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Thelazia callipaeda is a parasitic nematode, and the most common cause of "thelaziasis" (or "eyeworm" infestation) in humans, dogs and cats. It was first discovered in the eyes of a dog in China in 1910.^[1] By 2000, over 250 human cases had been reported in the medical literature.^[2]

Hosts

In addition to humans, cats and dogs, definitive hosts of T. callipaeda include the wolf (Canis lupus), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), red fox (Vulpes fulva), and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This species has been found in China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland, Taiwan and Thailand.^[3]

Two intermediate hosts have been identified so far: Amiota (Phortica) variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Europe and Phortica okadai in China,^[4] which feed on tears of humans and carnivores.^[5] Some data suggests that only the males of A. (P.) variegata carry Thelazia callipaeda larvae.^[6] This is noteworthy because in all other known cases of blood-feeding flies which transmit parasites, the parasites are carried by the females.^[7]

Life cycle

The eggs of Thelazia callipaeda develop into first stage larvae (L1), in utero while the female is in the tissues in and around the eye of the definitive host.^[8] The female deposits these larvae, which are still enclosed in the egg membranes, in the tears (lacrymal secretions) of the host. When a tear-feeding fly (intermediate host) feeds, it ingests the T. callipaeda larvae. Once inside the fly, the L1 larvae "hatch" from the egg membrane and penetrate the gut wall. They remain in the hemocoel (the fly's circulatory system) for 2 days, and then invade either the fat body or testes of the flies. In these tissues, the larvae develop into third stage larvae (L3). The L3 migrates to the head of the fly, and is released in or near the eye of a new host mammal when the fly feeds again. Once in the eye, eyelid, tear glands, or tear ducts of the mammalian host, the L3 larvae develop through the L4 larval stage and into adults in about 1 month. The seasonal timing of L1 and L4 larvae in the lacrymal (tear) secretions of naturally infested dogs in Italy was found to coincide with the activity of the fly vectors.^[9]

Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Symptoms of T. callipaeda infestation include conjunctivitis, excessive watering (lacrimation), visual impairment, and ulcers or scarring of the cornea. In some cases, the only symptom is the worm obscuring the host's vision as a "floater".^[10]

Diagnosis is made by finding the adult worms in the eye or surrounding tissues. Human cases are treated by simply removing the worms. In canines, topical imidacloprid with moxidectin,^[11] or milbemycin oxime (Interceptor)^[12] have been recommended.

References

^ Railliet, A.; Henry, A. (1910). "Les Thelazieo, Nematodes parasites de l'oeil". Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales. 68: 213–216, 783–785. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Koyama, Y; Ohira, A; Kono, T; Yoneyama, T; Shiwaku, K (2000). "Five cases of thelaziasis". The British journal of ophthalmology. 84 (4): 441. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.4.439c. PMC 1723424. PMID 10777285.
^ Otranto, Domenico; Dutto, Moreno (Apr 2008). "Human Thelaziasis, Europe" (Free full text). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 647–9. doi:10.3201/eid1404.071205. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2570937. PMID 18394285.
^ Otranto, D; Lia, RP; Cantacessi, C; Testini, G; Troccoli, A; Shen, JL; Wang, ZX (2005). "Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China". Parasitology. 131 (Pt 6): 847–55. doi:10.1017/S0031182005008395. PMID 16336738.
^ Otranto, D; Brianti, E; Cantacessi, C; Lia, RP; Máca, J (2006). "The zoophilic fruitfly Phortica variegata: morphology, ecology and biological niche". Medical and veterinary entomology. 20 (4): 358–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00643.x. PMID 17199746.
^ Otranto, D; Cantacessi, C; Testini, G; Lia, RP (2006). "Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector". International Journal for Parasitology. 36 (10–11): 1167–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.006. PMID 16842795.
^ Otranto, D; Stevens, JR; Cantacessi, C; Gasser, RB (2008). "Parasite transmission by insects: a female affair?". Trends in Parasitology. 24 (3): 116–20. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.005. PMID 18258484.
^ Anderson, Roy C. (2000). "T. callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910". Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-85199-421-5. OCLC 42080206.
^ Otranto, D; Lia, RP; Buono, V; Traversa, D; Giangaspero, A (2004). "Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts". Parasitology. 129 (Pt 5): 627–33. doi:10.1017/S0031182004006018. PMID 15552407.
^ Zakir, R; Zhong-Xia, Z; Chioddini, P; Canning, CR (1999). "Intraocular infestation with the worm, Thelazia callipaeda". The British journal of ophthalmology. 83 (10): 1194–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1194a. PMC 1722833. PMID 10636646.
^ Bianciardi, P; Otranto, D (2005). "Treatment of dog thelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) using a topical formulation of imidacloprid 10% and moxidectin 2.5%". Veterinary Parasitology. 129 (1–2): 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.020. PMID 15817208.
^ Ferroglio, E; Rossi, L; Tomio, E; Schenker, R; Bianciardi, P (2008). "Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime (Interceptor) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally exposed dogs". Veterinary parasitology. 154 (3–4): 351–3. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.011. PMID 18456409.

English Journal

New Cases of Thelazia callipaeda Haplotype 1 in Dogs Suggest a Wider Distribution in Romania.

