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a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/22 14:59:35」(JST)

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The Togaviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera:

Genus Alphavirus; type species: Sindbis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, O'nyong'nyong virus, Chikungunya, Semliki Forest virus
Genus Rubivirus; type species: Rubella virus

The Togaviridae family belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses. The genome is linear, single-stranded, positive sense RNA that is 10,000-12,000 nucleotides long. The 5'-terminus carries a methylated nucleotide cap and the 3'-terminus has a polyadenylated tail, therefore resembling cellular mRNA. The virus is enveloped and forms spherical particles (65-70 nm diameter), the capsid within is icosahedral, constructed of 240 monomers, having a triangulation number of 4. The receptors for binding are unknown, however the tropism is varied and it is known that the glycoprotein spikes act as attachment proteins. After virus attachment and entry into the cell, gene expression and replication takes place within the cytoplasm. The vector for Togaviridæ is primarily the mosquito, where replication of the virus occurs.

Genome replication

The non-structural proteins are encoded at the 5’ end, formed during the first of two characteristic rounds of translation. These proteins are originally translated as a polyprotein, which consequently undergo self cleavage, forming four non-structural proteins responsible for gene expression and replication. The formation of a sub-genomic fragment, encoding the structural proteins and a negative sense fragment, a template for further synthesis of positive sense RNA are the characteristic second phase of translation. Assembly takes place at the cell surface, where the virus buds from the cell, acquiring the envelope. The replication cycle is very fast, taking around 4 hours.

History

Initially the Togavirus family included what are now called the Flaviviruses, within the Alphavirus genus. The Flaviviruses were formed into their own family when sufficient differences with the Alphaviruses were noted.

Early 19th century - Rubella is identified as a distinct disease

1930 - Western Equine Encephalitis virus is first isolated in the United States (the first alphavirus ever isolated)

1933 - Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus is first isolated in the United States.

1938 - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis is isolated.

1941 - Western Equine Encephalitis epidemic is seen in the United States. It affects 300,000 horses and 3,336 humans.

1941 - Norman Gregg notices large number of children with cataracts following a rubella outbreak. This and other defects are then categorized under the congenital rubella syndrome.

1942 - Semliki Forest virus is isolated in Buliyama, Bwamba County, Uganda.

1952 - Sindbis virus is isolated in the Sindbis health district, 40 miles north of Cairo, Egypt.

1959 - Ross River virus is isolated from Aedes vigilax mosquitoes (now known as Ochlerotatus vigilax^[1]) which were trapped at the Ross River in Australia.

1962 - Rubella virus is isolated in culture.

1963 - Ross River virus, which causes epidemic polyarthritis (mostly seen in Australia), is isolated by Doherty and colleagues.

1964 - The last major epidemic of Rubella in the United States is seen. Approximately 20,000 infants are left with permanent damage following in-utero rubella exposure.

1969 - Rubella vaccine is licensed

1971 - Last epidemic of Venezuelan equine encephalitis is seen in horses in southern Texas.

1972 - The rubella vaccine is combined with the measles and mumps vaccines to form the Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine.

1986 - Barmah Forest virus is identified as causing human disease in Australia.

1991-92 - Most recent worldwide epidemic of rubella. Probably due to vaccine failures and missed vaccinations.

2001 - Scientists solved the crystal structure of the glycoprotein shell of the Semliki Forest virus.

2005-2006 - Large epidemic of the chikungunya virus on the island of La Réunion and the surrounding islands in the Indian Ocean.

2006 - Major epidemic of the chikungunya virus in India with over 1.5 million cases reported.

References

Stanford University
Murray, et al., Medical Microbiology, 5th Edition, Philadelphia, Elsevier Mosby 2005 ISBN 0-323-03325-3

^ "Aedes vigilax". NSW Arbovirus Surveillance & Vector Monitoring Program. The New South Wales Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Monitoring Program. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/arbovirus/mosquit/aedesvigilax.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-05. "Note that 'Ochlerotatus vigilax' prior to 2000, was known as 'Aedes vigilax'"

External links

Togaviridae Genomes database search results from the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
Viralzone: Togaviridae
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Togaviridae

UpToDate Contents

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1. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides
2. チクングンヤ熱 chikungunya fever
3. ウイルス性髄膜炎：小児における疫学、病因、および病因 viral meningitis epidemiology pathogenesis and etiology in children
4. 関節炎の原因となる特定のウイルス specific viruses that cause arthritis

English Journal

Chikungunya virus: recent advances in epidemiology, host pathogen interaction and vaccine strategies.

Deeba F1, Islam A1, Kazim SN1, Naqvi IH2, Broor S3, Ahmed A4, Parveen S5.
Pathogens and disease.Pathog Dis.2016 Apr;74(3). pii: ftv119. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftv119. Epub 2015 Dec 10.
The Chikungunya virus is a re-emerging alphavirus that belongs to the family Togaviridae. The symptoms include fever, rashes, nausea and joint pain that may last for months. The laboratory diagnosis of the infection is based on the serologic assays, virus isolation and molecular methods. The pathoge
PMID 26657109

Sindbis virus as a human pathogen-epidemiology, clinical picture and pathogenesis.

Adouchief S1, Smura T1, Sane J2, Vapalahti O1,3,4, Kurkela S1,3.
Reviews in medical virology.Rev Med Virol.2016 Mar 15. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1876. [Epub ahead of print]
Sindbis virus (SINV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) is an enveloped RNA virus widely distributed in Eurasia, Africa, Oceania and Australia. SINV is transmitted among its natural bird hosts via mosquitoes. Human disease caused by SINV infection has been reported mainly in South Africa and in N
PMID 26990827

Misguided strategy for mosquito control.

Azevedo-Santos VM1, Vitule JR2, García-Berthou E3, Pelicice FM4, Simberloff D5.
Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2016 Feb 12;351(6274):675. doi: 10.1126/science.351.6274.675. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
PMID 26912851