WordNet

used to signify the Union forces in the American Civil War (who wore blue uniforms); "a ragged blue line"
blue color or pigment; resembling the color of the clear sky in the daytime; "he had eyes of bright blue" (同)blueness
any of numerous small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae
blue clothing; "she was wearing blue"
any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue; "the Union army was a vast blue"
of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky; "Octobers bright blue weather"- Helen Hunt Jackson; "a blue flame"; "blue haze of tobacco smoke" (同)bluish, blueish
causing dejection; "a blue day"; "the dark days of the war"; "a week of rainy depressing weather"; "a disconsolate winter landscape"; "the first dismal dispiriting days of November"; "a dark gloomy day"; "grim rainy weather" (同)dark, dingy, disconsolate, dismal, gloomy, grim, sorry, drab, drear, dreary
suggestive of sexual impropriety; "a blue movie"; "blue jokes"; "he skips asterisks and gives you the gamy details"; "a juicy scandal"; "a naughty wink"; "naughty words"; "racy anecdotes"; "a risque story"; "spicy gossip" (同)gamy, gamey, juicy, naughty, racy, risque, spicy
morally rigorous and strict; "the puritan work ethic"; "puritanic distaste for alcohol"; "she was anything but puritanical in her behavior" (同)puritanic, puritanical
turn blue

PrepTutorEJDIC

『青い』,あい色の / 青黒い / 《話》陰気な,憂うつな / 〈U〉『青色』,あい色;青色の着物 / 〈U〉〈C〉青色絵の具,あい色染料 / 《the~》《詩》青空,青い海 / 《the blues》《話》気のふさぎ,うれいの色 / 《the blues》《ときに単数扱い》(ジャズ音楽の)ブルース / …'を'青色にする

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/27 23:37:07」(JST)

wiki en

Methylene blue (CI 52015), also known as methylthioninium chloride, has many uses in biology and chemistry; for example, it can be used as a stain and as a medication.

It is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with the chemical formula C₁₆H₁₈N₃SCl. At room temperature it appears as a solid, odorless, dark green powder, that yields a blue solution when dissolved in water. The hydrated form has 3 molecules of water per unit of methylene blue. Methylene blue should not be confused with methyl blue, another histology stain, new methylene blue, nor with the methyl violets often used as pH indicators.

Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876 by German chemist Heinrich Caro (1834-1910).^[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[3]

1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Combined with light
- 1.2 Methemoglobinemia
- 1.3 Cyanide poisoning
- 1.4 Dye or stain
- 1.5 Placebo
- 1.6 Ifosfamide neurotoxicity
- 1.7 Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery
2 Side effects
3 Preparation
4 Light absorption properties
5 Other uses
- 5.1 Redox indicator
- 5.2 Peroxide generator
- 5.3 Sulfide analysis
- 5.4 Water testing
- 5.5 Methylene blue value of fine aggregate
- 5.6 Biology
- 5.7 Aquaculture
6 History
7 Names
8 Research
- 8.1 Malaria
- 8.2 Clinical trials
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Medical uses

Methylene blue is a component of a frequently prescribed urinary analgesic/anti-infective/anti-spasmodic known as "Prosed", a combination of drugs which also contains phenyl salicylate, benzoic acid, hyoscyamine sulfate, and methenamine (aka hexamethylenetetramine and not to be confused with 'methanamine').^[4]

Combined with light

Methylene blue combined with light has been used to treat resistant plaque psoriasis,^[5] AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma,^[6] West Nile virus,^[7] and to inactivate staphylococcus aureus,^[8] HIV-1,^[9] Duck hepatitis B virus,^[10] adenovirus vectors,^[11] and hepatitis C.^[12] Phenothiazine dyes and light have been known to have virucidal properties for over 70 years.^[13] In some circumstances, the combination can cause DNA damage that may lead to cancer.^[14]^[15]

Methemoglobinemia

While many texts indicate that methylene blue has oxidizing agent properties, its effects as an oxidizing agent occur only at very high doses.^{[citation needed]} At pharmacologic doses it has reducing agent properties. It is owing to this reason that methylene blue is employed as a medication for the treatment of methemoglobinemia. This can arise from ingestion of certain pharmaceuticals, toxins, or broad beans.^[16] Normally, through the NADH or NADPH dependent methemoglobin reductase enzymes, methemoglobin is reduced back to hemoglobin. When large amounts of methemoglobin occur secondary to toxins, methemoglobin reductases are overwhelmed. Methylene blue, when injected intravenously as an antidote, is itself first reduced to leucomethylene blue, which then reduces the heme group from methemoglobin to hemoglobin. Methylene blue can reduce the half life of methemoglobin from hours to minutes.^[17] At high doses, however, methylene blue actually induces methemoglobinemia, reversing this pathway.^[17]

Methylene blue also blocks accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by inhibiting the enzyme guanylate cyclase: this action results in reduced responsiveness of vessels to cGMP-dependent vasodilators like nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Cardiac surgical teams have found this very useful in the treatment of extremely low blood pressure (hypotension) which may occur during heart surgery requiring cardiac bypass.^[18] Similar use is noted in the treatment of hypotension associated with overwhelming infections (sepsis).^[19]

Cyanide poisoning

Since its reduction potential is similar to that of oxygen and can be reduced by components of the electron transport chain, large doses of methylene blue are sometimes used as an antidote to potassium cyanide poisoning, a method first successfully tested in 1933 by Dr. Matilda Moldenhauer Brooks in San Francisco,^[20] although first demonstrated by Bo Sahlin of Lund University, in 1926.^[20]^[21]

Dye or stain

Methylene blue is used in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine, and is used for injection into the submucosa around the polyp to be removed. This allows the submucosal tissue plane to be identified after the polyp is removed, which is useful in determining if more tissue needs to be removed, or if there has been a high risk for perforation. Methylene blue is also used as a dye in chromoendoscopy, and is sprayed onto the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in order to identify dysplasia, or pre-cancerous lesions. Intravenously injected methylene blue is readily released into the urine and thus can be used to test the urinary tract for leaks or fistulas.

