsonization and then added to macrophages previously exposed to selected adenosine receptor antagonists: ZM 241385: A2A, MRS1754: A2B, DPCPX: A1, and MRS1220: A3. The final mixture was plated on blood agar plates in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and bacterial colony-forming units quantified after 24 h. This study demonstrated that exogenous adenosine was able to significantly decrease phagocyte killing of cecal bacteria. Blocking adenosine receptors with selective antagonists altered the bacterial killing capacity of plasma. Selectively blocking the A1, A2A, or A2B receptors proved most beneficial at reversing the effect of adenosine. Consistent with previous work, only macrophage killing of bacteria could be modulated by adenosine receptor blockade because neutrophils were unaffected. These data demonstrate that adenosine decreases macrophage killing of enteric bacteria and that this effect is mediated through the adenosine receptors.
Shock (Augusta, Ga.).Shock.2014 Jan;41(1):62-6. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000055.
Previous studies demonstrated that naive plasma has inherent capabilities to enhance bacterial opsonization and phagocyte killing, but not all plasma is equally effective. This raised the question of whether plasma constituents other than opsonins may play a role. Adenosine receptor antagonists have
PMID 24089004

Japanese Journal

Impaired Inhibitory Function of Presynaptic A1-Adenosine Receptors in SHR Mesenteric Arteries

Rocha-Pereira Carolina,Magdalena Arribas Silvia,Fresco Paula,Carmen González Maria,Gonçalves Jorge,Diniz Carmen
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 122(2), 59-70, 2013
… In hypertension, vascular reactivity alterations have been attributed to numerous factors, including higher sympathetic innervation/adenosine. … This study examined the modulation of adenosine receptors on vascular sympathetic nerves and their putative contribution to higher noradrenaline spillover in hypertension. …
NAID 130003362703

A New Series of 2-Alkoxy(aralkoxy)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5-ones as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists

Al-Salahi Rashad,Geffken Detlef,Koellner Maria
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 59(6), 730-733, 2011
… This research was carried out to study the pharmacological activity of a newly synthesized series of 2-alkoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5-ones as adenosine receptor antagonists. … These compounds have been tested in radioligand binding assays on cloned Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptors. …
NAID 130000747998

Synergistic Effects of Adenosine A2A Antagonist and <sc>L</sc>-DOPA on Rotational Behaviors in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Hemi-Parkinsonian Mouse Model

Matsuya Takahiro,Takuma Kazuhiro,Sato Kosuke,Asai Makoto,Murakami Yoshihiro,Miyoshi Sosuke,Noda Akihiro,Nagai Taku,Mizoguchi Hiroyuki,Nishimura Shintaro,Yamada Kiyofumi
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 103(3), 329-332, 2007
… In this study, we examined the combination effects of <sc><font size = "-2">L</font></sc>-DOPA and adenosine receptor antagonists on rotational behaviors in a hemi-Parkinsonian mouse model induced by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection. …
NAID 130000075048

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アデノシンA2B受容体」「アデノシンA2Bレセプター」
関連記事	「A」

「アデノシンA2B受容体」

Adenosine A2b receptor
Identifiers
Symbols	ADORA2B; ADORA2
External IDs	OMIM: 600446 MGI: 99403 HomoloGene: 20167 IUPHAR: A2B ChEMBL: 255 GeneCards: ADORA2B Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• G-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity;
Cellular component	• plasma membrane; • integral to plasma membrane; • cell surface;
Biological process	• activation of MAPK activity; • positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus; • cellular defense response; • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • activation of adenylate cyclase activity; • JNK cascade; • excretion; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • negative regulation of cell proliferation; • positive regulation vascular endothelial growth factor production; • positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion; • positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity; • cellular response to extracellular stimulus; • positive regulation of chemokine production; • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; • negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of mast cell degranulation; • regulation of angiogenesis; • positive regulation of vasodilation; • relaxation of vascular smooth muscle;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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　　[★]

英: adenosine A2B receptor
関: アデノシンA2Bレセプター

「アデノシンA2Bレセプター」

　　[★]

英: adenosine A2B receptor
関: アデノシンA2B受容体

「A」

　　[★]

[entrez-1] "Entrez Gene: ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor".

[pmid12109910-2] Volpini R, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Taffi S, Vittori S, Klotz KN, Cristalli G (July 2002). "N(6)-alkyl-2-alkynyl derivatives of adenosine as potent and selective agonists at the human adenosine A(3) receptor and a starting point for searching A(2B) ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (15): 3271–9. doi:10.1021/jm0109762. PMID 12109910.

[pmid12369946-3] Volpini R, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Vittori S, Cristalli G (2002). "Purine nucleosides bearing 1-alkynyl chains as adenosine receptor agonists". Current Pharmaceutical Design 8 (26): 2285–98. PMID 12369946.