Ioniţă M1, Mitrea IL1, Ionică AM2, Morariu S3, Mihalca AD2.
Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.).Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.2016 Mar;16(3):172-5. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1919. Epub 2016 Feb 8.
Thelazia callipaeda is an emerging vector-borne zoonotic helminth parasitizing the conjunctival sac of a broad spectrum of definitive hosts, such as dogs, cats, rabbits, wild carnivores, and humans. Its presence is associated with mild to severe ocular disease. Here, we report two new clinical cases
PMID 26854520

First report of canine ocular thelaziosis in the Muntenia Region, Romania.

Tudor P1, Bădicu A2, Mateescu R3, Tudor N2, Mateescu C3, Ionaşcu I2.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2016 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Ocular thelaziosis by Thelazia callipaeda is a vector-borne disease that infects domestic and wild carnivores as well as humans. In this paper, we present two cases of ocular thelaziosis in dogs that had never traveled outside Romania. Both presented with moderate conjunctivitis and ocular discharge
PMID 26898833

Thelazia callipaeda-first human case of thelaziosis in Croatia.

Paradžik MT1,2, Samardžić K3, Živičnjak T4, Martinković F4, Janjetović Ž3, Miletić-Medved M5,6.
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift.Wien Klin Wochenschr.2015 Nov 5. [Epub ahead of print]
A case of the first ocular thelaziosis in a human male patient in Croatia is presented. Thelaziosis is a zoonosis caused by the nematodes of the genus Thelazia. In all, two types of the genus have been described as causes of infection in humans, Thelazia callipaeda and Thelazia californiensis. This
PMID 26542130

Japanese Journal

栃木県内で経験した東洋眼虫症の1例 (特集第68回日本臨床眼科学会講演集(7))

武村千紘,鈴木重成,和泉田真作 [他]
臨床眼科 69(9), 1369-1372, 2015-09
NAID 40020566572

右眼異物感による受診で東洋眼虫を認めた1例

宇根宏容,今本量久,白木邦彦 [他]
眼科臨床紀要 6(8), 630-632, 2013
NAID 40019784833

Intraocular infestation with Thelazia callipaeda

OTRANTO Domenico,KIM Hyun Woong,KIM Jung Lim,YUN Il Han,KHO Weon Gyu,HWANG Seung Young
Japanese journal of ophthalmology 55(4), 433-434, 2011-07-01
NAID 10029528372

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「東洋眼虫」

Thelazia callipaeda
	female Thelazia callipaeda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Spirurida
Family:	Thelaziidae
Genus:	Thelazia
Species:	T. callipaeda
Binomial name
	Thelazia callipaeda; Railliet and Henry, 1910

　　[★]

日: テラジア・カリピーダ
英: oriental eye worm
ラ: Thelazia callipaeda
関: 結膜炎、メマトイ、線虫類、線虫、東洋眼虫症 thelaziasis orientalis

[1] Railliet, A.; Henry, A. (1910). "Les Thelazieo, Nematodes parasites de l'oeil". Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales. 68: 213–216, 783–785. ^{[verification needed]}

[2] Koyama, Y; Ohira, A; Kono, T; Yoneyama, T; Shiwaku, K (2000). "Five cases of thelaziasis". The British journal of ophthalmology. 84 (4): 441. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.4.439c. PMC 1723424. PMID 10777285.

[3] Otranto, Domenico; Dutto, Moreno (Apr 2008). "Human Thelaziasis, Europe" (Free full text). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 647–9. doi:10.3201/eid1404.071205. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2570937. PMID 18394285.

[4] Otranto, D; Lia, RP; Cantacessi, C; Testini, G; Troccoli, A; Shen, JL; Wang, ZX (2005). "Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China". Parasitology. 131 (Pt 6): 847–55. doi:10.1017/S0031182005008395. PMID 16336738.

[5] Otranto, D; Brianti, E; Cantacessi, C; Lia, RP; Máca, J (2006). "The zoophilic fruitfly Phortica variegata: morphology, ecology and biological niche". Medical and veterinary entomology. 20 (4): 358–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00643.x. PMID 17199746.

[6] Otranto, D; Cantacessi, C; Testini, G; Lia, RP (2006). "Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector". International Journal for Parasitology. 36 (10–11): 1167–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.006. PMID 16842795.

[7] Otranto, D; Stevens, JR; Cantacessi, C; Gasser, RB (2008). "Parasite transmission by insects: a female affair?". Trends in Parasitology. 24 (3): 116–20. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.005. PMID 18258484.

[8] Anderson, Roy C. (2000). "T. callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910". Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-85199-421-5. OCLC 42080206.

[9] Otranto, D; Lia, RP; Buono, V; Traversa, D; Giangaspero, A (2004). "Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts". Parasitology. 129 (Pt 5): 627–33. doi:10.1017/S0031182004006018. PMID 15552407.

[10] Zakir, R; Zhong-Xia, Z; Chioddini, P; Canning, CR (1999). "Intraocular infestation with the worm, Thelazia callipaeda". The British journal of ophthalmology. 83 (10): 1194–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1194a. PMC 1722833. PMID 10636646.

[11] Bianciardi, P; Otranto, D (2005). "Treatment of dog thelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) using a topical formulation of imidacloprid 10% and moxidectin 2.5%". Veterinary Parasitology. 129 (1–2): 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.020. PMID 15817208.

[12] Ferroglio, E; Rossi, L; Tomio, E; Schenker, R; Bianciardi, P (2008). "Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime (Interceptor) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally exposed dogs". Veterinary parasitology. 154 (3–4): 351–3. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.011. PMID 18456409.

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Thelazia callipaeda