In surgeries such as sentinel lymph node dissections, methylene blue can be used to visually trace the lymphatic drainage of pertinent tissues. Similarly, methylene blue is added to bone cement in orthopedic operations to provide easy discrimination between native bone and cement. Additionally, methylene blue accelerates the hardening of bone cement, increasing the speed at which bone cement can be effectively applied. Methylene blue is used as an aid to visualisation/orientation in a number of medical devices, including a Surgical sealant film, TissuePatch.

When methylene blue is "polychromed" (oxidized in solution or "ripened" by fungal metabolism,^[22] as originally noted in the thesis of Dr D L Romanowsky in 1890s), it gets serially demethylated and forms all the tri, di, mono and non methyl intermediates - which are Azure B, Azure A, Azure C and thionine respectively.^[23] This is the basis of the basophilic part of the spectrum of Romanowski-Giemsa effect. If only synthetic Azure B and Eosin Y is used, it may serve as a standardized Giemsa stain; but, without methylene blue, the normal neutrophilic granules tend to overstain and look like toxic granules. On the other hand, if methylene blue is used it might help to give the normal look of neutrophil granules and may additionally also enhances the staining of nucleoli and polychromatophilic RBCs (reticulocytes).^[24]

A traditional application of methylene blue is the intravital or supravital staining of nerve fibers, an effect first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1887.^[25] A dilute solution of the dye is either injected into tissue or applied to small freshly removed pieces. The selective blue coloration develops with exposure to air (oxygen) and can be fixed by immersion of the stained specimen in an aqueous solution of ammonium molybdate. Vital methylene blue was formerly much used for examining the innervation of muscle, skin and internal organs.^[26]^[27]^[28] The mechanism of selective dye uptake is incompletely understood; vital staining of nerve fibers in skin is prevented by ouabain, a drug that inhibits the Na/K-ATPase of cell membranes.^[29]

Placebo

Methylene blue has been used as a placebo; physicians would tell their patients to expect their urine to change color and view this as a sign that their condition had improved.^[30] This same side effect makes methylene blue difficult to test in traditional placebo-controlled clinical studies.^[31]

Ifosfamide neurotoxicity

Another, less well-known use of methylene blue is its utility for treating ifosfamide neurotoxicity. Methylene blue was first reported for treatment and prophylaxis of ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity in 1994. A toxic metabolite of ifosfamide, chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), disrupts the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to an accumulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH). Methylene blue acts as an alternative electron acceptor, and reverses the NADH inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis while also inhibiting the transformation of chloroethylamine into chloroacetaldehyde, and inhibits multiple amine oxidase activities, preventing the formation of CAA.^[32] The dosing of methylene blue for treatment of ifosfamide neurotoxicity varies, depending upon its use simultaneously as an adjuvant in ifosfamide infusion, versus its use to reverse psychiatric symptoms that manifest after completion of an ifosfamide infusion. Reports suggest that methylene blue up to six doses a day have resulted in improvement of symptoms within 10 minutes to several days.^[33] Alternatively, it has been suggested that intravenous methylene blue every six hours for prophylaxis during ifosfamide treatment in patients with history of ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity.^[34] Prophylactic administration of methylene blue the day before initiation of ifosfamide, and three times daily during ifosfamide chemotherapy has been recommended to lower the occurrence of ifosfamide neurotoxicity.^[35]

Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery

Some literature has reported the use of methylene blue as an adjunct in the management of patients experiencing vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery.^[36]^[37]^[38]

Side effects

Cardiovascular	Central Nervous System	Dermatologic	Gastrointestinal	Genito-urinary	Hematologic
• Hypertension • Precordial pain	• Dizziness • Mental confusion • Headache • Fever	• Staining of skin • Injection site necrosis (SC)	• Fecal discoloration • Nausea • Vomiting • Abdominal pain	• Discoloration of urine (doses over 80 µg) • Bladder irritation	• Anemia

^[39]^[40]

Methylene blue is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI),^[41] and if infused intravenously at doses exceeding 5 mg/kg, may precipitate serious serotonin toxicity, serotonin syndrome, if combined with any selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or other serotonin reuptake inhibitor (e.g., duloxetine, sibutramine, venlafaxine, clomipramine, imipramine).^[42]

It causes hemolytic anemia in carriers of the G6PD (favism) enzymatic deficiency.

Preparation

This compound may be prepared by treating dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine with hydrogen sulfide dissolved in hydrochloric acid, followed by oxidation with ferric chloride:^[43]

Light absorption properties

Absorption spectrum of methylene blue, in terms of the molar extinction coefficient (base 10 logarithm). In this dataset a peak absorbance of 1.7 (i.e. 98% of transmitted light absorbed) was observed with 665 nm light passing through 1 cm of 10 micromolar methylene blue solution.

Methylene blue is a potent cationic dye with maximum absorption of light around 670 nm. The specifics of absorption depend on a number of factors, including protonation, adsorption to other materials, and metachromasy - the formation of dimers and higher-order aggregates depending on concentration and other interactions:^[44]

Species	Absorption peak	Extinction coefficient (dm³/mole·cm)
MB⁺ (solution)	664	95000
MBH₂⁺ (solution)	741	76000
(MB⁺)₂ (solution)	605	132000
(MB⁺)₃ (solution)	580	110000
MB⁺ (adsorbed on clay)	673	116000
MBH₂⁺ (adsorbed on clay)	763	86000
(MB⁺)₂ (adsorbed on clay)	596	80000
(MB⁺)₃ (adsorbed on clay)	570	114000

Other uses

A volumetric flask of a methylene blue solution

Redox indicator

Methylene blue is widely used as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions of this substance are blue when in an oxidizing environment, but will turn colorless if exposed to a reducing agent. The redox properties can be seen in a classical demonstration of chemical kinetics in general chemistry, the "blue bottle" experiment. Typically, a solution is made of glucose (dextrose), methylene blue, and sodium hydroxide. Upon shaking the bottle, oxygen oxidizes methylene blue, and the solution turns blue. The dextrose will gradually reduce the methylene blue to its colorless, reduced form. Hence, when the dissolved dextrose is entirely consumed, the solution will turn blue again.

