WordNet

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)s

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蛋白(たんばく)質
sulfurの化学記号 / {略}South[ern]

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/18 00:13:01」(JST)

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The S100 proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates and characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand type") conformation. There are at least 21 different S100 proteins.^[1] They are encoded by a family of genes whose symbols use the S100 prefix, for example, S100A1, S100A2, S100A3. They are also considered as Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs)and Knockdown of AHR down regulates the expression of S100 proteins in THP-1 cells.^[2]

Structure

Most S100 proteins are homodimeric, consisting of two identical polypeptides, which are held together by non-covalent bonds. S100 proteins are structurally similar to calmodulin. On the other hand they differ from calmodulin on the other features. For instance, their expression pattern is cell-specific, i.e. they are expressed in particular cell types. Their expression depends on environmental factors. To contrast, calmodulin is a ubiquitous and universal intracellular Ca²⁺ receptor widely expressed in many cells.

Normal function

S100 proteins are normally present in cells derived from the neural crest (Schwann cells, and melanocytes), chondrocytes, adipocytes, myoepithelial cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells,^[3]^[4] dendritic cells,^[5] and keratinocytes. It may be present in some breast epithelial cells.

S100 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions.^[6] S100 proteins are involved in regulation of protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, Ca²⁺ homeostasis, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents, enzyme activities, cell growth and differentiation, and the inflammatory response. S100A7 (psoriasin) and S100A15 have been found to act as cytokines in inflammation, particularly in autoimmune skin conditions such as psoriasis.^[7]

Pathology

S100 immunostain marking the sustentacular cells in a paraganglioma.

Several members of the S100 protein family are useful as markers for certain tumors and epidermal differentiation. It can be found in melanomas,^[8] 100% of schwannomas, 100% of neurofibromas (weaker than schwannomas), 50% of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (may be weak and/or focal), paraganglioma stromal cells, histiocytoma and clear cell sarcomas. Further, S100 proteins are markers for inflammatory diseases and can mediate inflammation and act as antimicrobials.^[9]

S100 proteins have been used in the lab as cell markers for anatomic pathology.

Human genes

S100A1, S100A2, S100A3, S100A4, S100A5, S100A6, S100A7 (psoriasin), S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), S100A10, S100A11, S100A12 (calgranulin C), S100A13, S100A14, S100A15 (koebnerisin), S100A16
S100B
S100P
S100Z (S100Z)

CRNN; FLG; FLG2; HRNR; RPTN; S100G; TCHH; THHL1;

Nomenclature

The "S100" symbol prefix is derived from the fact that these proteins are soluble in 100%, i.e. saturated, ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. The symbol has often been hyphenated,^[10] but current gene and protein nomenclature, such as HGNC nomenclature, does not use hyphens in symbols.

References

^ Marenholz I, Heizmann CW, Fritz G (2004). "S100 proteins in mouse and man: from evolution to function and pathology (including an update of the nomenclature)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 322 (4): 1111–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.096. PMID 15336958.
^ Memari B, Bouttier M, Dimitrov V, Ouellette M, Behr MA, Fritz JH, White JH (2015). "Engagement of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages Has Pleiotropic Effects on Innate Immune Signaling". Journal of Immunology 195 (9): 4479–91. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1501141. PMID 26416282.
^ Wilson, AJ; Maddox, PH; Jenkins, D (January 1991). "CD1a and S100 antigen expression in skin Langerhans cells in patients with breast cancer.". The Journal of pathology 163 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1002/path.1711630106. PMID 2002421.
^ Coppola D, Fu L, Nicosia SV, Kounelis S, Jones M (1998). "Prognostic significance of p53, bcl-2, vimentin, and S100 protein-positive Langerhans cells in endometrial carcinoma". Human Pathology 29 (5): 455–62. doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(98)90060-0. PMID 9596268.
^ Shinzato M, Shamoto M, Hosokawa S, Kaneko C, Osada A, Shimizu M, Yoshida A (1995). "Differentiation of Langerhans cells from interdigitating cells using CD1a and S-100 protein antibodies". Biotechnic & Histochemistry 70 (3): 114–8. doi:10.3109/10520299509108327. PMID 7548432.
^ Donato R (2003). "Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins". Microscopy Research and Technique 60 (6): 540–51. doi:10.1002/jemt.10296. PMID 12645002.
^ Wolf R, Howard OM, Dong HF, Voscopoulos C, Boeshans K, Winston J, Divi R, Gunsior M, Goldsmith P, Ahvazi B, Chavakis T, Oppenheim JJ, Yuspa SH (2008). "Chemotactic activity of S100A7 (Psoriasin) is mediated by the receptor for advanced glycation end products and potentiates inflammation with highly homologous but functionally distinct S100A15". Journal of Immunology 181 (2): 1499–506. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1499. PMC 2435511. PMID 18606705.
^ Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP (2008). "Differential expression of S100 protein subtypes in malignant melanoma, and benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 35 (11): 1014–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00953.x. PMID 18547346.
^ Wolf R, Ruzicka T, Yuspa SH (July 2010). "Novel S100A7 (psoriasin)/S100A15 (koebnerisin) subfamily: highly homologous but distinct in regulation and function". Amino Acids 41 (4): 789–96. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0666-4. PMID 20596736.
^ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.

