選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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"SSRI" redirects here. For other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation).
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | |
|---|---|
| Drug class | |
|
Serotonin
|
|
| Class identifiers | |
| Use | major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders |
| ATC code | N06AB |
| Biological target | Serotonin transporter |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Drug Classes |
| Consumer Reports | Best Buy Drugs |
| External links | |
| MeSH | D017367 |
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors[1] (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.
The exact mechanism of SSRIs is unknown.[2] SSRIs are believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by limiting its reabsorption into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters, with pure SSRIs having only weak affinity for the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters.
SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries.[3] The efficacy of SSRIs in mild or moderate cases of depression has been disputed.[4][5][6]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Depression
- 1.2 Generalized anxiety disorder
- 1.3 Obsessive compulsive disorder
- 1.4 Eating disorders
- 1.5 Stroke recovery
- 1.6 Premature ejaculation
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Sexual dysfunction
- 2.2 Cardiac
- 2.3 Bleeding
- 2.4 Discontinuation syndrome
- 2.5 Suicide risk
- 2.5.1 Children and adolescents
- 2.5.2 Adults
- 2.6 Pregnancy and breastfeeding
- 2.7 Neonatal abstinence syndrome
- 2.7.1 Persistent pulmonary hypertension
- 2.7.2 Neuropsychiatric effects in offspring
- 2.8 Overdose
- 3 Contraindications and drug interactions
- 4 List of agents
- 4.1 Related agents
- 5 Mechanism of action
- 5.1 Pharmacogenetics
- 5.2 SSRIs versus TCAs
- 6 Society and culture
- 6.1 Controversy
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Medical uses
The main indication for SSRIs is major depressive disorder (also called "major depression", "clinical depression" and often simply "depression"). SSRIs are frequently prescribed for anxiety disorders, such as social anxiety disorder, panic disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders, chronic pain and occasionally, for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They are also frequently used to treat depersonalization disorder, although generally with poor results.[7]
Depression
Antidepressants are recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) as a first-line treatment of severe depression and for the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression that persists after conservative measures such as cognitive therapy.[8] They recommend against their routine use in those who have chronic health problems and mild depression.[8][dead link]
There has been controversy regarding the efficacy of antidepressants in treating depression depending on its severity and duration.
- Two meta-analyses published in 2008 (Kirsch) and 2010 (Fournier) found that in mild and moderate depression, the effect of SSRIs is small or none compared to placebo, while in very severe depression the effect of SSRIs is between "relatively small" and "substantial".[4][9] The 2008 meta-analysis combined 35 clinical trials submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before licensing of four newer antidepressants (including the SSRIs paroxetine and fluoxetine, the non-SSRI antidepressant nefazodone, and the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine. The authors attributed the relationship between severity and efficacy to a reduction of the placebo effect in severely depressed patients, rather than an increase in the effect of the medication.[9] Some researchers have questioned the statistical basis of this study suggesting that it underestimates the effect size of antidepressants.[10][11]
- A 2010 comprehensive review conducted by NICE concluded that antidepressants have no advantage over placebo in the treatment of short-term mild depression, but that the available evidence supported the use of antidepressants in the treatment of dysthymia and other forms of chronic mild depression.[12]
- A 2012 meta-analysis of fluoxetine and venlafaxine concluded that statistically and clinically significant treatment effects were observed for each drug relative to placebo irrespective of baseline depression severity.[13]
- In 2014 the U.S. FDA published a systematic review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1985 and 2012. The authors concluded that maintenance treatment reduced the risk of relapse by 52% compared to placebo, and that this effect was primarily due to recurrent depression in the placebo group rather than a drug withdrawal effect.[14]
There does not appear to be a big difference in the effectiveness among the second generation antidepressants (SSRIs and SNRIs).[15]
In children there are concerns around the quality of the evidence on the meaningfulness of benefits seen.[16] If a medication is used, fluoxetine appears to be first line.[16]
Generalized anxiety disorder
SSRIs are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) that has failed to respond to conservative measures such as education and self-help activities. GAD is a common disorder of which the central feature is excessive worry about a number of different events. Key symptoms include excessive anxiety about multiple events and issues, and difficulty controlling worrisome thoughts that persists for at least 6 months.