Peroxide generator

Methylene blue is also a photosensitizer used to create singlet oxygen when exposed to both oxygen and light. It is used in this regard to make organic peroxides by a Diels-Alder reaction which is spin forbidden with normal atmospheric triplet oxygen.

Sulfide analysis

The formation of methylene blue after the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and iron(III) at pH 0.4 – 0.7 is used to determine by photometric measurements sulfide concentration in the range 0.020 to 1.50 mg/L (20 ppb to 1.5 ppm). The test is very sensitive and the blue coloration developing upon contact of the reagents with dissolved H₂S is stable for 60 min. Ready-to-use kits such as the Spectroquant sulfide test^[45] facilitate routine analyses. The methylene blue sulfide test is a convenient method often used in soil microbiology to quickly detect in water the metabolic activity of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). It should be observed that in this test, methylene blue is a product of reaction and not a reagent.

The addition of a strong reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid, to a sulfide-containing solution is sometimes used to prevent sulfide oxidation from atmospheric oxygen. Although it is certainly a sound precaution for the determination of sulfide with an ion selective electrode, it might however hamper the development of the blue color if the freshly formed methylene blue is also reduced, as described here above in the paragraph on redox indicator.

Water testing

A color reaction in an acidified, aqueous methylene blue solution containing chloroform can detect anionic surfactants in a water sample. Such a test is known as an MBAS assay (methylene blue active substances assay).

The MBAS assay cannot distinguish between specific surfactants, however. Some examples of anionic surfactants are carboxylates, phosphates, sulfates, and sulfonates.

Methylene blue value of fine aggregate

Methylene blue value reflects the amount of clay minerals in aggregate samples.^[46] Methylene blue solution is successively added to fine aggregate which is being agitating in water. The presence of free dye solution can be checked with stain test on a filter paper.^[47]

Biology

In biology methylene blue is used as a dye for a number of different staining procedures, such as Wright's stain and Jenner's stain. Since it is a temporary staining technique, methylene blue can also be used to examine RNA or DNA under the microscope or in a gel: as an example, a solution of methylene blue can be used to stain RNA on hybridization membranes in northern blotting to verify the amount of nucleic acid present. While methylene blue is not as sensitive as ethidium bromide, it is less toxic and it does not intercalate in nucleic acid chains, thus avoiding interference with nucleic acid retention on hybridization membranes or with the hybridization process itself.

It can also be used as an indicator to determine whether eukaryotic cells such as yeast are alive or not. The methylene blue is reduced in viable cells leaving them unstained. However dead cells are unable to reduce the oxidized methylene blue and the cells are stained blue. Methylene blue can interfere with the respiration of the yeast as it picks up hydrogen ions made during the process.

In neuroscience, methylene blue can also serve as a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase.

Aquaculture

Methylene blue is used in aquaculture and by tropical fish hobbyists as a treatment for fungal infections. It can also be effective in treating fish infected with ich although a combination of malachite green and formaldehyde is far more effective against the parasitic protozoa Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. It is usually used to protect newly laid fish eggs from being infected by fungus or bacteria. This is useful when the hobbyist wants to artificially hatch the fish eggs. Methylene Blue is also very effective when used as part of a "medicated fish bath" for treatment of ammonia, nitrite, and cyanide poisoning as well as for topical and internal treatment of injured or sick fish as a "first response".^[48]

History

Methylene blue has been described as "the first fully synthetic drug used in medicine." Its use in the treatment of malaria was pioneered by Paul Guttmann and Paul Ehrlich in 1891. During this period before the first World War, researchers like Ehrlich believed that drugs and dyes worked in the same way, by preferentially staining pathogens and possibly harming them. Methylene blue continued to be used in the second World War, where it was not well liked by soldiers, who observed, "Even at the loo, we see, we pee, navy blue." Antimalarial use of the drug has recently been revived.^[49] The blue urine was used to monitor psychiatric patients' compliance with medication regimes. This led to interest - from the 1890s to the present day - in the drug's antidepressant and other psychotropic effects. It became the lead compound in research leading to the discovery of chlorpromazine.^[50]

Names

The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of methylene blue is methylthioninium chloride.^[51]^[52]

Research

Malaria

Methylene blue was identified by Paul Ehrlich about 1891 as a possible treatment for malaria.^[53] It disappeared as an anti-malarial during the Pacific War in the tropics, since American and Allied soldiers disliked its two prominent, but reversible side effects: turning the urine blue or green, and the sclera (the whites of the eyes) blue. Interest in its use as an anti-malarial has recently been revived,^[50] especially due to its low price. Several clinical trials are in progress, trying to find a suitable drug combination. According to studies on children in Africa, it appears to have efficacy against malaria, but the attempts to combine methylene blue with chloroquine were disappointing.^[54]

Clinical trials

Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride), under the brand name Rember, has been investigated for treatment of Alzheimer's dementia.^[55]^[56] Methylene blue is proposed to affect neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease via inhibition of tau protein aggregation. Methylene blue also affects dissociation of amyloids^[57]^[58] TauRx Therapeutics have reformulated the drug, under the brand name LMTX, which has been prioritized ahead of rember due-to better outcome expected with the newer product.^[59]^{[self-published source?]} This formulation is undergoing phase 3 clinical trials for safety and efficacy as "TRx0237".^[60]

Methylene blue might also delay senescence as one study has shown that it extended the lifespan of IMR90 fibroblasts by more than 20 population doublings.^[61] LMTX addresses some of the concerns about dose-response which were raised earlier in the study.^[62]

Methylene blue, toluidine blue, and other 3,7-diaminophenothiazinium-based redox cyclers appear to induce selective cancer cell apoptosis by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-dependent bioreductive generation of cellular oxidative stress.^[63] Combined with plant auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), methylene blue is has been investigated for the photodynamic treatment of cancer.^[64]

