WordNet
- the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen (同)genus Rhizobium
- small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems (同)genus Agrobacterium
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/05 19:22:02」(JST)
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This article is about the bacterial genus. For the generic term that includes species in other genera, see Rhizobia.
| Rhizobium |
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| Rhizobium tropici on an agar plate. |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Proteobacteria |
| Class: |
Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: |
Rhizobiales |
| Family: |
Rhizobiaceae |
| Genus: |
Rhizobium
Frank 1889 |
| Type species |
Rhizobium leguminosarum
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| Species[1] |
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See text.
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Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia.
The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules; here the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant. The plant provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis.[2]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Research
- 3 Species
- 4 Phylogeny
- 5 References
- 6 External links
History
Beijerinck in the Netherlands was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants such as legumes. The Rhizobium fixes nitrogen from the air into ammonia, which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. Current research is being conducted by Agricultural Research Service microbiologists to discover a way to utilize Rhizobium’s biological nitrogen fixation. This research involves the genetic mapping of various Rhizobium species with its respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers. [4]
Species
- R. aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011[3]
- R. alamii Berge et al. 2009
- R. alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009
- R. borbori Zhang et al. 2011
- R. calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
- R. cauense Liu et al. 2012
- R. cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
- R. daejeonense Quan et al. 2005
- R. endophyticum López-López et al. 2010
- R. etli Segovia et al. 1993[4]
- R. e. sv. mimosae
- R. e. sv. phaseoli
- R. fabae Tian et al. 2008
- R. freirei Dall'Agnol et all. 2013
- R. galegae Lindström 1989
- R. g. sv. officinalis[5]
- R. g. sv. orientalis[5]
- R. gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
- R. g. sv. gallicum[6]
- R. g. sv. orientale[7]
- R. g. sv. phaseoli[6]
- R. giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
- R. g. sv. giardinii[6]
- R. g. sv. phaseoli[6]
- R. grahamii López-López et al. 2011
- R. hainanense Chen et al. 1997
- R. halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
- R. helanshanense Qin et al. 2012
- R. herbae Ren et al. 2011[8]
- R. huautlense Wang et al. 1998
- R. indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
- R. jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
- R. laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
- R. larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004[9]
- R. leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
- R. l. sv. trifolii
- R. l. sv. viciae
- R. leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011
- R. loessense Wei et al. 2003
- R. lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931
- R. lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
- "Candidatus Rhizobium massiliae" Greub et al. 2004.
- R. mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
- R. mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011
- R. mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
- R. miluonense Gu et al. 2008
- R. mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998[7]
- R. multihospitium Han et al. 2008
- R. naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2012
- R. nepotum Pulawska et al. 2012
- R. oryzae Peng et al. 2008
- R. paknamense Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2013
- R. petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
- R. phaseoli Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
- R. phenanthrenilyticum Wen et al. 2011
- R. pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
- R. p. sv. trifolii[10]
- R. p. sv. viciae[10]
- R. pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011
- R. pusense Panday et al. 2011
- R. qilianshanense Xu et al. 2013[11]
- R. radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001[9]
- R. rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001[9]
- R. rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
- R. rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001[9]
- R. selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008
- R. skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012
- R. soli Yoon et al. 2010
- R. sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012
- R. subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
- R. sullae Squartini et al. 2002
- R. taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012
- R. tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012[12]
- R. tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
- R. tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
- R. tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
- R. undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001
- R. vallis Wang et all. 2011[13]
- R. vignae Ren et al. 2011
- R. vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001[9]
- R. yanglingense Tan et al. 2001[7]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[14] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [15]
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Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
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Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001[9]
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Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001[9]
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Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
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Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
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Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
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Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008[16]
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Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011
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Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
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Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
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Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
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Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
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Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
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Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
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Arthrobacter viscosus Gasdorf et al. 1965[17]
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Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
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Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
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Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
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Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
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Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
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Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
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Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998
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Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008
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Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003
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Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
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Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
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Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
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Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989
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Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011
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Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998
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Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009
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References
- ^ a b J.P. Euzéby. "Rhizobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ Sawada H, Kuykendall LD, Young JM (2003). "Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (3): 155–79. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0. PMID 21131504.
- ^ NOTE: This strain was formerly named Blastobacter aggregatus.
- ^ NOTE: This species was formerly known as R. leguminosarum sv. phaseoli.
- ^ a b Radeva G, Jurgens G, Niemi M, Nick G, Suominen L, Lindström K. (2001). "Description of two biovars in the Rhizobium galegae species: biovar orientalis and biovar officinalis". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 24 (2): 192–205. doi:10.1078/0723-2020-00029. PMID 11518322.