Antidepressants provide a modest-to-moderate reduction in anxiety in GAD,[17] and are superior to placebo in treating GAD.[18] The efficacy of different antidepressants is similar.[17][18]
Obsessive compulsive disorder
SSRIs are a second line treatment of adult obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with mild functional impairment and as first line treatment for those with moderate or severe impairment. In children, SSRIs can be considered a second line therapy in those with moderate-to-severe impairment, with close monitoring for psychiatric adverse effects.[19] SSRIs are efficacious in the treatment of OCD; patients treated with SSRIs are about twice as likely to respond to treatment as those treated with placebo.[20][21] Efficacy has been demonstrated both in short-term treatment trials of 6 to 24 weeks and in discontinuation trials of 28 to 52 weeks duration.[22][23][24]
Eating disorders
Anti-depressants are recommended as an alternative or additional first step to self-help programs in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.[17] SSRIs (fluoxetine in particular) are preferred over other anti-depressants due to their acceptability, tolerability, and superior reduction of symptoms in short-term trials. Long-term efficacy remains poorly characterized.
Similar recommendations apply to binge eating disorder.[17] SSRIs provide short-term reductions in binge eating behavior, but have not been associated with significant weight loss.[25]
Clinical trials have generated mostly negative results for the use of SSRIs in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.[26] Treatment guidelines from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence[17] recommend against the use of SSRIs in this disorder. Those from the American Psychiatric Association note that SSRIs confer no advantage regarding weight gain, but that they may be used for the treatment of co-existing depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders.[25]
Stroke recovery
SSRIs have been used in the treatment of stroke patients, including those with and without symptoms of depression. A recent meta analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials found a statistically significant effect of SSRIs on dependence, neurological deficit, depression, and anxiety. There was no statistically significant effect on death, motor deficits, or cognition.[27]
Premature ejaculation
SSRIs are effective for the treatment of premature ejaculation. Chronic administration is more efficacious than on demand use.[28]
Adverse effects
Side effects vary among the individual drugs of this class. However, certain types of adverse effects are found broadly among most if not all members of this class:
- increased risk of bone fractures by 1.7 fold[29]
- akathisia[30][31][32][33]
- suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide) (see below)
- photosensitivity[34]
Sexual dysfunction
SSRIs can cause various types of sexual dysfunction such as anorgasmia, erectile dysfunction, diminished libido, genital numbness, and sexual anhedonia (pleasureless orgasm).[35] Sexual problems are common with SSRIs.[36] Poor sexual function is also one of the most common reasons people stop the medication.[37]
Occasionally symptoms of sexual dysfunction may persist after discontinuation of SSRIs.[35][38][39][40]
The mechanism by which SSRIs cause sexual side effects is not well understood as of 2015. The range of possible mechanisms includes (1) nonspecific neurological effects (e.g., sedation) that globally impair behavior including sexual function; (2) specific effects on brain systems mediating sexual function; (3) specific effects on peripheral tissues and organs, such as the penis, that mediate sexual function; and (4) direct or indirect effects on hormones mediating sexual function.[41] It is probable that antidepressants impact several of these physiologic substrates of sexual function. Animal research and data from studies in human subjects suggest that sexual behavior and function are enhanced by increases in brain dopaminergic function and inhibited by increases in brain serotonergic function. The latter observation is consistent with the association of serotonergic antidepressants (that increase dramatically serotoninergic transimission) with sexual dysfunction.[42]
A number of (non-SSRI) drugs are not associated with sexual side effects (such as bupropion, mirtazapine, tianeptine, agomelatine and moclobemide.[43][44])
There is no FDA-approved treatment for SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction and there has been a lack of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies of potential treatments.[why?] There is evidence for the following management strategies: for erectile dysfunction, the addition of a PDE5 inhibitor such as sildenafil; for decreased libido, possibly adding or switching to bupropion; and for overall sexual dysfunction, switching to nefazodone.[45]
Several small studies have suggested that SSRIs may adversely affect semen quality.[46]
Cardiac
SSRIs do not appear to affect the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in those without a previous diagnosis of CHD.[47] A large cohort study suggested no substantial increase in the risk of cardiac malformations attributable to SSRI usage during the first trimester of pregnancy.[48] A number of large studies of people without known pre-existing heart disease have reported no EKG changes related to SSRI use.[49] The recommended maximum daily dose of citalopram and escitalopram was reduced due to concerns with QT interval prolongation.[50][51][52] In overdose, fluoxetine has been reported to cause sinus tachycardia, myocardial infarction, junctional rhythms and trigeminy. Some authors have suggested electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with severe pre-existing cardiovascular disease who are taking SSRIs.[53]
Bleeding
