This article is about the bacterial phylum. For spiral-shaped bacteria in general, see spiral bacteria.
| Spirochaetes |
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| Spirochaetes. Numbered ticks are 10 µm apart. Gram-stained. |
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| Treponema pallidum spirochaetes. |
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Spirochaetae Cavalier-Smith 2002 |
| Class: |
Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002 |
| Order: |
Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917 |
| Families & Genera |
- ?Exilispira Imachi et al. 2008
- Brevinemataceae Paster 2012
- Brevinema Defosse et al. 1995
- Brevinema andersonii Defosse et al. 1995
- Brachyspiraceae Paster 2012
- Brachyspira Hovind-Hougen et al. 1983
- Leptospiraceae Hovind-Hougen 1979 emend. Levett et al. 2005
- Leptonema Hovind-Hougen 1983
- Leptospira Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982
- Turneriella Levett et al. 2005
- Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907
- Borrelia Swellengrebel 1907
- Clevelandina ♦ Bermudes et al. 1988
- Cristispira ♪ Gross 1910
- Diplocalyx ♦ (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988
- Hollandina ♦ (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988
- Pillotina ♦ (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988
- Sphaerochaeta Ritalahti et al. 2012
- Spirochaeta Spirochaeta Ehrenberg 1835 emend. Pikuta et al. 2009
- Spironema ♠ Turk et al. 1999
- Treponema Schaudinn 1905
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Cross section of a spirochaete cell
Spirochaetes English pronunciation: /ˈspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːt/[1] (also spelled spirochetes) belong to a phylum of distinctive diderm (double-membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled,hence the name) cells.[2] Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 5 and 250 µm and diameters around 0.1–0.6 µm.[citation needed]
Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, which run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission.
Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions.
Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Phylogeny
- 3 Historical
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Classification
The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae), all placed within a single order (Spirochaetales). Disease-causing members of this phylum include the following:
- Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis[3]
- Borrelia burgdorferi, B. garinii, and B. afzelii, which cause Lyme disease
- Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever[4]
- Treponema pallidum subspecies which cause treponematoses such as syphilis and yaws.
- Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira aalborgi, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis[5]
Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Spirochaetes belong in a larger clade called Gracilicutes.[6]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[7] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[8] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.[9]
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| Leptospiraceae |
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Turneriella parva (Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982) Levett et al. 2005
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Leptonema illini Hovind-Hougen 1983
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Leptospira Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982
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Brevinema andersonii Defosse et al. 1995
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Brachyspira Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982
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Exilispira thermophila Imachi et al. 2008
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| Spirochaetaceae |
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?Clevelandina reticulitermitidis ♦ Bermudes et al. 1988
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?Cristispira pectinis ♪ Gross 1910
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?Diplocalyx calotermitidis ♦ (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988
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?Hollandina pterotermitidis ♦ (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988
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?Pillotina calotermitidis ♦ (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988
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Spironema culicis ♠ Turk et al. 1999
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Spirochaeta [paraphyletic incl. Borrelia, Sphaerochaeta and Treponema]
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Notes:
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)
Historical
Salvarsan, the first partially organic synthetic antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes only and was primarily used to cure syphilis.
See also
- Bacteriology
- Borrelia
- Flagellum
- Lyme disease microbiology
- Pinta (disease)
- Prokaryote
- Treponema pallidum
- Brevinema andersonii
- Syphilis
References
- ^ spirochaete - Oxford Dictionaries
- ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ McBride A, Athanazio D, Reis M, Ko A (2005). "Leptospirosis". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 18 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c. PMID 16148523.
- ^ Schwan T (1996). "Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions". Infect Agents Dis 5 (3): 167–81. PMID 8805079.
- ^ Amat Villegas I, Borobio Aguilar E, Beloqui Perez R, de Llano Varela P, Oquiñena Legaz S, Martínez-Peñuela Virseda JM (January 2004). "[Colonic spirochetes: an infrequent cause of adult diarrhea]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish) 27 (1): 21–3. PMID 14718105.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006). "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses". Biology Direct 1 (19): 19. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19. PMC 1586193. PMID 16834776.
- ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Spirochaetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ Sayers; et al. "Spirochaetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
External links
- Introduction to the Spirochetes University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP)
- Infectious diseases
- Bacterial diseases: BV4 non-proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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| Spirochaete |
| Spirochaetaceae |
| Treponema |
- Treponema pallidum
- Treponema carateum (Pinta)
- Treponema denticola
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| Borrelia |
- Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii
- Lyme disease
- Erythema chronicum migrans
- Neuroborreliosis
- Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever)
- Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)
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| Leptospiraceae |
| Leptospira |
- Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)
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| Spirillaceae |
| Spirillum |
- Spirillum minus (Rat-bite fever/Sodoku)
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| Chlamydiaceae |
| Chlamydophila |
- Chlamydophila psittaci (Psittacosis)
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae
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| Chlamydia |
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Chlamydia
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Trachoma
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| Bacteroidetes |
- Bacteroides fragilis
- Tannerella forsythia
- Capnocytophaga canimorsus
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Prevotella intermedia
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| Fusobacteria |
- Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum
- Fusobacterium polymorphum
- Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)
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Index of bacterial disease
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| Description |
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| Disease |
- Gram-positive firmicutes
- Gram-positive actinobacteria
- Gram-negative proteobacteria
- Gram-negative non-proteobacteria
- Cholera
- Tuberculosis
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| Treatment |
- Antibiotics
- cell wall
- nucleic acid
- mycobacteria
- protein synthesis
- other
- Antibodies
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