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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/27 15:39:04」(JST)

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Naproxen (brand names: Aleve, Naprosyn, and many others) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness.^[2]^[3]^:665,673 It is a nonselective COX inhibitor, usually sold as the sodium salt.

Naproxen poses an intermediate risk of stomach ulcers compared to ibuprofen, which is low-risk, and indometacin, which is high-risk.^[4] To reduce stomach ulceration risk, it is often combined with a proton-pump inhibitor (a medication that reduces stomach acid production) during long-term treatment of those with pre-existing stomach ulcers or a history of developing stomach ulcers while on NSAIDs.^[2]^[3]^:665,673

Medical uses

250 mg tablet of naproxen

Naproxen is commonly used to reduce pain, fever, inflammation, and stiffness caused by conditions such as migraine, osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, and bursitis.^[5] It is also used to treat primary dysmenorrhea.^[6]

Naproxen is used as a "bridge therapy" in medication-overuse headache to transition patients off of other medications.^[5]

Diagnostics

Naproxen has been used to differentiate between infectious fevers and neoplastic or connective tissue disease-related fevers.^[7]

Adverse effects

Naproxen should be taken orally with food to decrease the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. Common adverse effects include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, rash, bruising, and gastrointestinal upset.^[5]

In the U.S., naproxen is sold with boxed warnings about the risk of cardiovascular events and gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding.^[5]

COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs have been linked to increases in the number of serious and potentially fatal cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes.^[8] Naproxen is, however, associated with the smallest overall cardiovascular risks.^[9]^[10] Cardiovascular risk must be considered when prescribing any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The drug had roughly 50% of the associated risk of stroke compared to ibuprofen, and was also associated with a reduced number of myocardial infarctions compared to control groups.^[9] As with other non-COX-2 selective NSAIDs, naproxen can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as heartburn, constipation, diarrhea, ulcers and stomach bleeding.^[11] Persons with a history of ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease should consult a doctor before taking naproxen.

A study found that high-dose naproxen induced near-complete suppression of platelet thromboxane throughout the dosing interval and appeared not to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, whereas other non-aspirin high-dose NSAID regimens had only transient effects on platelet COX-1 and were associated with a small but definite vascular hazard. Conversely, naproxen was associated with higher rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding complications compared to other NSAIDs.^[10]

Interactions

Naproxen should not be taken with antidepressants, lithium, methotrexate, probenecid, a blood thinner, heart or blood pressure medications, including diuretics or steroid medicine (such as prednisone).^[5]

NSAID painkillers such as naproxen may interfere with and reduce the efficacy of SSRI antidepressants.^[12]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Naproxen works by reversibly inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes as a non-selective coxib.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] This results in the inhibition of prostaglandin precursors.

Metabolism

Naproxen is a minor substrate of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. It is extensively metabolized in the liver to 6-0-desmethyl naproxen and the parent drug and the desmethyl metabolite undergo further metabolism to their respective acylglucuronide conjugated metabolites.^{[citation needed]}

Small amounts of naproxen are excreted in breast milk.^[5]

Compound information

Naproxen is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid (profen) family of NSAIDs.^[18] The free acid is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline substance. It is lipid-soluble and practically insoluble in water. It has a melting point of 152–155 °C.

Marketing and brand names

Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various brand names, including: Aleve, Accord, Anaprox, Antalgin, Apranax, Feminax Ultra, Flanax, Inza, Midol Extended Relief, Nalgesin, Naposin, Naprelan, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Narocin, Pronaxen, Proxen, Soproxen, Synflex, MotriMax, and Xenobid. It is also available bundled with esomeprazole magnesium in delayed release tablets under the brand name Vimovo.^[19]

Access restrictions

Syntex first marketed naproxen in 1976 as the prescription drug Naprosyn. They first marketed naproxen sodium under the brand name Anaprox in 1980. It remains a prescription-only drug in much of the world. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1994. OTC preparations in the U.S. are mainly marketed by Bayer HealthCare under the brand name Aleve and generic store brand formulations in 220 mg tablets. In Australia, packets of 275 mg tablets of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 pharmacy medicines, with a maximum daily dose of five tablets or 1375 mg. In the United Kingdom, 250 mg tablets of naproxen were approved for OTC sale under the brand name Feminax Ultra in 2008, for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea in women aged 15 to 50.^[20] In the Netherlands, 220 mg and 275 mg tablets are available OTC in drugstores, 550 mg is OTC only at pharmacies. Aleve became available over-the-counter in most provinces in Canada on 14 July 2009, but not British Columbia, Quebec or Newfoundland and Labrador;^[21] it subsequently became available OTC in British Columbia in January 2010.^[22]

Research

Naproxen may have antiviral activity against influenza. Specifically, it blocks the RNA-binding groove of the nucleoprotein of the virus, preventing formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex—thus taking the viral nucleoproteins out of circulation.^[23]

Use in horses

Naproxen is given orally to horses at a dose of 10 mg/kg, and has shown to have a wide safety margin (no toxicity when given at 3-times the recommended dose of 42 days).^[24] It is more effective for myositis than the commonly used NSAID phenylbutazone, and has shown especially good results for treatment of equine exertional rhabdomyolysis,^[25] but is less commonly used for musculoskeletal disease.