External links

S100 Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 黒色腫の病理学的特徴 pathologic characteristics of melanoma
2. 心臓手術の神経学的合併症の予防 prevention of neurologic complications of cardiac surgery
3. クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病 creutzfeldt jakob disease
4. 肺ランゲルハンス細胞組織球症 pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis
5. 若年性特発性関節炎：疫学と免疫病態学 juvenile idiopathic arthritis epidemiology and immunopathogenesis

English Journal

Endomyocardial proteomic signature corresponding to the response of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy to immunoadsorption therapy.

Bhardwaj G1, Dörr M2, Sappa PK3, Ameling S1, Dhople V3, Steil L3, Klingel K4, Empen K5, Beug D5, Völker U1, Felix SB6, Hammer E7.
Journal of proteomics.J Proteomics.2017 Jan 6;150:121-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.09.001. Epub 2016 Sep 9.
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the myocardium with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Cardiac autoantibodies (AAbs) play a causal role in the development and progression of DCM. Removal of AAbs using immunoadsorption (IA/IgG) has been shown as a therapeutic option to im
PMID 27616206

An isolated inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of adrenal gland.

Al Sannaa G1, Wimmer JL1, Ayala AG1, Ro JY2.
Annals of diagnostic pathology.Ann Diagn Pathol.2016 Dec;25:33-36. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.04.011. Epub 2016 Aug 12.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon lesion that shows a wide range of anatomic distribution. The adrenal gland, however, is a distinctly rare site of occurrence. To date, only a few cases of IMT arising in the adrenal gland have been reported in the English literature. Here, we r
PMID 27806843

HMG-CoA synthase isoenzymes 1 and 2 localize to satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia and are differentially regulated by peripheral nerve injury.

Wang F1, Xiang H2, Fischer G3, Liu Z3, Dupont MJ3, Hogan QH4, Yu H5.
Brain research.Brain Res.2016 Dec 1;1652:62-70. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.032. Epub 2016 Sep 23.
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), satellite glial cells (SGCs) tightly ensheathe the somata of primary sensory neurons to form functional sensory units. SGCs are identified by their flattened and irregular morphology and expression of a variety of specific marker proteins. In this report, we present evi
PMID 27671501

Japanese Journal

EUSを参考とした生検により診断し内視鏡的切除し得た盲腸顆粒細胞腫の1例

金光大石,葛西恭一,小林由佳,曽我幸一,稲垣恭和,坂本京子,竹中信也,柳田國雄,伊谷賢次,柳澤昭夫
日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 55(2), 275-280, 2013
症例は52歳，男性．下腹部痛を主訴に受診した盲腸顆粒細胞腫の症例である．下部消化管内視鏡検査にて盲腸に最大径4mmで，やや黄白調で表面平滑な粘膜下隆起を指摘された．超音波内視鏡検査所見，生検の組織学的所見より顆粒細胞腫と診断し，腫瘍摘出目的で内視鏡的粘膜切除術を施行した．切除標本を病理組織学的に検討したところ，腫瘤は粘膜固有層深部から粘膜下層にかけて存在していた．切除後40カ月を経過した時点では， …
NAID 130003375253