SSRIs interact with anticoagulants, like warfarin and aspirin.[54][55][56][57] This includes an increased risk of GI bleeding, and post operative bleeding.[54] The relative risk of intracranial bleeding is increased, but the absolute risk is very low.[58] SSRIs are known to cause platelet dysfunction.[59][60] This risk is greater in those who are also on anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as well as with the co-existence of underlying diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver or liver failure.[61][62]
Discontinuation syndrome
Main article: SSRI discontinuation syndrome
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors should not be abruptly discontinued after extended therapy, and whenever possible, should be tapered over several weeks to minimize discontinuation-related symptoms which may include nausea, headache, dizziness, chills, body aches, paresthesias, insomnia, and electric shock-like sensations. Paroxetine may produce discontinuation-related symptoms at a greater rate than other SSRIs, though qualitatively similar effects have been reported for all SSRIs.[63][64] Discontinuation effects appear to be less for fluoxetine, perhaps owing to its long half-life and the natural tapering effect associated with its slow clearance from the body. One strategy for minimizing SSRI discontinuation symptoms is to switch the patient to fluoxetine and then taper and discontinue the fluoxetine.[63]
Suicide risk
Children and adolescents
Meta analyses of short duration randomized clinical trials have found that SSRI use is related to a higher risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents.[65][66][67] For instance, a 2004 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analysis of clinical trials on children with major depressive disorder found statistically significant increases of the risks of "possible suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior" by about 80%, and of agitation and hostility by about 130%;[68] According to the FDA, the heightened risk of suicidality is within the first one to two months of treatment.[69][70][71] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) places the excess risk in the "early stages of treatment".[72] The European Psychiatric Association places the excess risk in the first two weeks of treatment and, based on a combination of epidemiological, prospective cohort, medical claims, and randomized clinical trial data, concludes that a protective effect dominates after this early period. A 2012 Cochrane review found that at six to nine months, suicidal ideation remained higher in children treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with psychological therapy.[73]
A recent comparison of aggression and hostility occurring during treatment with fluoxetine to placebo in children and adolescents found that no significant difference between the fluoxetine group and a placebo group.[74] There is also evidence that higher rates of SSRI prescriptions are associated with lower rates of suicide in children, though since the evidence is correlational, the true nature of the relationship is unclear.[75]
In 2004, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the United Kingdom judged fluoxetine (Prozac) to be the only antidepressant that offered a favorable risk-benefit ratio in children with depression, though it was also associated with a slight increase in the risk of self-harm and suicidal ideation.[76] Only two SSRIs are licensed for use with children in the UK, sertraline (Zoloft) and fluvoxamine (Luvox), and only for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Fluoxetine is not licensed for this use.[77]
Adults
It is unclear whether or not SSRIs affect the risk of suicidal behavior for adults.
- A 2005 meta-analysis of drug company data found no evidence that SSRIs increased the risk of suicide; however, important protective or hazardous effects could not be excluded.[78]
- A 2005 review observed that suicide attempts are increased in those who use SSRIs as compared to placebo and compared to therapeutic interventions other than tricyclic antidepressants. No difference risk of suicide attempts was detected between SSRIs versus tricyclic antidepressants.[79]
- On the other hand, a 2006 review suggests that the widespread use of antidepressants in the new "SSRI-era" appear to have led to highly significant decline in suicide rates in most countries with traditionally high baseline suicide rates. The decline is particularly striking for women who, compared with men, seek more help for depression. Recent clinical data on large samples in the US too have revealed a protective effect of antidepressant against suicide.[80]
- A 2006 meta analysis of random controlled trials suggests that SSRIs increase suicide ideation compared with placebo. However, the observational studies suggests that SSRIs did not increase suicide risk more than older antidepressants. The researchers stated that if SSRIs increase suicide risk in some patients, the number of additional deaths is very small because ecological studies have generally found that suicide mortality has declined (or at least not increased) as SSRI use has increased.[81]
- An additional meta-analysis by the FDA in 2006 found an age-related effect of SSRI's. Among adults younger than 25 years, results indicated that there was a higher risk for suicidal behavior. For adults between 25 and 64, the effect appears neutral on suicidal behavior but possibly protective for suicidal behavior for adults between the ages of 25 and 64. For adults older than 64, SSRI's seem to reduce the risk of both suicidal behavior.[65]
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation. As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes reflects a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases.[82] In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear.
SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold.[83][84] Maternal SSRI use may be associated with a lower risk for late preterm birth for very preterm birth and for cesarean section.[85]
A systematic review of the risk of major birth defects in antidepressant-exposed pregnancies found a small increase (3% to 24%) in the risk of major malformations and a risk of cardiovascular birth defects that did not differ from non-exposed pregnancies.[86] A study of fluoxetine-exposed pregnancies found a 12% increase in the risk of major malformations that just missed statistical significance.[87] Other studies have found an increased risk of cardiovascular birth defects among depressed mothers not undergoing SSRI treatment, suggesting the possibility of ascertainment bias, e.g. that worried mothers may pursue more aggressive testing of their infants.[88] Another study found no increase in cardiovascular birth defects and a 27% increased risk of major malformations in SSRI exposed pregnancies.[84]
The FDA issued a statement on July 19, 2006 stating nursing mothers on SSRIs must discuss treatment with their physicians. However, the medical literature on the safety of SSRIs has determined that some SSRIs like Sertraline and Paroxetine are considered safe for breastfeeding.[89][90][91]
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Several studies have documented neonatal abstinence syndrome, a syndrome of neurological, gastrointestinal, autonomic, endocrine and/or respiratory symptoms among a large minority of infants with intrauterine exposure. These syndromes are short-lived, but insufficient long-term data is available to determine whether there are long-term effects.[92][93]
Persistent pulmonary hypertension
Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) is a serious and life-threatening, but very rare, lung condition that occurs soon after birth of the newborn. Newborn babies with PPHN have high pressure in their lung blood vessels and are not able to get enough oxygen into their bloodstream. About 1 to 2 babies per 1000 babies born in the U.S. develop PPHN shortly after birth, and often they need intensive medical care. It is associated with about a 25% risk of significant long-term neurological deficits.[94] A 2014 meta analysis found no increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension associated with exposure to SSRI's in early pregnancy and a slight increase in risk associates with exposure late in pregnancy; "an estimated 286 to 351 women would need to be treated with an SSRI in late pregnancy to result in an average of one additional case of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.".[95] A review published in 2012 reached conclusions very similar to those of the 2014 study.[96]
Neuropsychiatric effects in offspring
According to a 2015 review available data found that "some signal exists suggesting that antenatal exposure to SSRIs may increase the risk of ASDs (autism spectrum disorders)"[97] even though a large cohort study published in 2013[98] and a cohort study using data from Finland's national register between the years 1996 and 2010 and published in 2016 found no significant association between SSRI use and autism in offspring.[99] The 2016 Finland study also found no association with ADHD, but did find an association with increased rates of depression diagnoses in early adolescence.[99]
Overdose
See also: Serotonin syndrome
SSRIs appear safer in overdose when compared with traditional antidepressants, such as the tricyclic antidepressants. This relative safety is supported both by case series and studies of deaths per numbers of prescriptions.[100] However, case reports of SSRI poisoning have indicated that severe toxicity can occur[101] and deaths have been reported following massive single ingestions,[102] although this is exceedingly uncommon when compared to the tricyclic antidepressants.[100]
Because of the wide therapeutic index of the SSRIs, most patients will have mild or no symptoms following moderate overdoses. The most commonly reported severe effect following SSRI overdose is serotonin syndrome; serotonin toxicity is usually associated with very high overdoses or multiple drug ingestion.[103] Other reported significant effects include coma, seizures, and cardiac toxicity.[100]
The SSRIs, in decreasing toxicity in overdose, can be listed as follows:[104]
- Citalopram (due to the potential for QT interval prolongation)
- Fluvoxamine
- Escitalopram
- Paroxetine
- Sertraline