Synthesis

Naproxen has been industrially produced by Syntex starting from 2-naphthol as follows:^[26]

References

^ Gill, A, ed. (July 2013). Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons No. 4 (PDF). The Poisons Standard 2013. Therapeutic Goods Administration. ISBN 978-1-74241-895-7.
^ ^a ^b Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
^ ^a ^b Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
^ Richy, F; Bruyere, O; Ethgen, O; Rabenda, V; Bouvenot, G; Audran, M; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Moore, A; Eliakim, R; Haim, M; Reginster, JY (July 2004). "Time dependent risk of gastrointestinal complications induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach.". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63 (7): 759–66. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.015925. PMC 1755051. PMID 15194568.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Naproxen". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
^ French L (2005). "Dysmenorrhea" (PDF). Am Fam Physician. 71 (2): 285–91. PMID 15686299.
^ Zell JA, Chang JC (November 2005). "Neoplastic fever: a neglected paraneoplastic syndrome". Support Care Cancer. 13 (11): 870–7. doi:10.1007/s00520-005-0825-4. PMID 15864658.
^ Nissen, Steven E.; Yeomans, Neville D.; Solomon, Daniel H.; Lüscher, Thomas F.; Libby, Peter; Husni, M. Elaine; Graham, David Y.; Borer, Jeffrey S.; Wisniewski, Lisa M.; Wolski, Katherine E.; Wang, Qiuqing; Menon, Venu; Ruschitzka, Frank; Gaffney, Michael; Beckerman, Bruce; Berger, Manuela F.; Bao, Weihang; Lincoff, A. Michael (2016). "Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (26): 2519–2529. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611593. ISSN 0028-4793.
^ ^a ^b Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, Egger M, Jüni P (2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ. 342: c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324. c7086.
^ ^a ^b Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
^ Naproxen. PubMed Health.
^ Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (22): 9262–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9262W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.
^ Duggan KC, Walters MJ, Musee J, Harp JM, Kiefer JR, Oates JA, Marnett LJ (November 2010). "Molecular basis for cyclooxygenase inhibition by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (45): 34950–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.162982. PMC 2966109. PMID 20810665.
^ Hinz B, Cheremina O, Besz D, Zlotnick S, Brune K (April 2008). "Impact of naproxen sodium at over-the-counter doses on cyclooxygenase isoforms in human volunteers". Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 46 (4): 180–6. doi:10.5414/CPP46180. PMID 18397691.
^ Van Hecken A, Schwartz JI, Depré M, De Lepeleire I, Dallob A, Tanaka W, Wynants K, Buntinx A, Arnout J, Wong PH, Ebel DL, Gertz BJ, De Schepper PJ (October 2000). "Comparative inhibitory activity of rofecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen on COX-2 versus COX-1 in healthy volunteers". J Clin Pharmacol. 40 (10): 1109–20. doi:10.1177/009127000004001005 (inactive 2017-01-10). PMID 11028250.
^ Gross GJ, Moore J (July 2004). "Effect of COX-1/COX-2 inhibition versus selective COX-2 inhibition on coronary vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid and acetylcholine". Pharmacology. 71 (3): 135–42. doi:10.1159/000077447. PMID 15161995.
^ Hawkey CJ (October 2001). "COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 15 (5): 801–20. doi:10.1053/bega.2001.0236. PMID 11566042.
^ el Mouelhi M, Ruelius HW, Fenselau C, Dulik DM (1987). "Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen". Drug Metab. Dispos. 15 (6): 767–72. PMID 2893700.
^ "Vimovo's hotsite". vimovo.com. 11 March 2015.
^ "Medicines regulator approves availability of a new OTC medicine for period pain" (PDF) (Press release). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 1 April 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Aleve – Welcome to Canada, Eh!" (PDF) (Press release). Bayer Health Care. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "Aleve – Helping British Columbians with Joint and Arthritis Pain Get Back to Doing the Activities They Love". newswire.ca. 28 January 2010.
^ Lejal N, Tarus B, Bouguyon E, Chenavas S, Bertho N, Delmas B, Ruigrok RW, Di Primo C, Slama-Schwok A (May 2013). "Structure-based discovery of the novel antiviral properties of naproxen against the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (5): 2231–42. doi:10.1128/AAC.02335-12. PMC 3632891. PMID 23459490. Lay summary – EurekAlert!.
^ McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Proc. AAEP 2001 (47): 182-187.
^ May SA, Lees P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds. Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996;223–237.
^ Harrington PJ, Lodewijk E (1997). "Twenty Years of Naproxen Technology". Org. Process Res. Dev. 1 (1): 72–76. doi:10.1021/op960009e.

