WordNet

very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies (同)family Psychodidae
travel over (an area of land or sea) in an aircraft; "Lindbergh was the first to fly the Atlantic"
(baseball) a hit that flies up in the air (同)fly_ball
an opening in a garment that is closed by a zipper or by buttons concealed under a fold of cloth (同)fly front
fishermans lure consisting of a fishhook decorated to look like an insect
two-winged insects characterized by active flight
operate an airplane; "The pilot flew to Cuba" (同)aviate, pilot
pass away rapidly; "Time flies like an arrow"; "Time fleeing beneath him" (同)fell, vanish
travel through the air; be airborne; "Man cannot fly" (同)wing
(British informal) not to be deceived or hoodwinked
be dispersed or disseminated; "Rumors and accusations are flying"
cause to fly or float; "fly a kite"
change quickly from one emotional state to another; "fly into a rage"
display in the air or cause to float; "fly a kite"; "All nations fly their flags in front of the U.N."
hit a fly
move quickly or suddenly; "He flew about the place"
transport by aeroplane; "We fly flowers from the Caribbean to North America"
travel in an airplane; "she is flying to Cincinnati tonight"; "Are we driving or flying?"
throw with force or recklessness; "fling the frisbee"
the act of flinging
move in an abrupt or headlong manner; "He flung himself onto the sofa"
a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral
hurried and brief; "paid a flying visit"; "took a flying glance at the book"; "a quick inspection"; "a fast visit" (同)quick, fast
French writer known for works concerning womens rights and independence (1804-1876) (同)George Sand, Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin, Baroness Dudevant

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈鳥などが〉『飛ぶ』 / 〈人が〉『飛行機で飛ぶ』,飛行する;〈飛行機などが〉飛ぶ / (風などで)〈物が〉空中を飛ぶ / (風に)〈旗・髪などが〉ひるがえる,なびく / 《副詞[句]を伴なって》『飛ぶように動く』(走る) / (ある状態・位置から)急に(…に)なる《+『形』〈補〉》;ぱっと(…)する《+『into』+『名』》 / (野球で)フライを打つ;〈ボールが〉フライになる / 《話》急いで立ち去る / 逃げる / (空中に)〈たこ・鳥など〉‘を'『飛ばす』 / 〈旗〉を揚げる,翻す / 〈飛行機など〉‘を'飛ばす,操縦する / (人・物が)…‘を'飛行機で飛ぶ / 〈飛行便〉‘を'利用する / 〈人・物〉‘を'空輸する / ボタン隠し,ファスナー隠し(服のボタンやファスナーを隠す布) / (野球の)飛球,フライ(=fly ball) / (テントの入口の)垂れ幕 / 飛行,飛ぶこと
『ハエ』;ハエと同類の昆虫 / (釣りに用いる)蚊針,毛針
抜け目のない,はしこい
《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『投げる』,ほうり出す / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈頭・腕・身体など〉‘を'投げかける,投げるように動かす / (ほうり出すように)急に(荒々しく)動く / (…を)『振って投げること』;振り動かすこと《+『of』+『名』》 / (定期間の)したいほうだい,かって気まま / 身ぶりの活発なスコットランドのダンス
〈U〉『砂』 / 《複数形で》砂地,砂浜,砂漠 / 《複数形で》時刻,時間 / …‘を'砂(紙やすり)で磨く《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》 / 〈道路など〉‘に'砂をまく
飛ぶ,飛行する / ひらひらする,翻る:flying flags翻る旗 / 飛ぶように速い / 《名詞の前のみの用いて》大急ぎの / 飛ぶこと,飛行

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/03 14:58:40」(JST)

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Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking dipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenheads" (family Tabanidae), or to members of the family Ceratopogonidae, also known in Florida and elsewhere as a sand gnat, sandflea, no-see-um (no-see-em, noseeum), granny nipper, chitra, punkie, or punky. Outside the United States, sandfly may refer to members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within the Psychodidae. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are sometimes called sand flies or no-see-ums (no-see-em, noseeum). New Zealand sandflies are in the Austrosimulium genus, a type of black fly.^[1]

While horse flies are large noseeums (sandfleas) and some Old-World sandflies are tiny midges. Sandfly bites may leave large, red itchy bumps that may turn into a rash. These bumps are frequently several times as itchy as mosquito bites, and tend to last longer as well.

In the various sorts of sandfly only the female is responsible for biting and sucking the blood of mammals, reptiles and birds; the protein in the blood is necessary for the production of eggs, making the sandfly an anautogenous reproducer.

Some sandfly genera of the Phlebotominae subfamily are the primary vectors of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever; both diseases are confusingly referred to as sandfly fever. In the New World, leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia; in the Old World, the disease is spread by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus. Belize and Honduras are notorious in the Caribbean for their sandfly populations and travel pages frequently warn tourists to bring bug spray containing high concentrations of DEET.

Indonesian sandfly bites on leg
New Zealand Sandfly biting a human's thumb
Sandfly bite
A swarm of sandflies at Georges River National Park (Australia)

Viruses

Among the viruses that sandflies can carry is the Chandipura virus, which, as a cousin of rabies, is very deadly. There was an outbreak in India in 2010.

Protozoa

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by sandflies, in North Africa; Leishmania infantum = green, Leishmania major = blue, Leishmania tropica = red^[2]

Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by several species of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted by various sandflies.^[2]

Leishmania donovani causes spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. It can be diagnosed though microscopic review by visualizing amastigotes in containing macrophages, and is treatable with sodium stibogluconate.