References

^ "Methylene Blue". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Mar, 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik [BASF] (Mannheim, Germany), "Verfahren zur Darstellung blauer Farbstoffe aus Dimethylanilin und anderen tertiaren aromatischen Monaminen" (Method for preparation of blue dyes from dimethylaniline and other tertiary aromatic monoamines), Deutsches Reich Patent no. 1886 (December 15, 1877). Available on-line at: P. Friedlaender, Fortschritte der Theerfarbenfabrikation und verwandter Industriezweige (Progress of the manufacture of coal-tar dyes and related branches of industry), volume 1 (Berlin, Germany: Julius Springer, 1888), pages 247-249.
See also:
- British patent no. 3751 (October 9, 1877).
- Heinrich Caro, "Improvement in the production of dye-stuffs from methyl-aniline," U.S. Patent no. 204,796 (filed: March 28, 1878 ; issued: June 11, 1878).
^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "Prosed DS (Methenamine, Salicylate, Methylene Blue, Benzoic Acid Atropine and Hyoscyamine) Drug Information: Description, User Reviews, Drug Side Effects, Interactions - Prescribing Information at RxList". RxList.
^ Salah M.; Samy N.; Fadel M. (January 2009). "Methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy for resistant plaque psoriasis". J. Drugs Dermatol. 8 (1): 42–9. PMID 19180895.
^ Tardivo J.P.; Del Giglio A.; Paschoal L.H.; Baptista M.S. (August 2006). "New photodynamic therapy protocol to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma". Photomed Laser Surg 24 (4): 528–31. doi:10.1089/pho.2006.24.528. PMID 16942436.
^ Papin J.F.; Floyd R.A.; Dittmer D.P. (November 2005). "Methylene blue photoinactivation abolishes West Nile virus infectivity in vivo". Antiviral Res. 68 (2): 84–7. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.001. PMID 16118025.
^ Zolfaghari P.S.; Packer S.; Singer M.; Nair S.P.; Bennett J.; Street C.; Wilson M. (2009). "In vivo killing of Staphylococcus aureus using a light-activated antimicrobial agent". BMC Microbiol. 9: 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-27. PMC 2642833. PMID 19193212.
^ Floyd R.A.; Schneider J.E.; Dittmer D.P. (March 2004). "Methylene blue photoinactivation of RNA viruses". Antiviral Res 61 (3): 141–51. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.11.004. PMID 15168794.
^ Wagner S.J.; Skripchenko A.; Pugh J.C.; Suchmann D.B.; Ijaz M.K. (September 2001). "Duck hepatitis B photoinactivation bydimethylmethylene blue in RBC suspensions". Transfusion 41 (9): 1154–8. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41091154.x. PMID 11552074.
^ Schagen F.H.; Moor A.C.; Cheong S.C.; Cramer S.J.; van Ormondt H.; van der Eb A.J.; Dubbelman T.M.; Hoeben R.C. (May 1999). "Photodynamic treatment of adenoviral vectors with visible light: an easy and convenient method for viral inactivation". Gene Ther. 6 (5): 873–81. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300897. PMID 10505113.
^ Müller-Breitkreutz K.; Mohr H. (November 1998). "Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus RNA degradation by methylene blue/light treatment of human plasma". J. Med. Virol. 56 (3): 239–45. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199811)56:3<239::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 9783692.
^ Wagner S.J.; Skripchenko A.; Robinette D.; Mallory D.A.; Hirayama J.; Cincotta L.; Foley J. (2000). "The use of dimethylmethylene blue for virus photoinactivation of red cell suspensions". Dev. Biol. (Basel) 102: 125–9. PMID 10794099.
^ Sturmey R.G.; Wild C.P.; Hardie L.J. (May 2009). "Removal of red light minimizes methylene blue-stimulated DNA damage in oesophageal cells: implications for chromoendoscopy". Mutagenesis 24 (3): 253–8. doi:10.1093/mutage/gep004. PMID 19218330.
^ Olliver J.R.; Wild C.P.; Sahay P.; Dexter S.; Hardie L.J. (August 2003). "Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue and associated DNA damage in Barrett's oesophagus". Lancet 362 (9381): 373–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14026-3. PMID 12907012.
^ Manual of Clinical Hematology, Joseph Mazza
^ ^a ^b Brent J. (2005). Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. Elsevier Health Sciences.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "Medscape: Medscape Access".
^ ^a ^b Matilda Moldenhauer Brooks (1936). "Methylene blue as an antidote for cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning". The Scientific Monthly 43 (6): 585–586. JSTOR 16280.
^ "JAMA Network - JAMA - METHYLENE BLUE AS ANTIDOTE FOR CYANIDE POISONING". 4 February 1933.
^ Dako Education Guide - Special Stains and H & E " second edition Chapter 19: On Chemical Reactions and Staining Mechanisms by John A. Kiernan, Subsection What is Giemsa's stain and how does it color blood cells, bacteria and chromosomes? p172
^ J Exp Med. 1907 Nov 1;9(6):645-70. ON THE CHEMISTRY AND STAINING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF THE METHYLENE BLUE GROUP WHEN COMBINED WITH EOSIN. Wilson TM.
^ Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology 10th ed, p61
^ Ehrlich,P. (1887) Biol. Centralblatt 6: 214, cited from Baker JR (1958) Principles of Biological Microtechnique (Reprinted 1970, with corrections). Methuen, London.
^ Wilson JG (1910) Intra vitam staining with methylene blue. Anatomical Record 4: 267-277.
^ Schabadasch A (1930) Untersuchungen zur Methodik der Methylenblaufarbung des vegetativen Nervensystems. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung 10: 221-243.
^ Zacks Zacks SI (1973) The Motor Endplate, 2nd ed. Huntington, NY: Krieger
^ Kiernan JA (1974) Effects of metabolic inhibitors on vital staining with methylene blue. Histochemistry 40: 51-57.
^ Novella Steve. "The ethics of deception in medicine". Science Based Medicine. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
^ "Methylene blue for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder". United States National Library of Medicine. September 20, 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ Alici-Evcimen Y.; Breitbart W.S. (October 2007). "Ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity in patients with cancer". Psychooncology 16 (10): 956–960. doi:10.1002/pon.1161. PMID 17278152.
