WordNet
- lions; leopards; snow leopards; jaguars; tigers; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers (同)genus Panthera
- a large spotted feline of tropical America similar to the leopard; in some classifications considered a member of the genus Felis (同)panther, Panthera onca, Felis onca
- the pelt of a leopard
- large feline of African and Asian forests usually having a tawny coat with black spots (同)Panthera pardus
PrepTutorEJDIC
- ジャガー(中南米産のヒョウの類)
- ヒョウ
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/17 17:06:15」(JST)
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For other uses, see Panthera (disambiguation).
| Panthera[1] Temporal range: Late Miocene - Recent, 5.95–0Ma PreЄ
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| Top to bottom: tiger, lion, jaguar, and leopard. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
| Genus: | Panthera Oken, 1816 |
| Type species | |
| Felis pardus Linnaeus, 1758 |
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Panthera is a genus within the Felidae family that was named and first described by the German naturalist Oken in 1816.[2] The British taxonomist Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the species tiger, lion, jaguar and leopard on the basis of cranial features.[3] Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the Panthera, a classification that was accepted by IUCN assessors in 2008.[4][5]
Only the tiger, lion, leopard and jaguar have the anatomical structure that enables them to roar. The primary reason for this was formerly assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone. However, new studies show the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx. The snow leopard does not roar. Although it has an incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone, it lacks the special morphology of the larynx.[6]
Contents
- 1 Name
- 2 Characteristics
- 3 Evolution
- 4 Classification
- 4.1 Phylogeny
- 4.2 Species
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further Reading
Name[edit]
See also: Panther (legendary creature)
The word panther derives from classical Latin panthēra, itself from the ancient Greek pánthēr (πάνθηρ) meaning "large spotted cat". The Greek word is likely a loan word, but the source language is unknown.[7] An incorrect folk etymology traces the word to the Greek pan- (πάν), meaning "all", and thēr (θήρ), meaning wild beast.[8]
Characteristics[edit]
In Panthera species the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation less steeply sloped. The basicranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.[9]
Evolution[edit]
Panthera probably evolved in Asia, but the roots of the genus remain unclear. Genetic studies indicate that pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.[4] Fossil records point to the emergence of Panthera just 2.0 to 3.8 million years ago.[10]
The snow leopard was initially seen at the base of Panthera, but newer molecular studies suggest that it is nestled within Panthera and is a sister species of the tiger.[11] Many place the snow leopard within the genus Panthera, but there is currently no consensus as to whether the snow leopard should retain its own genus Uncia or be moved to Panthera uncia.[4][12][13][14] Since 2008, the IUCN Red List lists it as Panthera uncia using Uncia uncia as a synonym.[5]
The genus Neofelis is generally placed at the basis of the Panthera group, but is not included in the genus itself.[4][12][13][14]
Results of a mitogenomic study suggest the phylogeny can be represented as Neofelis nebulosa (Panthera tigris (Panthera onca (Panthera pardus, (Panthera leo, Panthera uncia)))).[15] About 11.3 million years ago Panthera separated from other felid species and then evolved into the several species of the genus. N. nebulosa appears to have diverged about 8.66 million years ago, P. tigris about 6.55 million years ago, P. uncia about 4.63 million years ago and P. pardus about 4.35 million years ago. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that American lions (P. atrox) are a sister lineage to Eurasian cave lions (P. l. spelaea), diverging about 0.34 million years ago.[16]
The prehistoric cat Panthera onca gombaszogensis, often called European jaguar is probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The earliest evidence of the species was obtained at Olivola in Italy, and dates 1.6 million years.[17]
Classification[edit]
During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called races, for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.[18][19][20] Since the mid 1980s, several Panthera species became subject of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.[21][22] Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.[23] All living sub-Saharan lion populations are grouped to P. l. leo.[24] The black panther is not a distinct species, but is the common name for melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in leopard and jaguar.[25][26]
Phylogeny[edit]
The cladogram below follows Mazák, Christiansen and Kitchener (2011).[27]
| Pantherinae |
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Species[edit]
The genus Panthera comprises:[1]
- Panthera tigris tiger
- Panthera tigris amoyensis South China tiger
- Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran tiger
- Panthera tigris tigris Bengal tiger
- Panthera tigris jacksoni Malayan tiger[28]
- Panthera tigris corbetti Indochinese tiger
- Panthera tigris altaica Siberian tiger
- Panthera tigris virgata Caspian tiger †[29]
- Panthera tigris balica Bali tiger †[30]
- Panthera tigris sondaica Javan tiger †[31]
- Panthera tigris acutidens †[32]
- Panthera tigris trinilensis Trinil tiger †[33]
- Panthera leo lion
- Panthera leo persica Asiatic lion
- Panthera leo leo African lion including:
- P. l. senegalensis West African lion
- P. l. massaica Masai lion
- P. l. azandica Congo lion
- P. l. bleyenberghi Southwest African lion or Katanga lion
- P. l. krugeri Transvaal lion
- P. l. barbarica Barbary lion extinct in the wild[34]