- ^ a b c d Amarger N, Macheret V, Laguerre G. (1997). "Rhizobium gallicum sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii sp. nov., from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 996–1006. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-996. PMID 9336898.
- ^ a b c NOTE: R. gallicum and R. mongolense are 99.2% identical in their rDNA and may be the same species. It has been proposed by Silva et al. that R. mongolense and R. yanglingense be reclassified as R. gallicum sv. orientale.
- ^ Ren DW, Wang ET, Chen WF, Sui XH, Zhang XX, Liu HC, Chen WX (2011). "Rhizobium herbae sp. nov. and *Rhizobium giardinii-related bacteria, minor microsymbionts of various wild legumes in China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (8): 1912–20. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.024943-0. PMID 20833881.
- ^ a b c d e f g NOTE: These strains were formerly placed in the genus Agrobacterium.
- ^ a b Marek-Kozaczuk M, Leszcz A, Wielbo J, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Skorupska A. (2013). "Rhizobium pisi sv. trifolii K3.22 harboring nod genes of the Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii cluster". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 36 (4): 252–8. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.01.005. PMID 23507586.
- ^ Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of *Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 103 (3): 559–565. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x.
- ^ Turdahon M, Osman G, Hamdun M, Yusuf K, Abdurehim Z, Abaydulla G, Abdukerim M, Fang C, Rahman E (2012). "Rhizobium tarimense sp. nov. isolated from soil in the ancient Khiyik river of Xinjiang, China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63 (Pt 7): 2424–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.042176-0. PMID 23203621.
- ^ Fang Wang, En Tao Wang, Li Juan Wu, Xin Hua Sui, Ying Li Jr., and Wen Xin Chen (2011). "Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species". Int. J. Gen. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (11): 2582–2588. doi:10.2323/jgam.49.155. PMID 12949698.
- ^ Sayers et al. "Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ This is the type species for the genus.
- ^ Arthrobacter viscosus is currently classified in the Micrococcaceae. See Arthrobacter.
External links
- Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum at the Norwich Research Park
English Journal
- Rhizobium etli asparaginase II: An alternative for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment.
- Huerta-Saquero A, Evangelista-Martínez Z, Moreno-Enriquez A, Perez-Rueda E.SourceDepartamento de Microbiología Molecular; Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Morelos, México.
- Bioengineered.Bioengineered.2013 Jan 1;4(1). [Epub ahead of print]
- Bacterial l-asparaginase has been a universal component of therapies for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia since the 1970s. Two principal enzymes derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are the only options clinically approved to date. We recently reported a study of recombinant
- PMID 22895060
- Environmental heme-based sensor proteins: implications for understanding bacterial pathogenesis.
- Farhana A, Saini V, Kumar A, Lancaster JR Jr, Steyn AJ.Source1 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
- Antioxidants & redox signaling.Antioxid Redox Signal.2012 Nov 1;17(9):1232-45. Epub 2012 Jun 13.
- Abstract Significance: Heme is an important prosthetic group required in a wide array of functions, including respiration, photosynthesis, metabolism, O(2) transport, xenobiotic detoxification, and peroxide production and destruction, and is an essential cofactor in proteins such as catalases, per
- PMID 22494151
Japanese Journal
- Stimulation of methanotrophic growth in cocultures by cobalamin excreted by rhizobia.
- Iguchi Hiroyuki,Yurimoto Hiroya,Sakai Yasuyoshi
- Applied and environmental microbiology 77(24), 8509-8515, 2011-12
- … We purified the stimulating factor produced by Rhizobium sp. …
- NAID 120003692388
- Synthesis of Microbial Signaling Molecules and Their Stereochemistry-Activity Relationships
- YAJIMA Arata
- Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 75(8), 1418-1429, 2011-08-23
- … This review focuses on the synthesis and stereochemistry-bioactivity relationships of five microbial signaling molecules, Vibrio cholerae autoinducer-1 (CAI-1), AI-2 precursor (DPD), an acylhomoserine lactone from Rhizobium leguminosarum (small bacteriocin), a diffusible extracellular factor of Xanthomondas campestris pv. …
- NAID 10029590937
Related Links
- アグロバクテリウム (Agrobacterium) とはグラム陰性菌に属する土壌細菌である リゾビウム属（英語版） (Rhizobium) の内、植物に対する病原性を持つものの総称。 特にその中で根頭癌腫病に関連するAgrobacterium tumefaciensを指すことが多い。
Related Pictures
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[★]
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