- Fluoxetine
Contraindications and drug interactions
The following drugs may precipitate serotonin syndrome in people on SSRIs:[105][106]
- Linezolid
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) including moclobemide, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline and methylene blue
- Lithium
- Sibutramine
- MDMA (ecstasy)
- Dextromethorphan
- Tramadol
- Pethidine/meperidine
- St. John's wort
- Yohimbe
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
- Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Buspirone
- Triptan
- Mirtazapine
Painkillers of the NSAIDs drug family may interfere and reduce efficiency of SSRIs and may compound the increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeds caused by SSRI use.[55][57][107] NSAIDs include:
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen (Advil, Nurofen)
- Naproxen (Aleve)
There are a number of potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the various individual SSRIs and other medications. Most of these arise from the fact that every SSRI has the ability to inhibit certain P450 cytochromes.[108][109]
| Drug Name | CYP1A2 | CYP2C9 | CYP2C19 | CYP2D6 | CYP3A4 | CYP2B6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citalopram | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Escitalopram | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
| Fluoxetine | + | ++ | +/++ | +++ | + | + |
| Fluvoxamine | +++ | ++ | +++ | + | + | + |
| Paroxetine | + | + | + | +++ | + | +++ |
| Sertraline | + | + | +/++ | + | + | + |
Legend:
0 — no inhibition.
+ — mild inhibition.
++ — moderate inhibition.
+++ — strong inhibition.
List of agents
Drugs in this class include:
Most common:
- citalopram
- escitalopram
- fluoxetine
- fluvoxamine
- paroxetine
- sertraline
Other:
- dapoxetine
- indalpine (discontinued)
- zimelidine (discontinued)
- Cericlamine (reached phase III)
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Citalopram |
Dapoxetine |
Escitalopram |
Fluoxetine |
Fluvoxamine |
Panuramine |
|
Indalpine |
Paroxetine |
Femoxetine |
Sertraline |
Zimelidine |
Cericlamine |
Related agents
SSRIs form a subclass of serotonin uptake inhibitors, which includes other non-selective inhibitors as well. The serotonergic Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors are also commonly used as antidepressants.
Mechanism of action
In the brain, messages are passed from a nerve cell to another via a chemical synapse, a small gap between the cells. The presynaptic cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters including serotonin into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient postsynaptic cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters into the sending presynaptic cell, a process called reuptake.
SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may repeatedly stimulate the receptors of the recipient cell. In the short run this leads to an increase in signalling across synapses in which serotonin serves as the primary neurotransmitter. On chronic dosing, the increased occupancy of pre-synaptic serotonin receptors signals the pre-synaptic neuron to synthesize and release less serotonin. Serotonin levels within the synapse drop, then rise again, ultimately leading to down-regulation of post-synaptic serotonin receptors.[110] Other, indirect effects may include increased norepinephrine output, increased neuronal cyclic AMP levels, and increased levels of regulatory factors such as BDNF and CREB.[111] Owing to the lack of a widely accepted comprehensive theory of the biology of mood disorders, there is no widely accepted theory of how these changes lead to the mood-elevating and anti-anxiety effects of SSRIs.
Pharmacogenetics
Further information: Pharmacogenetics
Large bodies of research are devoted to using genetic markers to predict whether patients will respond to SSRIs or have side effects that will cause their discontinuation, although these tests are not yet ready for widespread clinical use.[112] Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the 5-HT(2A) gene correlated with paroxetine discontinuation due to side effects in a group of elderly patients with major depression, but not mirtazapine (a non-SSRI antidepressant) discontinuation.[113]
SSRIs versus TCAs
SSRIs are described as 'selective' because they affect only the reuptake pumps responsible for serotonin, as opposed to earlier antidepressants, which affect other monoamine neurotransmitters as well, and as a result, SSRIs have fewer side effects.