- P. l. melanochaita Cape lion †[34]
- Panthera leo sinhaleyus Sri Lanka lion or Ceylon lion †[35]
- Panthera leo spelaea Eurasian cave lion †[36]
- Panthera leo fossilis Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion †[37]
- Panthera leo atrox American lion or North American cave lion †[37]
- Panthera onca jaguar
- Panthera onca hernandesii Central American jaguar
- Panthera onca onca Coastal jaguar
- Panthera onca palustris Southern jaguar
- Panthera onca gombaszoegensis European jaguar †
- Panthera onca augusta Pleistocene North American jaguar †
- Panthera onca mesembrina Pleistocene South American jaguar †
- Panthera pardus leopard
- Panthera pardus pardus African leopard
- Panthera pardus orientalis Amur leopard
- Panthera pardus melas Javan leopard
- Panthera pardus nimr Arabian leopard
- Panthera pardus saxicolor Persian leopard, including P. p. tulliana Anatolian leopard[38]
- Panthera pardus fusca Indian leopard
- Panthera pardus kotiya Sri Lanka leopard
- Panthera pardus delacouri Indochinese leopard
- Panthera pardus japonensis North China leopard
- Panthera pardus begoueni †
- Panthera pardus sickenbergi †
- Panthera pardus antiqua †
- Panthera pardus spelaea European Ice Age leopard †
- Panthera uncia or Uncia uncia Snow leopard[4]
Taxonomic placing is uncertain for the extinct fossil Panthera species:
- Panthera blytheae - prehistoric relative of snow leopard
- Panthera crassidens – probably identical with another felid taxon
- Panthera palaeosinensis – Pleistocene pantherine, probably ancestral to the tiger
- Panthera schaubi - probably not a pantherine, but a relative of the cougar
- Panthera schreuderi – prehistoric cat, probably junior synonym of European jaguar[39]
- Panthera toscana Tuscany lion or Tuscany jaguar – probably junior synonym of European jaguar
- Panthera youngi – a prehistoric Chinese lion-like cat
- Panthera zdanskyi - prehistoric relative of tiger
| External identifiers for Panthera | |
|---|---|
| Encyclopedia of Life | 14134 |
| NCBI | 9688 |
| Also found in: Wikispecies | |
See also[edit]
- Panthera hybrid
References[edit]
- ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 546–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Oken, L. (1816). Lehrbuch der Zoologie, 2. Abtheilung. August Schmid & Comp., Jena.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1916). The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of F. uncia and its Allies. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: zoology, botany, and geology. Series 8, Volume XVIII: 314–316.
- ^ a b c d e Johnson, W. E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment.". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
- ^ a b Jackson, R., Mallon, D., McCarthy, T., Chundaway, R. A., Habib, B. (2008). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
- ^ Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott (1940). "πάνθηρ". A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ OUP (2002). "Panther". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London.
- ^ Turner, A. (1987). New fossil carnivore remains from the Sterkfontein hominid site (Mammalia: Carnivora). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 34(15): 319–347.
- ^ Davis, B. W.; Li, G.., Murphy, W.J. (2010 Jul). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)". Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution (56): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Check date values in:
|year=(help) - ^ a b Yu, L. Zhang, Y. P. (2005). "Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 (2): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017. PMID 15804417.
- ^ a b Janczewski, D. N., Modi, W. S., Stephens, J. C., O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Molecular Evolution of Mitochondrial 12S RNA and Cytochrome b Sequences in the Pantherine Lineage of Felidae". Molecular Biology and Evolution 12 (4): 690–707. PMID 7544865. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
- ^ a b Johnson, W. E., O'Brien, S. J. (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution 44: S98–S116. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. PMID 9071018.
- ^ Wei L, Wu X, Zhu L, Jiang Z (2010). "Mitogenomic analysis of the genus Panthera". Science China Life Sciences 54 (10): 917–930. doi:10.1007/s11427-011-4219-1. PMID 22038004.
- ^ Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I.; Yo, S. Y.W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F.G.; Wheeler, H. T. et al. (April 2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity". Molecular Ecology 18 (8): 1668–1677. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
|displayauthors=suggested (help) - ^ Hemmer, H., Kahlke, R. D., Vekua, A. K. (2001). The Jaguar – Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late lower pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (south Georgia; Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance. Geobios 34(4): 475–486.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1930.) The panthers and ounces of Asia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34(1): 65–82.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1932.) The leopards of Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1932(2): 543–541.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). The races of jaguar (Panthera onca). Novitates Zoologicae 41: 406–422.
- ^ O’Brien, S. J., Martenson, J. S., Packer, C., Herbst, L., de Vos, V., Joslin, P., Ott-Joslin, J., Wildt, D. E. and Bush, M. (1987). "Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions". National Geographic Research 3 (1): 114–124.
- ^ Miththapala, S., Seidensticker, J., O'Brien, S. J. (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): Molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology 10: 1115–1132.
- ^ Uphyrkina, O., Johnson, W. E., Quigley, H. B., Miquelle, D. G., Marker, L., Bush, M. E., O'Brien, S. J. (2001). Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology 10: 2617–2633.
