ョウバエ科

関: Lutzomyia、sand fly、sandfly

WordNet

very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies (同)family Psychodidae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/10 18:17:28」(JST)

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Drain flies, moth flies, or sewer gnats (Psychodidae) are small true flies (Diptera) with short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence their common name moth flies.^[1]

Description

Aquatic larva

Moth flies are classified as Nematocera and are small (<2 mm). The adults have long antennae and the wings are leaf-shaped, either slender or broad, with the most elementary wing venation of any Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins. Adult Psychodidae are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light.

As a nuisance, they are associated with damp habitats in human bathrooms and kitchens. The larvae of the subfamilies Psychodinae, Sycoracinae and Horaiellinae live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks, where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic.^[2] Prevention is best accomplished by removing food sources such as hair clogs in drains.

The adults live for about 20 days, during which they will breed only once. Adults lay their eggs just above the water line inside moist drains. Sometime later, these eggs hatch into drain worms. The dark 6–7 mm long larvae are similar to those of mosquitoes in that they breathe through a small tube located at the back end of their narrow, maggot-like bodies. These larvae can sometimes be seen crawling along the moist edges of crevices in shower stalls or bathtubs. The insects complete their pupation stage submerged/ wet, and the adults then hatch at or under the waterline.^{[citation needed]}

Sand flies

The subfamily Phlebotominae includes many blood-feeding species; they are inhabitants of more arid regions and are often called sand flies outside the United States where sand flies are distantly related Nematocera of the Ceratopogonidae. This subfamily is sometimes treated as a separate family Phlebotomidae; the type genus is Phlebotomus. Phlebotominae are a very important group medically, transmitting various tropical diseases, but most importantly kala azar leishmaniasis. Phlebotomus species are also vectors for bartonellosis, verruga peruana, pappataci fever, an arbovirus caused by sandfly fever viruses such as Naples and Sicilian strains, which are members of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae), which also includes the closely related Toscana virus.^[3]^[4]

In the New World, the genus implicated in the transmission of leishmaniasis is Lutzomyia. L. chagasi is responsible for the visceral form, while others like L. gomezi and L. longipalpis may be responsible for transmitting the cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of this tropical disease.

The Sycoracinae, another subfamily, are also of hematophagous habits, being parasitic on frogs. The European species Sycorax silacea has been shown to transmit microfilarian worms.^[5]

Pest control

Because of the extremely fine water-repellent hairs covering their bodies, adult drain flies are difficult to drown, and are not affected by contact with most water-borne toxins such as bleach. Boiling water has little or no effect on the adults for the same reason, and even the eggs are highly resistant to both chemical or thermal assault. Eggs can also withstand periods of dehydration. Extermination of this household pest depends on the maintenance of clean household drains for a period of at least three weeks.^{[citation needed]}

Because of their attraction to light, drain flies may sometimes be controlled by using fan-based traps baited with visible or ultraviolet light.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Moth Flies in the Home — Department of Entomology — Penn State University
^ Denny Schrock (31 January 2004). Ortho home gardener's problem solver. Meredith Books. ISBN 978-0-89721-504-6. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
^ Shope RE (1996). Bunyaviruses. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ Valassina M, Cusi MG, Valensin PE (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: the Toscana virus". J Neurovirol 9 (6): 577–83. doi:10.1080/13550280390247678. PMID 14602570.
^ Desportes, C. 1941. Forcipomyia velox Winn et Sycorax silacea Curtis, vecteurs dIcosiella neglecta (Diesing, 1850) filaire commune de la grenouille verte. Annals de Parasitologie Humaine et Compareè, 19: 53–68.

External links

Wing venation
Ohio State University Extension
Diptera.info Gallery

English Journal

The distribution of the Phlebotomus major complex (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Turkey.

Kasap OE, Votýpka J, Alten B.SourceHacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: ozgeerisoz@yahoo.com.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2013 Sep;127(3):204-11. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.05.001. Epub 2013 May 14.
The taxonomic status and distribution of the morphologically similar members of the Phlebotomus major complex in Turkey are unclear. To examine the utility of traditional morphological characters and molecular markers, sand flies were sampled from 90 localities in eleven different provinces covering
PMID 23685243

Diversity and distribution of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in a military area in the state of Amazonas, Brazil.