^ Patel P.N. (2006). "Methylene blue for management of ifosfamide induced encephalopathy". Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40 (2): 266–303. doi:10.1345/aph.1G114. PMID 16391008.
^ Dufour C., Grill J., Sabouraud P., et al. (February 2006). "Ifosfamide induced encephalopathy: 15 observations". Arch. Pediatr. (in French) 13 (2): 140–145. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2005.10.021. PMID 16364615.
^ Aeschlimann T.; Cerny, T; Küpfer, A (1996). "Inhibition of (mono)amine oxidase activity and prevention of ifosfamide encephalopathy by methylene blue". Drug. Metab. Dispos. 24 (12): 1336–1339. PMID 8971139.
^ Levin RL, Degrange MA, Bruno GF, Del Mazo CD, Taborda DJ, Griotti JJ, Boullon FJ (February 2004). "Methylene blue reduces mortality and morbidity in vasoplegic patients after cardiac surgery.". Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01510-8. PMID 14759425.
^ "BestBets: Is Methylene Blue of benefit in treating adult patients who develop vasoplegic syndrome during Cardiac Surgery".
^ Stawicki SP, Sims C, Sarani B, Grossman MD, Gracias VH (May 2008). "Methylene blue and vasoplegia: who, when, and how?". Mini Rev Med Chem 8 (5): 472–90. doi:10.2174/138955708784223477. PMID 18473936.
^ Mokhlesi B.; Leikin J.B.; Murray P.; Corbridge T.C. (March 2003). "Adult toxicology in critical care: Part II: specific poisonings". Chest 123 (3): 897–922. doi:10.1378/chest.123.3.897. PMID 12628894.
^ Harvey J.W.; Keitt A.S. (May 1983). "Studies of the efficacy and potential hazards of methylene blue therapy in aniline-induced methaemoglobinaemia". Br. J. Haematol. 54 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb02064.x. PMID 6849836.
^ Ramsay RR; Dunford, C.; Gillman, C.K. (August 2007). "Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction.". Br J Pharmacol 152 (6): 946–951. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430. PMC 2078225. PMID 17721552.
^ Gillman P.K. (October 2006). "Methylene blue implicated in potentially fatal serotonin toxicity". Anaesthesia 61 (10): 1013–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04808.x. PMID 16978328.
^ L. Michaelis; M. P. Schubert; S. Granick (1940). "Semiquinone Radicals of the Thiazines". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (1): 204–211. doi:10.1021/ja01858a060.
^ J. Cenens; R. A. Schoonheydt (1988). "Visible spectroscopy of methylene blue on hectorite, laponite B, and barasym in aqueous suspension" (PDF). Clay and Clay Minerals 36 (3): 214–224. doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360302.
^ "Analytik und Probenvorbereitung".
^ "ASTM C1777 - 15 Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of the Methylene Blue Value for Fine Aggregate or Mineral Filler Using a Colorimeter".
^ Construction Standard CS3:2013 – Aggregates for Concrete
^ [2] Aquarium Chemical Treatments
^ "PLOS ONE".
^ ^a ^b Schirmer H.; Coulibaly B.; Stich A.; et al. (2003). "Methylene blue as an antimalarial agent—past and future". Redox Rep 8 (5): 272–276. doi:10.1179/135100003225002899. PMID 14962363.
^ Adams V.; Marley J.; McCarroll C. (November 2007). "Prilocaine induced methaemoglobinaemia in a medically compromised patient. Was this an inevitable consequence of the dose administered?". Br. Dent. J. 203 (10): 585–7. doi:10.1038/bdj.2007.1045. PMID 18037845.
^ Linz A.J.; Greenham R.K.; Fallon L.F. (May 2006). "Methemoglobinemia: an industrial outbreak among rubber molding workers". J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48 (5): 523–8. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000201815.32098.99. PMID 16688009.
^ Guttmann, P. and Ehrlich. P. (1891) "Über die Wirkung des Methylenblau bei Malaria" (On the effect of methylene blue on malaria), Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 28 : 953-956.
^ Meissner P.E.; Mandi G.; Coulibaly B.; et al. (2006). "Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine". Malaria Journal 5: 84. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-84. PMC 1617109. PMID 17026773.
^ "Alzheimer's drug 'halts' decline". BBC News. 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
^ "Slowing disease's mental ravages". Chicago Tribune. 2008-07-30. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009.
^ Medina DX, Caccamo A, Oddo S (2011). "Methylene blue reduces Aβ levels and rescues early cognitive deficit by increasing proteasome activity". Brain Pathology 21 (2): 140–149. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00430.x. PMC 2992595. PMID 20731659.
^ "First evidence of potential efficacy of tau aggregation inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer’s disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 20 January 2015.
^ "Clinical Trial Frequently Asked Questions". TauRx Theraputics.
^ "Safety and efficacy study evaluating TRx0237 in subjects with mild Alzheimer's disease". ClinicalTrials.gov. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
^ Atamna H.; Nguyen A.; Schultz C.; Boyle K.; Newberry J.; Kato H.; Ames B.N. (March 2008). "Methylene blue delays cellular senescence and enhances key mitochondrial biochemical pathways". FASEB J. 22 (3): 703–712. doi:10.1096/fj.07-9610com. PMID 17928358.
^ Bonda, D. J.; Lee, H.-P.; Lee, H.; Friedlich, A. L.; Perry, G.; Zhu, X.; Smith, M. A. (2010). "Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: An update". Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development 13 (2): 235–246. PMC 2931269. PMID 20205057.
^ Wondrak GT (2007). "NQO1-activated phenothiazinium redox cyclers for the targeted bioreductive induction of cancer cell apoptosis". Free Radic Biol Med 43 (2): 178–90. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.035. PMID 17603928.
^ "Enhancing the Efficacy of Photodynamic Cancer Therapy by Radicals from Plant Auxin (Indole-3-Acetic Acid)". Cancer Res 63: 776. 2003.

