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- a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
- (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
- a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
- the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area (同)wood, woods
- land that is covered with trees and shrubs (同)woodland, timberland, timber
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/06 04:28:25」(JST)
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| Semliki Forest virus |
|
| Virus classification |
| Group: |
Group IV ((+)ssRNA) |
| Family: |
Togaviridae |
| Genus: |
Alphavirus |
| Species: |
Semliki Forest virus |
Cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Semliki Forest virus at 9Å resolution (EMDB entry
EMD-1015[1])
The Semliki Forest virus was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn & Haddow.[2] It is known to cause disease in both animals and man. It is an Alphavirus found in central, eastern, and southern Africa.
The Semliki Forest virus is a positive-stranded RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13,000 base pairs which encodes nine proteins.[3] The 5’ two thirds of the genome encode four non-structural proteins concerned with RNA synthesis and the structural proteins are encoded in the 3’ third. Of the structural proteins, the C proteins makes up the icosahedral capsid which is enveloped by a lipid bilayer, derived from the host cell. The outermost surface of the virus is almost entirely covered by heterodimers of glycoproteins E1 and E2, arranged in interconnective trimers, which form an outer shell. Trimers are anchored in the membrane by an E2 cytoplasmic domain that associates with the nucleocapsid.
Replication occurs via a negative strand intermediate giving rise to a full length genomic RNA for export in new virions and a subgenomic message that is translated into the structural proteins.
Semliki Forest virus is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It is not able to infect mammals through inhalation or gastrointestinal exposure, although rodents in the laboratory can be infected by intranasal instillation. The virus is able to cause a lethal encephalitis in rodents,[4] but generally only mild symptoms in humans.[5] Only one lethal human infection has been reported. In this one case, the patient was speculated to be immunodeficient and potentially had been exposed to large amounts of virus in the laboratory.[6]
Semliki Forest virus has been used extensively in biological research as a model of the viral life cycle and of viral neuropathy. Due to its broad host range and efficient replication, it has also been developed as a vector for genes encoding vaccines and anti-cancer agents,[7] and as a tool in gene therapy.[8]
See also
- Alphavirus
- Sindbis virus
- Chikungunya
References
- ^ Mancini, E. J.; Clarke, M.; Gowen, B. E.; Rutten, T.; Fuller, S. D. (2000). "Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the functional organization of an enveloped virus, Semliki Forest virus". Molecular cell 5 (2): 255–266. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80421-9. PMID 10882067. edit
- ^ Smithburn KC & Haddow AJ (1944) Semliki Forest Virus I. Isolation and Pathogenic Properties. J. Immunol. 49 p141–157
- ^ Atkins, G. J.; Sheahan, B. J.; Liljeström, P. (1999). "The molecular pathogenesis of Semliki Forest virus: A model virus made useful?". The Journal of general virology. 80 ( Pt 9): 2287–2297. PMID 10501479. edit
- ^ Atkins, G. J.; Sheahan, B. J.; Dimmock, N. J. (1985). "Semliki Forest virus infection of mice: A model for genetic and molecular analysis of viral pathogenicity". The Journal of general virology. 66 ( Pt 3) (3): 395–408. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-66-3-395. PMID 2982998. edit
- ^ Mathiot, C. C.; Grimaud, G.; Garry, P.; Bouquety, J. C.; Mada, A.; Daguisy, A. M.; Georges, A. J. (1990). "An outbreak of human Semliki Forest virus infections in Central African Republic". The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 42 (4): 386–393. PMID 2158754. edit
- ^ Willems, W. R.; Kaluza, G.; Boschek, C. B.; Bauer, H.; Hager, H.; Schütz, H. J.; Feistner, H. (1979). "Semliki forest virus: Cause of a fatal case of human encephalitis". Science 203 (4385): 1127–1129. doi:10.1126/science.424742. PMID 424742. edit
- ^ Quetglas, J. I.; Ruiz-Guillen, M.; Aranda, A.; Casales, E.; Bezunartea, J.; Smerdou, C. (2010). "Alphavirus vectors for cancer therapy". Virus Research 153 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.027. PMID 20692305. edit
- ^ Lundstrom, K. (2003). "Semliki Forest virus vectors for gene therapy". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 3 (5): 771–777. doi:10.1517/14712598.3.5.771. PMID 12880377. edit
- Gomez De Cedrón, M.; Ehsani, N.; Mikkola, M. L.; García, J. A.; Kääriäinen, L. (1999). "RNA helicase activity of Semliki Forest virus replicase protein NSP2". FEBS letters 448 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00321-X. PMID 10217401. edit