Prevention

Over-the-counter repellents with high concentrations of DEET or picaridin are proven to work, but may not be suitable for some people, e.g. people with sensitive skin and pregnant women.

A particular extract of Lemon Eucalyptus oil (not the essential oil) has now been shown to be as effective as DEET in various studies.^[3]^[4]

Most information on repellents focuses on mosquitoes, but mosquito repellents are effective for sandflies and midges as well.^[5]

Cultural views

New Zealand sandflies (which are taxonomically blackflies—Simulidae) have a native Māori legend wherein "the god Tu-te-raki-whanoa had just finished creating the landscape of Fiordland, it was absolutely stunning... so stunning that it stopped people from working. They just stood around gazing at the beauty instead. The goddess Hine-nui-te-pō became angry at these unproductive people, so she created the sandfly to bite them and get them moving".^[6]

These sand flies were able, according to another Māori legend, to revive the dead hero Ha-tupatu.^[7]

In moral philosophy, the nature of sandflies is used as an analogy for a particular implied inference, the "noseeum inference", where one fallaciously concludes that since one cannot see something, it therefore cannot exist.^[8]

References

^ Sandflies and mosquitoes – Sandflies: New Zealand’s blackflies. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand (2009-03-01). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ ^a ^b Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014). "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review". Parasite. 21: 14. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014014. PMC 3952656 . PMID 24626301.
^ Trigg, JK (1996). "Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in Scotland". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 12 (2 Pt 1): 329–30. PMID 8827615.
^ Carroll, SP; Loye, J (2006). "Field test of a lemon eucalyptus repellent against Leptoconops biting midges". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 22 (3): 483–5. doi:10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[483:FTOALE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17067050.
^ CDC: West Nile Virus – Updated Insect Repellent. Cdc.gov (2009-10-13). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ Sandflies – New Zealand – IgoUgo – stomps. IgoUgo (2008-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ Ha-tupatu and the sand flies. Maori.org.nz. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ "Evidential Problem of Evil, The | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". www.iep.utm.edu. Retrieved 3 September 2016.

External links

Sand Flies – Beaufort County Library (via Internet Archive)
Infectious skin disease found in Texas September 15, 2007 Breaking News – Sandfly may carry parasites that will cause infectious skin disease called leishmaniasis.
Biting midges and no-see-ums --University of Florida

UpToDate Contents

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1. 皮膚リーシュマニア症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis
2. 昆虫咬傷 insect bites
3. ラテンアメリカおよびカリブ海諸国への旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to latin america and the caribbean
4. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides
5. 皮膚リーシュマニア症の疫学およびマネージメント epidemiology and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis

English Journal

Molecular identification of Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae) as a potential vector for Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae).

Rodrigues AC1, Melo LM1, Magalhães RD1, de Moraes NB2, de Souza Júnior AD2, Bevilaqua CM3.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2016 Apr 15;220:28-32. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.018. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. This parasite is transmitted by the bite of a female sand fly. The most important sand fly species in VL transmission is Lutzomyia longipalpis. In Fortaleza, the capital of Ceará State, Brazil, the simultaneous oc
PMID 26995718

Species composition and activity patterns of sand flies (Psycodidae: Phlebotomine) in four tehsils of Dir Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Ali N1, Khan K2, Wahid S3, Khan NH4, Shah SU5.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2016 Apr;156:144-51. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.011. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
The present study reports sand flies species composition, fauna diversity and seasonal variations from four tehsils of Dir Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Collection was made using sticky traps, flit method and aspiration where highest number of sand flies was captured through sticky traps.
PMID 26801883

Detection of natural infection of Leishmania donovani (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a forest ecosystem in the Western Ghats, India, endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Srinivasan R1, Kumar NP2, Jambulingam P1.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2016 Apr;156:95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.010. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
A new focus of transmission of Leishmania donovani causing cutaneous manifestations (CL) was reported by us earlier, in the Western Ghats region of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. 12,253 sand fly specimens, comprising of three species belonging to the genus Phlebotomus (24.7%) and 16 spe
PMID 26774685

Japanese Journal

Leishmaniasis sand fly vector density reduction is less marked in destitute housing after insecticide thermal fogging

Chaves Luis Fernando,Calzada Jose E,Rigg Chystrie,Valderrama Anayansi,Gottdenker Nicole L,Saldaña Azael
Parasites & Vectors 6(1), 164, 2013-06-06
… During the study we followed sand fly (SF) abundance, keeping track of rainfall and quantified housing quality using an index based on architecture and construction materials.ResultsWe found a 50 to 80% reduction in SF density in the fogged houses when compared with control houses, while controlling for seasonal changes in SF abundance associated with rainfall. …
NAID 120005293404

Genetic diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Lutzomyia spp., with special reference to Lutzomyia peruensis, a main vector of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana in the Peruvian Andes

Yamamoto Kento,Cáceres Abraham G.,Gomez Eduardo A.,Mimori Tatsuyuki,Iwata Hiroyuki,Korenaga Masataka,Sakurai Tatsuya,Katakura Ken,Hashiguchi Yoshihisa,Kato Hirotomo
Acta tropica 126(2), 156-163, 2013-02-00
… The genetic divergence caused by genetic drift and/or selection is suggested toaffect the vectorial capacity and insecticide susceptibility of sand flies, as well as otherarthropods. … The present studyindicated that the middle region of the cyt b gene is useful for the analysis of geneticstructure in sand fly populations. …
NAID 120005228382

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