| Rhizobium |
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| Rhizobium tropici on an agar plate. |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Proteobacteria |
| Class: |
Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: |
Rhizobiales |
| Family: |
Rhizobiaceae |
| Genus: |
Rhizobium
Frank 1889 |
| Type species |
Rhizobium leguminosarum
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| Species[12] |
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R. aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011[1]
R. alamii Berge et al. 2009
R. alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009
R. borbori Zhang et al. 2011
R. calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
R. cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
R. daejeonense Quan et al. 2005
R. endophyticum López-López et al. 2010
R. etli Segovia et al. 1993[2]
- R. e. sv. mimosae
- R. e. sv. phaseoli
R. fabae Tian et al. 2008
R. freirei Dall'Agnol et all. 2013
R. galegae Lindström 1989
- R. g. sv. officinalis[3]
- R. g. sv. orientalis[3]
R. gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
- R. g. sv. gallicum[4]
- R. g. sv. orientale[5]
- R. g. sv. phaseoli[4]
R. giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
- R. g. sv. giardinii[4]
- R. g. sv. phaseoli[4]
R. grahamii López-López et al. 2011
R. hainanense Chen et al. 1997
R. halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
R. herbae Ren et al. 2011[6]
R. huautlense Wang et al. 1998
R. indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
R. jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
R. larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004[7]
R. leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
- R. l. sv. trifolii
- R. l. sv. viciae
R. leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011
R. loessense Wei et al. 2003
R. lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931
R. lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
"Candidatus Rhizobium massiliae" Greub et al. 2004.
R. mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
R. mediterraneum Nour et al. 1995
R. mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011
R. mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
R. miluonense Gu et al. 2008
R. mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998[5]
R. multihospitium Han et al. 2008
R. nepotum Pulawska et al. 2012
R. oryzae Peng et al. 2008
R. petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
R. phaseoli Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
R. pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
- R. p. sv. trifolii[8]
- R. p. sv. viciae[8]
R. pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011
Rhizobium pusense Panday et al. 2011
R. qilianshanense Xu et al. 2013[9]
R. radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001[7]
R. rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001[7]
R. rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
R. rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001[7]
R. selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008
R. skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012
R. soli Yoon et al. 2010
R. sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012
R. subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
R. sullae Squartini et al. 2002
R. tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012[10]
R. taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012
R. tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
R. tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
R. tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
R. undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001
R. vallis Wang et all. 2011[11] R. vignae Ren et al. 2011
R. vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001[7]
R. yanglingense Tan et al. 2001[5]
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- See Also Rhizobia
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia.
The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules; here the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant. The plant provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis.[13]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 The Concept of Cross Inoculation Grouping (C.I.G)
- 3 Research
- 4 Phylogeny
- 5 References
- 6 External links
History[edit]
Beijerinck in the Netherlands was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
The Concept of Cross Inoculation Grouping (C.I.G)[edit]
The cross-inoculation grouping based on the classical studies of Fred, Baldwin and McCoy[citation needed] is being generally followed.
The principle of cross-inoculation grouping is based on the ability of an isolate of Rhizobium to form nodules in a limited number of species of legumes related to one another.
All rhizobia that could form nodules on roots of certain legume types have been collectively taken as a species. This system of classification has provided a workable basis for the agricultural practice of legume inoculation. Under this scheme, seven species are generally recognized.
The system of cross-inoculation grouping of rhizobia is not perfect since bacteria have been found to cross-infect or interchange between groups. However, until a better system of classification has been perfected, it appears as if we have to be content with the cross-inoculation grouping as a convenient and workable method of classifying root nodule bacteria into species.
The combined results of both somatic and flagellar reactions have served to distinguish strains within a cross-inoculation group. Serological methods can be used as a means of obtaining information on the distribution of strains that can be recognised within an area, on widely separated areas, on the plant or within a nodule. Serologically, it is known that a single nodule contains a homogeneous population of a single strain of Rhizobium, although it is not uncommon to find more than one strain on the same plant.
Research[edit]
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants such as legumes. The Rhizobium fixes nitrogen from the air into ammonia, which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. Current research is being conducted by Agricultural Research Service microbiologists to discover a way to utilize Rhizobium’s biological nitrogen fixation. This research involves the genetic mapping of various Rhizobium species with its respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers. [4]
Phylogeny[edit]
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [12] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[14] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [15]
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Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
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Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001[7]
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Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001[7]
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Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
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Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
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Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
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Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008[16]
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Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011
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Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
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Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
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Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
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Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
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Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
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Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
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Arthrobacter viscosus Gasdorf et al. 1965[17]
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Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
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Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
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Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
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Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
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Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
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Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
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Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998
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Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008
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Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003
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Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
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Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
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Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
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Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989
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Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011
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Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998
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Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009
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References[edit]
- ^ NOTE: This strain was formerly named Blastobacter aggregatus.
- ^ NOTE: This species was formerly known as R. leguminosarum sv. phaseoli.
- ^ a b Radeva G, Jurgens G, Niemi M, Nick G, Suominen L, Lindström K. (2001). "Description of two biovars in the Rhizobium galegae species: biovar orientalis and biovar officinalis". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 24 (2): 192–205. doi:10.1078/0723-2020-00029. PMID 11518322.
- ^ a b c d Amarger N, Macheret V, Laguerre G. (1997). "Rhizobium gallicum sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii sp. nov., from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 996–1006. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-996. PMID 9336898.
- ^ a b c NOTE: R. gallicum and R. mongolense are 99.2% identical in their rDNA and are likely the same species. It has been proposed by Silva et al. that R. mongolense and R. yanglingense be reclassified as R. gallicum sv. orientale.
- ^ Ren DW, Wang ET, Chen WF, Sui XH, Zhang XX, Liu HC, Chen WX (2011). "Rhizobium herbae sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii-related bacteria, minor microsymbionts of various wild legumes in China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (8): 1912–20. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.024943-0. PMID 20833881.
- ^ a b c d e f g NOTE: These strains were formerly placed in the genus Agrobacterium.
- ^ a b Marek-Kozaczuk M, Leszcz A, Wielbo J, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Skorupska A. (2013). "Rhizobium pisi sv. trifolii K3.22 harboring nod genes of the Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii cluster". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.01.005. PMID 23507586.
- ^ Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 103 (3): 559–565. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x.
- ^ Turdahon M, Osman G, Hamdun M, Yusuf K, Abdurehim Z, Abaydulla G, Abdukerim M, Fang C, Rahman E (2012). "Rhizobium tarimense sp. nov. isolated from soil in the ancient Khiyik river of Xinjiang, China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.042176-0. PMID 23203621.
- ^ Fang Wang, En Tao Wang, Li Juan Wu, Xin Hua Sui, Ying Li Jr., and Wen Xin Chen (2011). "Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species". Int. J. Gen. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (11): 2582–2588. doi:10.2323/jgam.49.155. PMID 12949698.
- ^ a b J.P. Euzéby. "Rhizobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ Sawada H, Kuykendall LD, Young JM (2003). "Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (3): 155–79. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0. PMID 21131504.
- ^ Sayers et al. "Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ This is the type species for the genus.
- ^ Arthrobacter viscosus is currently classified in the Micrococcaceae. See Arthrobacter.
External links[edit]
- Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum at the Norwich Research Park