[pmid14998332-4] Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Preti D, Bovero A, Romagnoli R, Fruttarolo F, Zaid NA, Moorman AR, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA (March 2004). "Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 8-heterocyclic xanthine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A2B adenosine receptor antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47 (6): 1434–47. doi:10.1021/jm0309654. PMID 14998332.

[pmid16375751-5] Cacciari B, Pastorin G, Bolcato C, Spalluto G, Bacilieri M, Moro S (December 2005). "A2B adenosine receptor antagonists: recent developments". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 5 (12): 1053–60. PMID 16375751.

[pmid17168717-6] Baraldi PG, Romagnoli R, Preti D, Fruttarolo F, Carrion MD, Tabrizi MA (2006). "Ligands for A2B adenosine receptor subtype". Current Medicinal Chemistry 13 (28): 3467–82. PMID 17168717.

[pmid16847822-7] Beukers MW, Meurs I, Ijzerman AP (September 2006). "Structure-affinity relationships of adenosine A2B receptor ligands". Medicinal Research Reviews 26 (5): 667–98. doi:10.1002/med.20069. PMID 16847822.

[pmid16275090-8] Elzein E, Kalla R, Li X, Perry T, Parkhill E, Palle V, Varkhedkar V, Gimbel A, Zeng D, Lustig D, Leung K, Zablocki J (January 2006). "Novel 1,3-dipropyl-8-(1-heteroarylmethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-xanthine derivatives as high affinity and selective A2B adenosine receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16 (2): 302–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.002. PMID 16275090.

[pmid16392813-9] Carotti A, Cadavid MI, Centeno NB, Esteve C, Loza MI, Martinez A, Nieto R, Raviña E, Sanz F, Segarra V, Sotelo E, Stefanachi A, Vidal B (January 2006). "Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of 1-,3-,8-, and 9-substituted-9-deazaxanthines at the human A2B adenosine receptor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 (1): 282–99. doi:10.1021/jm0506221. PMID 16392813.

[pmid18077171-10] Tabrizi MA, Baraldi PG, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Saponaro G, Baraldi S, Moorman AR, Zaid AN, Varani K, Borea PA (March 2008). "1,3-Dipropyl-8-(1-phenylacetamide-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-xanthine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (5): 2419–30. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.058. PMID 18077171.

[pmid18226909-11] Stefanachi A, Brea JM, Cadavid MI, Centeno NB, Esteve C, Loza MI, Martinez A, Nieto R, Raviña E, Sanz F, Segarra V, Sotelo E, Vidal B, Carotti A (March 2008). "1-, 3- and 8-substituted-9-deazaxanthines as potent and selective antagonists at the human A2B adenosine receptor". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (6): 2852–69. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.01.002. PMID 18226909.

[pmid12570760-12] Volpini R, Costanzi S, Vittori S, Cristalli G, Klotz KN (2003). "Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of A2B adenosine receptors". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 3 (4): 427–43. doi:10.2174/1568026033392264. PMID 12570760.

[pmid17874974-13] Gao ZG, Jacobson KA (September 2007). "Emerging adenosine receptor agonists". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 12 (3): 479–92. doi:10.1517/14728214.12.3.479. PMID 17874974.

[pmid18536750-14] Kolachala V, Ruble B, Vijay-Kumar M, Wang L, Mwangi S, Figler H, Figler R, Srinivasan S, Gewirtz A, Linden J, Merlin D, Sitaraman S (September 2008). "Blockade of adenosine A2B receptors ameliorates murine colitis". British Journal of Pharmacology 155 (1): 127–37. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.227. PMC 2440087. PMID 18536750.

[pmid18758473-15] Haskó G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P (September 2008). "Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 7 (9): 759–70. doi:10.1038/nrd2638. PMC 2568887. PMID 18758473.

[pmid19075778-16] Ham J, Rees DA (December 2008). "The adenosine a2b receptor: its role in inflammation". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets 8 (4): 244–54. PMID 19075778.

[pmid19194991-17] Kim MO, Kim MH, Lee SH, Suh HN, Lee YJ, Lee MY, Han HJ (June 2009). "5'-N-ethylcarboxamide induces IL-6 expression via MAPKs and NF-kappaB activation through Akt, Ca(2+)/PKC, cAMP signaling pathways in mouse embryonic stem cells". Journal of Cellular Physiology 219 (3): 752–9. doi:10.1002/jcp.21721. PMID 19194991.

[18] Stefanachi A, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, et al. (2008). "1,3-Dialkyl-8-(hetero)aryl-9-OH-9-deazaxanthines as potent A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists: Design, synthesis, structure-affinity and structure-selectivity relationships". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (22): 9780–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.067. PMID 18938084.

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adenosine A2B receptor