A Case of Malignant Carotid Body Tumor

若月昭子,西角章,櫟原新平,李昊哲,河田了,栗栖義賢,辻求
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 106(3), 247-252, 2013
… Scattered sustentacular cells were positive for S-100 protein. … Observation of the patient's progress is due to be performed carefully in the future. …
NAID 130003374032

N-Methyl-N -nitrosourea-induced Renal Tumors in Rats: Immunohistochemical Comparison to Human Wilms Tumors

YOSHIZAWA Katsuhiko,KINOSHITA Yuichi,EMOTO Yuko,KIMURA Ayako,UEHARA Norihisa,YURI Takashi,SHIKATA Nobuaki,TSUBURA Airo
Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 26(2), 141-148, 2013
… Renal mesenchymal tumors (RMTs) and nephroblastomas (blastemal and epithelial components) in female Lewis rats treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg MNU at birth and Wilms tumors (blastemal, epithelial and mesenchymal components) in humans were analyzed for the expression of pancytokeratin (CK), vimentin, p63, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, S-100, CD57, CD117/c-kit, Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) and β-catenin. …
NAID 130003362369

「S-100蛋白」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

S100/ICaBP type calcium binding domain
	Structure of the S100B protein. Based on PyMOL rendering of PDB 1b4c.
Identifiers
Symbol	S_100
Pfam	PF01023
InterPro	IPR013787
PROSITE	PDOC00275
SCOP	1cnp
SUPERFAMILY	1cnp
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

　　[★]

英: S100 protein
同: S-100タンパク、S100蛋白質、S-100
関: [[]]

悪性黒色腫のマーカー
下垂体前葉の嫌色素性細胞である folliculostellate cell

英: S-100 protein

「S」

　　[★]

[pmid15336958-1] Marenholz I, Heizmann CW, Fritz G (2004). "S100 proteins in mouse and man: from evolution to function and pathology (including an update of the nomenclature)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 322 (4): 1111–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.096. PMID 15336958.

[2] Memari B, Bouttier M, Dimitrov V, Ouellette M, Behr MA, Fritz JH, White JH (2015). "Engagement of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages Has Pleiotropic Effects on Innate Immune Signaling". Journal of Immunology 195 (9): 4479–91. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1501141. PMID 26416282.

[pmid2002421-3] Wilson, AJ; Maddox, PH; Jenkins, D (January 1991). "CD1a and S100 antigen expression in skin Langerhans cells in patients with breast cancer.". The Journal of pathology 163 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1002/path.1711630106. PMID 2002421.

[pmid9596268-4] Coppola D, Fu L, Nicosia SV, Kounelis S, Jones M (1998). "Prognostic significance of p53, bcl-2, vimentin, and S100 protein-positive Langerhans cells in endometrial carcinoma". Human Pathology 29 (5): 455–62. doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(98)90060-0. PMID 9596268.

[5] Shinzato M, Shamoto M, Hosokawa S, Kaneko C, Osada A, Shimizu M, Yoshida A (1995). "Differentiation of Langerhans cells from interdigitating cells using CD1a and S-100 protein antibodies". Biotechnic & Histochemistry 70 (3): 114–8. doi:10.3109/10520299509108327. PMID 7548432.

[pmid12645002-6] Donato R (2003). "Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins". Microscopy Research and Technique 60 (6): 540–51. doi:10.1002/jemt.10296. PMID 12645002.

[pmid18606705-7] Wolf R, Howard OM, Dong HF, Voscopoulos C, Boeshans K, Winston J, Divi R, Gunsior M, Goldsmith P, Ahvazi B, Chavakis T, Oppenheim JJ, Yuspa SH (2008). "Chemotactic activity of S100A7 (Psoriasin) is mediated by the receptor for advanced glycation end products and potentiates inflammation with highly homologous but functionally distinct S100A15". Journal of Immunology 181 (2): 1499–506. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1499. PMC 2435511. PMID 18606705.

[pmid18547346-8] Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP (2008). "Differential expression of S100 protein subtypes in malignant melanoma, and benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 35 (11): 1014–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00953.x. PMID 18547346.

[pmid20596736-9] Wolf R, Ruzicka T, Yuspa SH (July 2010). "Novel S100A7 (psoriasin)/S100A15 (koebnerisin) subfamily: highly homologous but distinct in regulation and function". Amino Acids 41 (4): 789–96. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0666-4. PMID 20596736.

[Dorlands-10] Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.

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S-100 protein