経皮的神経電気刺激法 transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation、transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/25 16:13:20」(JST)
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経皮的末梢神経電気刺激（けいひてきまっしょうしんけいでんきしげき、英：transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation，TENS）は、痛みの局所、周辺、あるいは支配脊髄神経起始部などに表面電極を置き、低周波を通電する電気療法の一種である。経皮から電気で末梢神経を刺激して鎮痛させる療法でテンスとも呼ばれる。大径のAβ求心線維を選択的に刺激し、脊髄後角での痛み伝達を抑制するというゲートコントロールセオリーの実証である。しかし、現在は主にオピエイト媒介理論を利用した低周波TENSが一般的である。
痛みに対して電気を用いるという考えは古来より存在し、西暦46年にはシビレエイからの電気放電を利用したという記録がある。1791年にはルイージ・ガルヴァーニが動物電気を発見した。次いでボルタが蓄電池の原型装置を考案し、数年後にはガルバニーがこの装置を用いて筋収縮を得るガルバーニ電流を作り出した。デュシェンヌはこの電気刺激により、効果的に筋収縮が起こる皮膚部位をモーターポイントと名付けた。1830年代にはファラデーがファラデー電流を、1905年にはラピックが興奮の法則を発見した。疼痛コントロールを目的とした電流利用は、1965年にPatrick D.Wall（1925〜2001）とRonald Melzackが提唱したゲートコントロールセオリーに端を発する[1]。1967年、硬膜外脊髄刺激療法（dorsal column stimulation）の研究が盛んになり、その鎮痛効果を確かめる為に、経皮的な末梢神経刺激（TENS）が行われた。ところが、TENSはそれ自体で十分な鎮痛効果を発揮することが認められた。また、内在性モルヒネ様物質の発見、抑制性伝達物質が関与する痛みの抑制機構の提唱がなされ、生体内に痛みを抑制する機構が備わっていることが証明された。この内在性抑制機構を利用した痛みの治療が示唆された為、電気鎮痛への関心が高まっていった。
急性疼痛から慢性疼痛まで多岐に渡る。臨床応用としては以下が挙げられる。
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| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | |
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A four-lead TENS unit.
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| MeSH | D004561 |
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS or TNS) is the use of electric current produced by a device to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes. TENS, by definition, covers the complete range of transcutaneously applied currents used for nerve excitation although the term is often used with a more restrictive intent, namely to describe the kind of pulses produced by portable stimulators used to treat pain.[1] The unit is usually connected to the skin using two or more electrodes. A typical battery-operated TENS unit is able to modulate pulse width, frequency and intensity. Generally TENS is applied at high frequency (>50 Hz) with an intensity below motor contraction (sensory intensity) or low frequency (<10 Hz) with an intensity that produces motor contraction.[2] While the use of TENS has proved effective in clinical studies, there is controversy over which conditions the device should be used to treat.[3]
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TENS devices available to the domestic market are used as a non-invasive nerve stimulation intended to reduce both acute and chronic pain. One review from 2007 felt that the evidence supports a benefit in chronic musculoskeletal pain[4] while another review (from the Cochrane Collaboration in 2008) deemed the evidence of poor quality and thus no conclusions were possible regarding chronic pain.[5] Results from a task force on neck pain in 2008 found no clinically significant benefit to TENS for the treatment of neck pain when compared to a placebo treatment.[6] A 2010 review did not find evidence to support the use of TENS for chronic low back pain.[7][8] There is tentative evidence that it may be useful for painful diabetic neuropathy.[7] As of 2015, the efficacy of TENS therapy for phantom limb pain is not known as no randomized controlled trials have been performed.[9]
In principle, an adequate intensity of stimulation is necessary to achieve pain relief with TENS.[10][11] An analysis of treatment fidelity (meaning that the delivery of TENS in a trial was in accordance with current clinical advice, such as using "a strong but comfortable sensation" and suitable, frequent treatment durations) showed that higher fidelity trials tended to have a positive outcome.[12]
A few studies have shown objective evidence that TENS may modulate or suppress pain signals in the brain. One used evoked cortical potentials to show that electric stimulation of peripheral A-beta sensory fibers reliably suppressed A-delta fiber nociceptive processing.[13] Two other studies used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): one showed that high-frequency TENS produced a decrease in pain-related cortical activations in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome,[14] while the other showed that low-frequency TENS decreased shoulder impingement pain and modulated pain-induced activation in the brain.[15]
A head-mounted TENS device called Cefaly was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, on March 11, 2014, for the prevention of migraines. The Cefaly device was found effective in preventing migraine attacks in a randomized sham-controlled trial.[16] This was the first TENS device which the FDA approved for pain prevention, as opposed to pain suppression.[17]