- Hardy, P. A.; Mazzini, M. J.; Schweitzer, C.; Lundstrom, K.; Glode, L. M. (2000). "Recombinant Semliki forest virus infects and kills human prostate cancer cell lines and prostatic duct epithelial cells ex vivo". International journal of molecular medicine 5 (3): 241–245. doi:10.3892/ijmm.5.3.241. PMID 10677563. edit
|
Zoonotic viral diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)
|
|
| Arthropod-borne |
| Mosquito-borne |
| Bunyaviridae |
- Arbovirus encephalitides: La Crosse encephalitis
- California encephalitis
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever
|
|
| Flaviviridae |
- Arbovirus encephalitides: Japanese encephalitis
- Australian encephalitis
- Saint Louis encephalitis
- West Nile fever
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Dengue fever
- Yellow fever
- ZIKV
|
|
| Togaviridae |
- Arbovirus encephalitides: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
- Western equine encephalomyelitis
- Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
- Chikungunya
- O'Nyong-nyong fever
- Ross River fever
- Semliki Forest virus
- Sindbis fever
|
|
| Reoviridae |
|
|
|
| Tick-borne |
| Bunyaviridae |
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
|
|
| Flaviviridae |
- Arbovirus encephalitides: Tick-borne encephalitis
- Powassan encephalitis
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Omsk hemorrhagic fever
- Kyasanur forest disease
- Langat virus (LGTV)
|
|
| Reoviridae |
- Colorado tick fever
- Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
|
|
|
|
| Mammal-borne |
| Rodent-borne |
| Arenaviridae |
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Lassa fever
- Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
- Argentine hemorrhagic fever
- Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
- Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
- LUJV
- CHPV
|
|
| Bunyaviridae |
- Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
|
|
|
| Bat-borne |
| Filoviridae |
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Ebola virus disease
- Marburg virus disease
|
|
| Rhabdoviridae |
|
|
| Paramyxoviridae |
|
|
|
| Primate-borne |
| Herpesviridae |
|
|
| Retroviridae |
- Simian foamy virus
- HTLV-1
- HTLV-2
|
|
| Poxviridae |
- Tanapox
- Yaba monkey tumor virus
|
|
|
| Multiple vectors |
| Rhabdoviridae |
|
|
| Poxviridae |
Monkeypox
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cutn/syst (hppv/hiva, infl/zost/zoon)/epon
|
drug (dnaa, rnaa, rtva, vacc)
|
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Transient expression of rabies virus G-glycoprotein using BHK-21 cells cultured in suspension.
- Fernández-Núñez EG1, de Rezende AG, Puglia AL, Leme J, Boldorini VL, Caricati CP, Tonso A.
- Biotechnology letters.Biotechnol Lett.2015 Jun;37(6):1153-63. doi: 10.1007/s10529-015-1787-3. Epub 2015 Feb 21.
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the expression of rabies virus G-glycoprotein (RVGP) expression using Semliki Forest virus as a vector in combination with BHK-21 cells cultured in suspension.RESULTS: A multilevel factorial design was used to quantify effects of temperature (33-37 °C), fresh medium addition af
- PMID 25700821
- Humoral responses to HIVconsv induced by heterologous vaccine modalities in rhesus macaques.
- Borthwick NJ1, Rosario M2, Schiffner T3, Bowles E2, Ahmed T1, Liljeström P4, Stewart-Jones GE2, Drijfhout JW5, Melief CJ5, Hanke T6.
- Immunity, inflammation and disease.Immun Inflamm Dis.2015 Jun;3(2):82-93. doi: 10.1002/iid3.52. Epub 2015 Mar 11.
- Vaccines delivering T cell immunogen HIVconsv vectored by plasmid DNA, non-replicating simian adenovirus and non-replicating modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are under clinical evaluation in phase I/IIa trials in UK, Europe, and Africa. While these vaccines aim to induce effector T cell response
- PMID 26029368
- A single dose of a suicidal DNA vaccine induces a specific immune response in salmonids.
- Ogas Castells ML1, La Torre JL, Grigera PR, Poggio TV.
- Journal of fish diseases.J Fish Dis.2015 Jun;38(6):581-7. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12274. Epub 2014 Aug 8.
- PMID 25103042
Japanese Journal
- Pathogenesis of Semliki Forest virus encephalitis
- Formation of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus-like Particles Following Expression of Segment A by Recombinant Semliki Forest Virus
- MCKENNA Bronagh M.,FITZPATRICK Richard M.,PHENIX Kerry V.,TODD Daniel,VAUGHAN Laurence M.,ATKINS Gregory J.
- Marine biotechnology 3(2), 103-110, 2001-03-01
- NAID 10016097771
- The Fusion glycoprotein shell of Semliki Forest virus : an icosahedral assembly primed for fusogenic activation at endosomal pH
Related Links
- Pathogen Safety Data Sheets, regulated under Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) legislation, for chemical products have been available to workers for many years. However because many laboratory ...
- Semliki Forest virus information including symptoms, causes, diseases, symptoms, treatments, and other medical and health issues. ... Introduction: Semliki Forest virus Description of Semliki Forest virus Semliki Forest virus: A ...
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