External links

NIH - Methylene blue test
Methylene blue at stainsfile

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 後天性色素性母斑（ほくろ） acquired melanocytic nevi moles
2. アテローム性プラークに起因する塞栓症：アテローム塞栓症（コレステロール結晶塞栓症） embolism from atherosclerotic plaque atheroembolism cholesterol crystal embolism
3. ダーモスコピーによる皮膚癌の治療優先順位決定のアルゴリズム dermoscopic algorithms for skin cancer triage
4. 色素内視鏡検査 chromoendoscopy
5. 顔面病変のダーモスコピー dermoscopy of facial lesions

English Journal

A novel electrochemical aptasensor for bisphenol A assay based on triple-signaling strategy.

Yu P1, Liu Y1, Zhang X2, Zhou J1, Xiong E1, Li X1, Chen J3.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 May 15;79:22-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.007. Epub 2015 Dec 8.
Based on a triple-signaling strategy, a novel electrochemical aptasensor has been developed for sensitive and selective detection of bisphenol A (BPA). The thiolated ferrocene (Fc)-modified BPA-binding aptamer probe (Fc-P) was immobilized on the gold electrode and then hybridized with the methylene
PMID 26686919

Electrochemical biosensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA detection based on gold nanotubes array electrode platform.

Torati SR1, Reddy V2, Yoon SS3, Kim C4.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Apr 15;78:483-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.098. Epub 2015 Dec 2.
The template assisted electrochemical deposition technique was used for the synthesis of gold nanotubes array (AuNTsA). The morphological structure of the synthesized AuNTsA was observed by scanning electron microscopy and found that the individual nanotubes are around 1.5μm in length with a diamet
PMID 26657592

Ultraspecific electrochemical DNA biosensor by coupling spontaneous cascade DNA branch migration and dual-signaling sensing strategy.

Wang T1, Zhou L1, Bai S1, Zhang Z1, Li J1, Jing X2, Xie G3.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Apr 15;78:464-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.071. Epub 2015 Dec 2.
Using spontaneous cascade DNA branch migration and dual-signaling sensing strategy, we developed a novel universal electrochemical biosensor for the highly specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acids. A target strand (Ts) competitively hybridized with a ferrocene (Fc)-labeled signal probe (Fc-
PMID 26657589

Related Pictures

Urolene-Dog - Rhone Ma Holdings Berhad Urogesic-Blue oral : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures EUROMEX Bleu de Méthylène 25g 98.5% pure Methylene blue indicator C16H18ClN3S·3H2O AR grade Uro-BLUE Tablets - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses Urolene-Cat - Rhone Ma Holdings Berhad Bleu Méthylène; blue, methylene; blue n, methylene; blue, swiss URO-L Tablets - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「メチレンブルー」
関連記事	「blue」

「メチレンブルー」

Methylene blue
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	3,7-bis(Dimethylamino)-phenothiazin-5-ium chloride
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
Pregnancy	US: X; ;
Administration	oral
Legal status
Legal status	investigational;
Identifiers
CASRN	61-73-4
ATC code	none
PubChem	CID 6099
ChemSpider	5874
ChEBI	CHEBI:6872
ChEMBL	CHEMBL405110
Chemical data
Formula	C16H18ClN3S
Molar mass	319.85 g/mol
	SMILES CN(C)c1ccc2c(c1)sc-3cc(=[N+](C)C)ccc3n2.[Cl-] ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C16H18N3S.ClH/c1-18(2)11-5-7-13-15(9-11)20-16-10-12(19(3)4)6-8-14(16)17-13;/h5-10H,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 ; Key:CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M ;
(verify)

　　[★]

英: methylene blue
同: メチルチオニン methylthionine、Urolene Blue
関: 染色法、メトヘモグロビン血症

構造

C16H18ClN3S。

強酸との塩なので、液性は塩基性

臨床関連

1. メトヘモグロビンの治療薬

intravenous methylene blue for methemoglobin fraction > 30%, symptomatic hypoxia, or ischemia (contraindicated in G6PD deficiency) (HIM. Chapter e35)

2. 染料

病理組織、検体の染色

参考

1. [charged] メトヘモグロビン血症の臨床的特徴、診断、および治療 - uptodate [1]
2. wiki ja

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC

商品名

メチレンブルー

会社名

第一三共

成分

メチルチオニニウム塩化物水和物

薬効分類

メトヘモグロビン血症治療剤

薬効

中毒性メトヘモグロビン血症を効能・効果とする新有効成分含有医薬品

「blue」

　　[★]

n.

青色、青

adj.

青い

関: cyan

[AHFS2016-1] "Methylene Blue". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Mar, 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

[2] Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik [BASF] (Mannheim, Germany), "Verfahren zur Darstellung blauer Farbstoffe aus Dimethylanilin und anderen tertiaren aromatischen Monaminen" (Method for preparation of blue dyes from dimethylaniline and other tertiary aromatic monoamines), Deutsches Reich Patent no. 1886 (December 15, 1877). Available on-line at: P. Friedlaender, Fortschritte der Theerfarbenfabrikation und verwandter Industriezweige (Progress of the manufacture of coal-tar dyes and related branches of industry), volume 1 (Berlin, Germany: Julius Springer, 1888), pages 247-249.
See also:

British patent no. 3751 (October 9, 1877).

Heinrich Caro, "Improvement in the production of dye-stuffs from methyl-aniline," U.S. Patent no. 204,796 (filed: March 28, 1878 ; issued: June 11, 1878).

[3] British patent no. 3751 (October 9, 1877).

