WordNet

very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies (同)family Psychodidae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/02 08:42:14」(JST)

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Indonesian sandfly bites on leg

New Zealand Sandfly biting a human's little finger

Sandfly bite

A swarm of sandflies at Georges River National Park (Australia)

Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking Dipteran encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenheads" (family Tabanidae), or to members of the family Ceratopogonidae, also known in Florida and elsewhere as a sand gnat, sandflea, no-see-um (no-see-em, noseeum), granny nipper, chitra, punkie, or punky. Outside the United States, sandfly may refer to members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within the Psychodidae. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are sometimes called sand flies or no-see-ums (no-see-em, noseeum). New Zealand sandflies are in the Austrosimulium genus, a type of black fly.^[1]

While horse flies are large flies, noseeums (sandfleas) and some Old-World sandflies are tiny midges. Sandfly bites may leave large, red itchy bumps that may turn into a rash. These bumps are frequently several times as itchy as mosquito bites, and tend to last longer as well.

In the various sorts of sandfly only the female is responsible for biting and sucking the blood of mammals, reptiles and birds. She requires the protein in the blood to make her eggs.

Some sandfly genera of the Phlebotominae subfamily are the primary vectors of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever; both diseases are confusingly referred to as sandfly fever. In the New World, leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia; in the Old World, the disease is spread by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus. Belize and Honduras are notorious in the Caribbean for their sandfly populations and travel pages frequently warn tourists to bring bug spray containing high concentrations of DEET.

Viruses

Among the viruses that sandflies can carry is the Chandipura virus, which, as a cousin of rabies, is very deadly. There was an outbreak in India in 2010.

Protozoa

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by sandflies, in North Africa; Leishmania infantum = green, Leishmania major = blue, Leishmania tropica = red^[2]

Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by several species of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted by various sandflies^[2]

Leishmania donovani: causing spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Can be diagnosed though microscopic review by visualizing amastigotes in containing macrophages. Treatable with Sodium stibogluconate.

Prevention

Over-the-counter repellents with high concentrations of DEET or picaridin are proven to work, but may not be suitable for some people, e.g. people with sensitive skin and pregnant women.

A particular extract of Lemon Eucalyptus oil (not the essential oil) has now been shown to be as effective as DEET in various studies.^[3]^[4]

Most information on repellents focuses on mosquitos, but mosquito repellents are effective for sandflies and midges as well.^[5]

Cultural views

New Zealand sandflies have a native Māori legend wherein "the god Tu-te-raki-whanoa had just finished creating the landscape of Fiordland, it was absolutely stunning... so stunning that it stopped people from working. They just stood around gazing at the beauty instead. The goddess Hinenuitepo became angry at these unproductive people, so she created the sandfly to bite them and get them moving"^[6]

These sand flies were able, according to another Maori legend, to revive the dead hero Ha-tupatu.^[7]

In moral philosophy, the nature of sandflies is used as an analogy for a particular implied inference, the "noseeum inference", where one fallaciously concludes that since one cannot see something, it therefore cannot exist.^[8]

References

^ Sandflies and mosquitoes – Sandflies: New Zealand’s blackflies. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (2009-03-01). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ ^a ^b Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014). "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review.". Parasite 21: 14. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014014. PMC 3952656. PMID 24626301.
^ Trigg, JK (1996). "Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in Scotland". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12 (2 Pt 1): 329–30. PMID 8827615.
^ Carroll, SP; Loye, J (2006). "Field test of a lemon eucalyptus repellent against Leptoconops biting midges". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22 (3): 483–5. doi:10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[483:FTOALE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17067050.
^ CDC: West Nile Virus – Updated Insect Repellent. Cdc.gov (2009-10-13). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ Sandflies – New Zealand – IgoUgo – stomps. IgoUgo (2008-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ Ha-tupatu and the sand flies. Maori.org.nz. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^ http://www.iep.utm.edu/evil-evi/

External links

Sand Flies – Beaufort County Library (via Internet Archive)
Infectious skin disease found in Texas September 15, 2007 Breaking News – Sandfly may carry parasites that will cause infectious skin disease called leishmaniasis.
Biting midges and no-see-ums --University of Florida

UpToDate Contents

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1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
2. 昆虫咬傷 insect bites
3. 南米バルトネラ症：オロヤ熱とペルー疣症 south american bartonellosis oroya fever and verruga peruana
4. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Epidemiology and control
5. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides

English Journal

Phlebovirus infections in Greece.

Papa A1, Kontana A, Tsergouli K.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Jul;87(7):1072-6. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24163. Epub 2015 Mar 2.
Sandfly fever viruses are endemic in the Mediterranean region causing to humans asymptomatic or mild infections to severe neurological syndromes. In order to investigate the epidemiology of phlebovirus infections in Greece, samples from 499 patients with acute febrile illness (50.2% accompanied by n
PMID 25733059

Paraphyly of the subgenus Anaphlebotomus and creation of Madaphlebotomus subg. nov. (Phlebotominae: Phlebotomus).

Depaquit J1, Leger N, Randrianambinintsoa FJ.
Medical and veterinary entomology.Med Vet Entomol.2015 Jun;29(2):159-70. doi: 10.1111/mve.12098. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
The systematic position of the Malagasy Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) species was assessed in molecular phylogenetic studies. Three molecular markers were sequenced: cytochrome b of the mitochondrial DNA; ITS2, and the D8 domain of the ribosomal DNA. The following species were studied: Phleboto
PMID 25613531

Leishmania infantum in wild rodents: reservoirs or just irrelevant incidental hosts?

Navea-Pérez HM1, Díaz-Sáez V, Corpas-López V, Merino-Espinosa G, Morillas-Márquez F, Martín-Sánchez J.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2015 Jun;114(6):2363-70. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4434-y. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Wild rodents constitute a very large biomass of potential reservoirs for Leishmania spp. Therefore, an epidemiological study was carried out in a well-known focus of canine leishmaniasis from southern Spain, with the objective of detecting and characterizing Leishmania infantum infection in wild rod
PMID 25797596

Japanese Journal

Susceptibility of the Sandfly <i>Phlebotomus argentipes</i> Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to Insecticides in Endemic Areas of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 68(1), 33-37, 2015
NAID 130004757125

Susceptibility of the sandfly <i>Phlebotomus argentipes</i> Annandale and Brunneti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Bihar, India

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2014
NAID 130004716732

The identification of sandfly species, from an area of Argentina with endemic leishmaniasis, by the PCR-based analysis of the gene coding for 18S ribosomal RNA