A significant number of TENS machine brands have been targeted for use for labor pain, although a 1997 report of a study done by the University of Oxford said that TENS "has been shown not to be effective in postoperative and labour pain."[18] Use is documented in the attached references: in obstetric care, particularly in labor.[19]
TENS has been extensively used in non-odontogenic orofacial pain relief.[20] In addition, TENS and ultra low frequency-TENS (ULF-TENS) are commonly employed in diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD).[20] Further clinical studies are required to determine its efficacy.[20]
Electrical stimulation for pain control was used in ancient Rome, 63 A.D. It was reported by Scribonius Largus that pain was relieved by standing on an electrical fish at the seashore.[21] In the 16th through the 18th century various electrostatic devices were used for headache and other pains. Benjamin Franklin was a proponent of this method for pain relief.[22] In the 19th century a device called the electreat, along with numerous other devices were used for pain control and cancer cures. Only the electreat survived into the 20th century, but was not portable, and had limited control of the stimulus.[23] Development of modern TENS unit is generally credited to C. Norman Shealy.[citation needed]
The first modern, patient-wearable TENS was patented in the United States in 1974.[24] It was initially used for testing the tolerance of chronic pain patients to electrical stimulation before implantation of electrodes in the spinal cord dorsal column.[25] The electrodes were attached to an implanted receiver, which received its power from an antenna worn on the surface of the skin. Although intended only for testing tolerance to electrical stimulation, many of the patients said they received so much relief from the TENS itself that they never returned for the implant.
A number of companies began manufacturing TENS units after the commercial success of the Medtronic device became known. The neurological division of Medtronic, founded by Don Maurer, Ed Schuck and Charles Ray, developed a number of applications for implanted electrical stimulation devices for treatment of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders of the nervous system.
Today many people confuse TENS with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). EMS and TENS devices look similar, with both using long electric lead wires and electrodes. TENS is for blocking pain, where EMS is for stimulating muscles.
There are several anatomical locations where TENS electrodes are contraindicated:
TENS used across an artificial cardiac pacemaker (or other indwelling stimulator, including across its leads) may cause interference and failure of the implanted device. Serious accidents have been recorded in cases when this principle was not observed. A 2009 review in this area suggests that electrotherapy, including TENS, "are best avoided" in patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). They add that "there is no consensus and it may be possible to safely deliver these modalities in a proper setting with device and patient monitoring", and recommend further research. The review found several reports of ICDs administering inappropriate treatment due to interference with TENS devices, but notes that the reports on pacemakers are mixed: some non-programmable pacemakers were inhibited by TENS, but others were unaffected or auto-reprogrammed.[29]
The use of TENS is likely to be less effective on areas of numb skin/decreased sensation due to nerve damage. It may also cause skin irritation due to the inability to feel currents until they are too high.[26] There's an unknown level of risk when placing electrodes over an infection (possible spreading due to muscle contractions), but cross contamination with the electrodes themselves is of greater concern.[30] TENS should also be used with caution in people with epilepsy or pregnant women; do not use over area of the uterus as the effects of electrical stimulation over the developing fetus are not known.[28][31]
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| リンク元 | 「経皮的神経電気刺激法」「経皮的電気的神経刺激」「transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation」 |
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