[4] Heinrich Caro, "Improvement in the production of dye-stuffs from methyl-aniline," U.S. Patent no. 204,796 (filed: March 28, 1878 ; issued: June 11, 1878).

[3] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[4] "Prosed DS (Methenamine, Salicylate, Methylene Blue, Benzoic Acid Atropine and Hyoscyamine) Drug Information: Description, User Reviews, Drug Side Effects, Interactions - Prescribing Information at RxList". RxList.

[pmid19180895-5] Salah M.; Samy N.; Fadel M. (January 2009). "Methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy for resistant plaque psoriasis". J. Drugs Dermatol. 8 (1): 42–9. PMID 19180895.

[pmid16942436-6] Tardivo J.P.; Del Giglio A.; Paschoal L.H.; Baptista M.S. (August 2006). "New photodynamic therapy protocol to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma". Photomed Laser Surg 24 (4): 528–31. doi:10.1089/pho.2006.24.528. PMID 16942436.

[pmid16118025-7] Papin J.F.; Floyd R.A.; Dittmer D.P. (November 2005). "Methylene blue photoinactivation abolishes West Nile virus infectivity in vivo". Antiviral Res. 68 (2): 84–7. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.001. PMID 16118025.

[pmid19193212-8] Zolfaghari P.S.; Packer S.; Singer M.; Nair S.P.; Bennett J.; Street C.; Wilson M. (2009). "In vivo killing of Staphylococcus aureus using a light-activated antimicrobial agent". BMC Microbiol. 9: 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-27. PMC 2642833. PMID 19193212.

[pmid15168794-9] Floyd R.A.; Schneider J.E.; Dittmer D.P. (March 2004). "Methylene blue photoinactivation of RNA viruses". Antiviral Res 61 (3): 141–51. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.11.004. PMID 15168794.

[pmid11552074-10] Wagner S.J.; Skripchenko A.; Pugh J.C.; Suchmann D.B.; Ijaz M.K. (September 2001). "Duck hepatitis B photoinactivation bydimethylmethylene blue in RBC suspensions". Transfusion 41 (9): 1154–8. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41091154.x. PMID 11552074.

[pmid10505113-11] Schagen F.H.; Moor A.C.; Cheong S.C.; Cramer S.J.; van Ormondt H.; van der Eb A.J.; Dubbelman T.M.; Hoeben R.C. (May 1999). "Photodynamic treatment of adenoviral vectors with visible light: an easy and convenient method for viral inactivation". Gene Ther. 6 (5): 873–81. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300897. PMID 10505113.

[pmid9783692-12] Müller-Breitkreutz K.; Mohr H. (November 1998). "Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus RNA degradation by methylene blue/light treatment of human plasma". J. Med. Virol. 56 (3): 239–45. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199811)56:3<239::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 9783692.

[pmid10794099-13] Wagner S.J.; Skripchenko A.; Robinette D.; Mallory D.A.; Hirayama J.; Cincotta L.; Foley J. (2000). "The use of dimethylmethylene blue for virus photoinactivation of red cell suspensions". Dev. Biol. (Basel) 102: 125–9. PMID 10794099.

[pmid19218330-14] Sturmey R.G.; Wild C.P.; Hardie L.J. (May 2009). "Removal of red light minimizes methylene blue-stimulated DNA damage in oesophageal cells: implications for chromoendoscopy". Mutagenesis 24 (3): 253–8. doi:10.1093/mutage/gep004. PMID 19218330.

[pmid12907012-15] Olliver J.R.; Wild C.P.; Sahay P.; Dexter S.; Hardie L.J. (August 2003). "Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue and associated DNA damage in Barrett's oesophagus". Lancet 362 (9381): 373–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14026-3. PMID 12907012.

[16] Manual of Clinical Hematology, Joseph Mazza

[brent-17] Brent J. (2005). Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. Elsevier Health Sciences.

[18] [1]^{[dead link]}

[19] "Medscape: Medscape Access".

[brooks-20] Matilda Moldenhauer Brooks (1936). "Methylene blue as an antidote for cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning". The Scientific Monthly 43 (6): 585–586. JSTOR 16280.

[21] "JAMA Network - JAMA - METHYLENE BLUE AS ANTIDOTE FOR CYANIDE POISONING". 4 February 1933.

[22] Dako Education Guide - Special Stains and H & E " second edition Chapter 19: On Chemical Reactions and Staining Mechanisms by John A. Kiernan, Subsection What is Giemsa's stain and how does it color blood cells, bacteria and chromosomes? p172

[23] J Exp Med. 1907 Nov 1;9(6):645-70. ON THE CHEMISTRY AND STAINING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF THE METHYLENE BLUE GROUP WHEN COMBINED WITH EOSIN. Wilson TM.

[24] Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology 10th ed, p61

[25] Ehrlich,P. (1887) Biol. Centralblatt 6: 214, cited from Baker JR (1958) Principles of Biological Microtechnique (Reprinted 1970, with corrections). Methuen, London.

[26] Wilson JG (1910) Intra vitam staining with methylene blue. Anatomical Record 4: 267-277.

[27] Schabadasch A (1930) Untersuchungen zur Methodik der Methylenblaufarbung des vegetativen Nervensystems. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung 10: 221-243.

[28] Zacks Zacks SI (1973) The Motor Endplate, 2nd ed. Huntington, NY: Krieger

[29] Kiernan JA (1974) Effects of metabolic inhibitors on vital staining with methylene blue. Histochemistry 40: 51-57.

[30] Novella Steve. "The ethics of deception in medicine". Science Based Medicine. Retrieved 2008-01-24.

[31] "Methylene blue for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder". United States National Library of Medicine. September 20, 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-15.

[32] Alici-Evcimen Y.; Breitbart W.S. (October 2007). "Ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity in patients with cancer". Psychooncology 16 (10): 956–960. doi:10.1002/pon.1161. PMID 17278152.

[33] Patel P.N. (2006). "Methylene blue for management of ifosfamide induced encephalopathy". Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40 (2): 266–303. doi:10.1345/aph.1G114. PMID 16391008.