There appears to be no significant difference in effectiveness between SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants, which were the most commonly used class of antidepressants before the development of SSRIs.[114] However, SSRIs have the important advantage that their toxic dose is high, and, therefore, they are much more difficult to use as a means to commit suicide. Further, they have fewer and milder side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants also have a higher risk of serious cardiovascular side effects, which SSRIs lack.
SSRIs act on signal pathways such as cAMP (Cyclic AMP) on the postsynaptic neuronal cell, which leads to the release of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). BDNF enhances the growth and survival of cortical neurons and synapses.[111]
Society and culture
Controversy
See also: Biopsychiatry controversy and Biological psychiatry
- A study examining publication of results from FDA-evaluated antidepressants concluded that those with favorable results were much more likely to be published than those with negative results.[115]
David Healy has argued that warning signs were available for many years prior to regulatory authorities moving to put warnings on antidepressant labels that they might cause suicidal thoughts.[116] At the time these warnings were added, others argued that the evidence for harm remained unpersuasive[117][118] and others continued to do so after the warnings were added.[119][120]
See also
- Development and discovery of SSRI drugs
- Dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI)
- Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA)
- Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)
- Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI)
- Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor
- Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI)
- Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
- Serotonin releasing agent (SRA)
- Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI)
- Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)
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External links
- PROZAC Product/Prescribing Information at Eli Lilly and Company
- Serotonin uptake inhibitors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤：薬理学、投与方法、および副作用 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors pharmacology administration and side effects
- 2. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤（SSRI）に起因する性機能不全：マネージメント sexual dysfunction caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris management
- 3. 小児単極性うつ病および薬物療法：薬剤の選択 pediatric unipolar depression and pharmacotherapy choosing a medication
- 4. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤中毒 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor poisoning
- 5. 妊娠中の抗うつ薬の服用および催奇形性やそのほかの悪影響が生じる危険性について：選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬（SSRI） antenatal use of antidepressants and risk of teratogenicity and adverse pregnancy outcomes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris
English Journal
- Anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease.
- Djamshidian A, Friedman JH.Author information Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N1PJ, London, UK, atbin.djamshidian@gmail.com.AbstractOPINION STATEMENT: Anxiety and depression, while very common problems in Parkinson's disease (PD), have not been subject to adequate treatment trials. While a handful of double blind placebo-controlled trials of depression have been published, only a small number of subjects have been enrolled in most of these. There have been no adequate treatment trials of anxiety. Thus, most practitioners base their treatments on what has been published in the general population and their own personal experience. The data suggest that depression is probably treatable in some cases, but there are no data to support any drug treatment of anxiety. Much of the rationale for treating these disorders is based primarily on side effect profiles rather than efficacy and is almost entirely based on anecdotal experience. Although we lack convincing data, we do believe in the pharmacologic treatment of depression and anxiety and choose medications based on side effect profiles, some of which may be useful. We favor the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in general for both depression and anxiety because of their relative freedom from side effects but will often choose mirtazapine if insomnia or weight loss is a problem, clonazepam for anxiety without depression if an SSRI is insufficient or if REM sleep behavior disorder is a problem, or a tricyclic antidepressant if drooling is troubling and the patient is not demented. Alternatively, we use the serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine in those who do not tolerate an SSRI. SSRIs cannot be used for anxiety on an as needed basis, whereas short-acting benzodiazepines may be useful for this purpose. Psychosocial treatments of both depression and anxiety have also been under-studied, with probable benefits and a benign adverse effect profile.
- Current treatment options in neurology.Curr Treat Options Neurol.2014 Apr;16(4):285. doi: 10.1007/s11940-014-0285-6.
- OPINION STATEMENT: Anxiety and depression, while very common problems in Parkinson's disease (PD), have not been subject to adequate treatment trials. While a handful of double blind placebo-controlled trials of depression have been published, only a small number of subjects have been enrolled in mo
- PMID 24532378
- Influence of the brain sexual differentiation process on despair and antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine in the rat forced swim test.