- ^ Dubach, J., Patterson, B. D., Briggs, M. B., Venzke, K., Flamand, J., Stander, P., Scheepers, L. and Kays, R. W. (2005). Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera leo. Conservation Genetics 6(1): 15–24.
- ^ Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of black form of the leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica 41: 190–197.
- ^ Eizirik, E., Yuhki, N., Johnson, W. E., Menotti-Raymond, M., Hannah, S. S., O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family". Current Biology 13 (5): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197.
- ^ Ji H. Mazák, Per Christiansen and Andrew C. Kitchener (2011). "Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger". PLoS ONE 6 (10): e25483. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483.
- ^ Luo, S.J., Kim, J.H., Johnson, W.E., Walt Jvd, Martenson, J., et al. (2004). "Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLoS Biol 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810. PMID 15583716.
- ^ Jackson, P., Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. virgata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ Jackson, P. Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. balica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ Jackson, P., Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ Hooijer, D. A. (1947). Pleistocene remains of Panthera tigris (Linnaeus) subspecies from Wanhsien, Szechwan, China, compared with fossil and recent tigers from other localities. American Museum Novitates no. 1346.
- ^ Brongersma, L. D. (1935). "Notes on some recent and fossil cats, chiefly from the Malay Archipelago". Zoologische Mededelingen 18: 1–89.
- ^ a b Barnett, R., Yamaguchi, N., Barnes, I., Cooper, A. (2006). "Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation". Conservation Genetics 7 (4): 507–514. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0.
- ^ Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R., Dissanayake, R., Meegaskumbura, M. (2005). A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 12: 423–434.
- ^ Tchernov, E., Tsoukala, E. (1997). Middle Pleistocene (early Toringian) carnivore remains from northern Israel. Quaternary Research 48:122–136.
- ^ a b Harington, C. R. (1996). Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
- ^ Khorozyan, I. . (2008). "Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ O'Regan, H., Turner, A (2004). "Biostratigraphic and palaeoecological implications of new fossil felid material from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Tegelen, the Netherlands". Palaeontology 47 (5): 1181–1193. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00400.x.
Further Reading[edit]
- A. Turner: The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia University Press, 1997.ISBN 0-231-10229-1
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English Journal
- Comparative morphology of gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex across mammals.
- Jacobs B1, Garcia ME1, Shea-Shumsky NB1, Tennison ME1, Schall M1, Saviano MS1, Tummino TA1, Bull AJ2, Driscoll LL1, Raghanti MA3, Lewandowski AH4, Wicinski B5, Ki Chui H1, Bertelsen MF6, Walsh T7, Bhagwandin A8, Spocter MA8,9,10, Hof PR5, Sherwood CC11, Manger PR8.
- The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2018 Feb 15;526(3):496-536. doi: 10.1002/cne.24349. Epub 2017 Nov 26.
- PMID 29088505
- The genetic tale of a recovering lion population (Panthera leo) in the Savé Valley region (Zimbabwe): A better understanding of the history and managing the future.
- Tensen L1, Groom RJ1,2, Khuzwayo J1, Jansen van Vuuren B1.
- PloS one.PLoS One.2018 Feb 7;13(2):e0190369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190369. eCollection 2018.
- PMID 29415031
- First detection of feline hemoplasmas in free-ranging jaguars (Panthera onca).
- Furtado MM1, Taniwaki SA2, Metzger B3, O'Dwyer LH3, Paduan KDS3, Jácomo ATA4, Porfírio GEO4, Silveira L4, Sollmann R4, Tôrres NM5, Ferreira Neto JS2.
- Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2018 Feb;214:75-80. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.009. Epub 2017 Dec 18.
- PMID 29408036
Japanese Journal
- Wild chimpanzees deprived a leopard of its kill: Implications for the origin of hominin confrontational scavenging
- Nakamura Michio,Hosaka Kazuhiko,Itoh Noriko,Matsumoto Takuya,Matsusaka Takahisa,Nakazawa Nobuko,Nishie Hitonaru,Sakamaki Tetsuya,Shimada Masaki,Takahata Yukio,Yamagami Masahiro,Zamma Koichiro
- Journal of Human Evolution (131), 129-138, 2019-06
- … 2019-04-16.This study reports the first observed case of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) obtaining animal prey freshly killed by a sympatric leopard (Panthera pardus) and scavenging it with the leopard still nearby. …
- NAID 120006606984
- 大分県津久見市の石灰石鉱山産トラ化石
- 長谷川 善和,高桒 祐司,根之木 久美子,木村 敏之
- Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History = 群馬県立自然史博物館研究報告 (23), 1-11, 2019-03
- NAID 40021940373
- A previously undescribed Javan tiger Panthera tigris sondaica specimen, and other old, rare tiger specimens in the Finnish Museum of Natural History
- Heino Matti T.,Granroth Janne,Aspi Jouni,Pihlstrom Henry
- Mammal study 44(1), 41-50, 2019-01
- NAID 40021799067
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Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ヒョウ属」「leopard」「パンテラ属」「jaguar」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「Panthera属」「Panthera leo」 |
「ヒョウ属」
「leopard」
「パンテラ属」
「jaguar」
「Panthera属」
「Panthera leo」
- 関
- lion