[34] Dufour C., Grill J., Sabouraud P., et al. (February 2006). "Ifosfamide induced encephalopathy: 15 observations". Arch. Pediatr. (in French) 13 (2): 140–145. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2005.10.021. PMID 16364615.

[35] Aeschlimann T.; Cerny, T; Küpfer, A (1996). "Inhibition of (mono)amine oxidase activity and prevention of ifosfamide encephalopathy by methylene blue". Drug. Metab. Dispos. 24 (12): 1336–1339. PMID 8971139.

[36] Levin RL, Degrange MA, Bruno GF, Del Mazo CD, Taborda DJ, Griotti JJ, Boullon FJ (February 2004). "Methylene blue reduces mortality and morbidity in vasoplegic patients after cardiac surgery.". Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01510-8. PMID 14759425.

[37] "BestBets: Is Methylene Blue of benefit in treating adult patients who develop vasoplegic syndrome during Cardiac Surgery".

[38] Stawicki SP, Sims C, Sarani B, Grossman MD, Gracias VH (May 2008). "Methylene blue and vasoplegia: who, when, and how?". Mini Rev Med Chem 8 (5): 472–90. doi:10.2174/138955708784223477. PMID 18473936.

[pmid12628894-39] Mokhlesi B.; Leikin J.B.; Murray P.; Corbridge T.C. (March 2003). "Adult toxicology in critical care: Part II: specific poisonings". Chest 123 (3): 897–922. doi:10.1378/chest.123.3.897. PMID 12628894.

[pmid6849836-40] Harvey J.W.; Keitt A.S. (May 1983). "Studies of the efficacy and potential hazards of methylene blue therapy in aniline-induced methaemoglobinaemia". Br. J. Haematol. 54 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb02064.x. PMID 6849836.

[41] Ramsay RR; Dunford, C.; Gillman, C.K. (August 2007). "Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction.". Br J Pharmacol 152 (6): 946–951. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430. PMC 2078225. PMID 17721552.

[pmid16978328-42] Gillman P.K. (October 2006). "Methylene blue implicated in potentially fatal serotonin toxicity". Anaesthesia 61 (10): 1013–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04808.x. PMID 16978328.

[43] L. Michaelis; M. P. Schubert; S. Granick (1940). "Semiquinone Radicals of the Thiazines". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (1): 204–211. doi:10.1021/ja01858a060.

[44] J. Cenens; R. A. Schoonheydt (1988). "Visible spectroscopy of methylene blue on hectorite, laponite B, and barasym in aqueous suspension" (PDF). Clay and Clay Minerals 36 (3): 214–224. doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360302.

[45] "Analytik und Probenvorbereitung".

[46] "ASTM C1777 - 15 Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of the Methylene Blue Value for Fine Aggregate or Mineral Filler Using a Colorimeter".

[47] Construction Standard CS3:2013 – Aggregates for Concrete

[48] [2] Aquarium Chemical Treatments

[49] "PLOS ONE".

[Schirmer-50] Schirmer H.; Coulibaly B.; Stich A.; et al. (2003). "Methylene blue as an antimalarial agent—past and future". Redox Rep 8 (5): 272–276. doi:10.1179/135100003225002899. PMID 14962363.

[pmid18037845-51] Adams V.; Marley J.; McCarroll C. (November 2007). "Prilocaine induced methaemoglobinaemia in a medically compromised patient. Was this an inevitable consequence of the dose administered?". Br. Dent. J. 203 (10): 585–7. doi:10.1038/bdj.2007.1045. PMID 18037845.

[pmid16688009-52] Linz A.J.; Greenham R.K.; Fallon L.F. (May 2006). "Methemoglobinemia: an industrial outbreak among rubber molding workers". J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48 (5): 523–8. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000201815.32098.99. PMID 16688009.

[53] Guttmann, P. and Ehrlich. P. (1891) "Über die Wirkung des Methylenblau bei Malaria" (On the effect of methylene blue on malaria), Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 28 : 953-956.

[54] Meissner P.E.; Mandi G.; Coulibaly B.; et al. (2006). "Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine". Malaria Journal 5: 84. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-84. PMC 1617109. PMID 17026773.

[BBCNews-55] "Alzheimer's drug 'halts' decline". BBC News. 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-07-30.

[56] "Slowing disease's mental ravages". Chicago Tribune. 2008-07-30. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009.

[57] Medina DX, Caccamo A, Oddo S (2011). "Methylene blue reduces Aβ levels and rescues early cognitive deficit by increasing proteasome activity". Brain Pathology 21 (2): 140–149. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00430.x. PMC 2992595. PMID 20731659.

[58] "First evidence of potential efficacy of tau aggregation inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer’s disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 20 January 2015.

[59] "Clinical Trial Frequently Asked Questions". TauRx Theraputics.

[60] "Safety and efficacy study evaluating TRx0237 in subjects with mild Alzheimer's disease". ClinicalTrials.gov. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.

[61] Atamna H.; Nguyen A.; Schultz C.; Boyle K.; Newberry J.; Kato H.; Ames B.N. (March 2008). "Methylene blue delays cellular senescence and enhances key mitochondrial biochemical pathways". FASEB J. 22 (3): 703–712. doi:10.1096/fj.07-9610com. PMID 17928358.

[62] Bonda, D. J.; Lee, H.-P.; Lee, H.; Friedlich, A. L.; Perry, G.; Zhu, X.; Smith, M. A. (2010). "Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: An update". Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development 13 (2): 235–246. PMC 2931269. PMID 20205057.

[63] Wondrak GT (2007). "NQO1-activated phenothiazinium redox cyclers for the targeted bioreductive induction of cancer cell apoptosis". Free Radic Biol Med 43 (2): 178–90. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.035. PMID 17603928.

[64] "Enhancing the Efficacy of Photodynamic Cancer Therapy by Radicals from Plant Auxin (Indole-3-Acetic Acid)". Cancer Res 63: 776. 2003.

匿名

検索

案内

Urolene Blue