Gomes LH, Albuquerque MI, Rocha LC, Pinheiro FG, Franco AM.AbstractThis study reports the distribution, ecotopes and fauna diversity of sandflies captured in five training bases on a military reserve in Manaus, state of Amazonas (AM). A total of 10,762 specimens were collected, which were distributed among 58 species, with the highest number recorded at Base Instruction 1 (BI1). A higher rate of species richness was found at the Base Instruction Boina Rajada and low levels of diversity associated with a high abundance index with the clear dominance of Lutzomyia umbratilis, Lutzomyia ruii and Lutzomyia anduzei were found at BI1. The abundance of Lu. umbratilis raises the possibility of outbreaks of American cutaneous leishmaniasis by the main vector of the disease in AM.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.2013 Aug;108(5):651-6.
This study reports the distribution, ecotopes and fauna diversity of sandflies captured in five training bases on a military reserve in Manaus, state of Amazonas (AM). A total of 10,762 specimens were collected, which were distributed among 58 species, with the highest number recorded at Base Instru
PMID 23903983

The phlebotomine fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Guarai, state of Tocantins, with an emphasis on the putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural settlement and periurban areas.

Vilela ML, Pita-Pereira Dd, Azevedo CG, Godoy RE, Britto C, Rangel EF.AbstractPhlebotomine sandflies were captured in rural settlement and periurban areas of the municipality of Guaraí in the state of Tocantins (TO), an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Forty-three phlebotomine species were identified, nine of which have already been recognised as ACL vectors. Eleven species were recorded for the first time in TO. Nyssomyia whitmani was the most abundant species, followed by Evandromyia bourrouli, Nyssomyia antunesi and Psychodopygus complexus. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the evenness index were higher in the rural settlement area than in the periurban area. The evaluation of different ecotopes within the rural area showed the highest frequencies of Ev. bourrouli and Ny. antunesi in chicken coops, whereas Ny. whitmani predominated in this ecotope in the periurban area. In the rural settlement area, Ev. bourrouli was the most frequently captured species in automatic light traps and Ps. complexus was the most prevalent in Shannon trap captures. The rural settlement environment exhibited greater phlebotomine biodiversity than the periurban area. Ps. complexus and Psychodopygus ayrozai naturally infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis were identified. The data identified Ny. whitmani as a potential ACL vector in the periurban area, whereas Ps. complexus was more prevalent in the rural environment associated with settlements.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.2013 Aug;108(5):578-85.
Phlebotomine sandflies were captured in rural settlement and periurban areas of the municipality of Guaraí in the state of Tocantins (TO), an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Forty-three phlebotomine species were identified, nine of which have already been recognised as ACL v
PMID 23903972

Japanese Journal

Nestedness patterns of sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in a neotropical semi-arid environment

Acta Tropica 153, 7-13, 2016-01
NAID 120005665863

DNA barcoding for identification of sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) from leishmaniasis-endemic areas of Peru

Acta Tropica 145, 45-51, 2015-03
NAID 120005553684

Susceptibility of the Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to Insecticides in Endemic Areas of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 68(1), 33-37, 2015
NAID 130004757125

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Lutzomyia」「チョウバエ科」

「Lutzomyia」

Drain fly
	Clogmia albipunctata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Psychodomorpha
Superfamily:	Psychodoidea
Family:	Psychodidae
Subfamily:	Psychodinae
Tribe:	Paramormiini
Genus:	Clogmia
Species:	C. albipunctata
Binomial name
	Clogmia albipunctata; Williston, 1893
Synonyms
	Clogmia guianica (Curran, 1934);

　　[★]

ルツォミヤ属、Lutzomyia属

関: Psychodidae、sand fly、sandfly

「チョウバエ科」

　　[★]

ラ: Psychodidae
関: スナバエ、ルツォミヤ属

[1] Moth Flies in the Home — Department of Entomology — Penn State University

[Schrock2004-2] Denny Schrock (31 January 2004). Ortho home gardener's problem solver. Meredith Books. ISBN 978-0-89721-504-6. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[Barron-3006-3] Shope RE (1996). Bunyaviruses. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[4] Valassina M, Cusi MG, Valensin PE (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: the Toscana virus". J Neurovirol 9 (6): 577–83. doi:10.1080/13550280390247678. PMID 14602570.

[5] Desportes, C. 1941. Forcipomyia velox Winn et Sycorax silacea Curtis, vecteurs dIcosiella neglecta (Diesing, 1850) filaire commune de la grenouille verte. Annals de Parasitologie Humaine et Compareè, 19: 53–68.

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案内

案内

Psychodidae