- Gómez ML1, Martínez-Mota L2, Estrada-Camarena E3, Fernández-Guasti A4.Author information 1Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), México City, Mexico.2Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Direction, National Institute of Psychiatry, México City, Mexico.3Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Neuroscience Research Direction, National Institute of Psychiatry, México City, Mexico.4Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), México City, Mexico. Electronic address: jfernand@cinvestav.mx.AbstractSex differences exist in the depressive disorder prevalence and response to treatment. Several studies suggest that females respond better than males to the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting that gonadal hormones modulate mood and the response to these drugs. Sexual steroid hormones exert organizational actions (perennial and on early development) and activational effects (transient and on differentiated tissues). The aim of this study was to analyze sex differences in the forced swim test (FST) in animals without treatment and after fluoxetine (FLX, 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0mg/kg). Initially, we compared male and female adult rats under control conditions or after altering their sexual differentiation process (at day 5 postnatally, PN, 60μg of testosterone propionate to females and male castration to induce or preclude masculinization, respectively). To further analyze if the sex differences depend on organizational or activational steroid hormone action we tested the same animals before and after adult gonadectomy. To prevent variations depending upon the estrous cycle, control and masculinized females were tested in estrus. Control females showed lower immobility and required lower doses of FLX (5mg/kg), to show an antidepressant-like effect, than males (10mg/kg), even after adult gonadectomy. In control males adult orchidectomy prevented FLX's action. Neonatally masculinized females exhibited analogous levels of immobility than control ones; before ovariectomy they responded to FLX similar to controls, but after the surgery they did not respond to fluoxetine. Neonatally orchidectomized males exhibited similar immobility values and response to FLX than control females. The findings suggest that the sex difference in despair depends on the hormones organizational effects and, in males, the response to FLX relies on organizational and activational actions.
- Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Mar 7;261:11-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.035. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
- Sex differences exist in the depressive disorder prevalence and response to treatment. Several studies suggest that females respond better than males to the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting that gonadal hormones modulate mood and the response to these drugs. Sexu
- PMID 24374081
- An update on medication management of behavioral disorders in autism.
- Baribeau DA, Anagnostou E.Author information Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.AbstractAutism spectrum disorder is often comorbid with behavioral disturbances such as irritability, aggression and hyperactivity. Throughout the mid 2000s, several large-scale controlled clinical trials were published leading to the approval of two medications (aripiprazole and risperidone) for treatment of irritability in this condition. This review serves as an update regarding new research findings regarding psychopharmacology for children and adolescents with ASD. In summary, the past five years have yielded no further approved medications with ASD as a primary indication. Important new research results include 1) long-term safety and efficacy data (52 week) regarding treatment with aripiprazole for irritability, 2) consensus regarding potential harm from SSRIs for treatment of repetitive behaviors in children/ adolescents with ASD, 3) a randomized controlled trial showing modest benefits from atomoxetine on hyperactivity, 4) many novel agents currently under investigation.
- Current psychiatry reports.Curr Psychiatry Rep.2014 Mar;16(3):437. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0437-0.
- Autism spectrum disorder is often comorbid with behavioral disturbances such as irritability, aggression and hyperactivity. Throughout the mid 2000s, several large-scale controlled clinical trials were published leading to the approval of two medications (aripiprazole and risperidone) for treatment
- PMID 24488702
Japanese Journal
- Obstetric News 妊娠初期のSSRIs曝露と流産リスク
- 臨床婦人科産科 70(3), 340-343, 2016-04
- NAID 40020770405
- Sigma-1受容体賦活化によるミトコンドリア機能制御とうつ病治療法の確立
- 日本薬理学雑誌 147(4), 206-210, 2016
- NAID 130005143840
- 知的障害をもつ児者における自傷行動への対処方法の検討
- 脳と発達 48(2), 117-121, 2016
- NAID 130005140048
Related Links
- 本剤（SSRI）は主に脳内で神経伝達物質セロトニンの再取り込みを阻害し、セロトニンの働きを増強することで抗うつ作用をあらわす。. また ...
- SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants that can help with moderate to severe depression. They work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain and blocking the reabsorption of serotonin into neurons.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of medications most commonly prescribed to treat depression. They are often used as first-line pharmacotherapy for depression and numerous other psychiatric disorders due to their safety, efficacy, and tolerability.
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| リンク元 | 「selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors」「serotonin reuptake inhibitors」 |
| 関連記事 | 「SSR」「SSRI」 |
「selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors」
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「serotonin reuptake inhibitors」
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「SSR」