External links

CID 1302 from PubChem
EINECS number 244-838-7
MedlinePlus Information on naproxen
FDA Drug Prescribing Information on drugs.com
FDA Statement on Naproxen, released 20 December 2004
Alzheimer's Disease Anti-Inflammatory Prevention Trial
Forbes article (expressing the point of view that the risk of heart attack or stroke was overstated)
Which NSAID for Heart Disease Patients? – Medscape
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Naproxen
Aleve Daily Med
Naproxen bound to proteins in the PDB

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

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Related Pictures

Naprosyn EC | Naproxen | Painkillers information naprosyn pdr naprosyn naprosyn Drugs reference index « Naprosyn » Naprosyn Oral Tablet Drug Information NAPROSYN 250 MG TABLET NAPROSYN (NAPROXEN) naprosyn naprosyn doseage naprosyn Naprosyn: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「ナプロキセン」

Naproxen
Clinical data
Pronunciation	/nəˈprɒksən/
Trade names	Aleve, Anaprox, Flanax, Naprelan, Naprosyn, other
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a681029
License data	US DailyMed: 43871;
Pregnancy; category	AU: C; US: C (Risk not ruled out); ;
Routes of; administration	Oral
ATC code	G02CC02 (WHO) M01AE02 (WHO), M02AA12 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	AU: Only Schedule 2 in preparations that contain no more than 15 days' supply. Otherwise it is schedule 4 (prescription-only).; CA: OTC; UK: P (Pharmacy medicines); US: OTC;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	95% (oral)
Protein binding	99%
Metabolism	Hepatic (to 6-desmethylnaproxen)
Biological half-life	12–24 hours
Excretion	Renal
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (+)-(S)-2-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid;
CAS Number	22204-53-1 ;
PubChem CID	156391;
DrugBank	DB00788 ;
ChemSpider	137720 ;
UNII	57Y76R9ATQ;
KEGG	D00118 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:7476 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL154 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.040.747
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C14H14O3
Molar mass	230.259 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image;
Melting point	152–154 °C (306–309 °F)
	SMILES O=C(O)[C@@H](C)c1cc2ccc(OH)cc2cc1 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C14H14O3/c1-9(14(15)16)10-3-4-12-8-13(17-2)6-5-11(12)7-10/h3-9H,1-2H3,(H,15,16)/t9-/m0/s1 ; Key:CMWTZPSULFXXJA-VIFPVBQESA-N ;
(verify)

　　[★]

英: naproxen
商: ナイキサン、Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn
関: NSAID

[1] Gill, A, ed. (July 2013). Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons No. 4 (PDF). The Poisons Standard 2013. Therapeutic Goods Administration. ISBN 978-1-74241-895-7.

[AMH-2] Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.

[BNF-3] Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.

[4] Richy, F; Bruyere, O; Ethgen, O; Rabenda, V; Bouvenot, G; Audran, M; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Moore, A; Eliakim, R; Haim, M; Reginster, JY (July 2004). "Time dependent risk of gastrointestinal complications induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach.". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63 (7): 759–66. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.015925. PMC 1755051. PMID 15194568.

[drugs-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Naproxen". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.

[pmid15686299-6] French L (2005). "Dysmenorrhea" (PDF). Am Fam Physician. 71 (2): 285–91. PMID 15686299.

[pmid15864658-7] Zell JA, Chang JC (November 2005). "Neoplastic fever: a neglected paraneoplastic syndrome". Support Care Cancer. 13 (11): 870–7. doi:10.1007/s00520-005-0825-4. PMID 15864658.

[NissenYeomans2016-8] Nissen, Steven E.; Yeomans, Neville D.; Solomon, Daniel H.; Lüscher, Thomas F.; Libby, Peter; Husni, M. Elaine; Graham, David Y.; Borer, Jeffrey S.; Wisniewski, Lisa M.; Wolski, Katherine E.; Wang, Qiuqing; Menon, Venu; Ruschitzka, Frank; Gaffney, Michael; Beckerman, Bruce; Berger, Manuela F.; Bao, Weihang; Lincoff, A. Michael (2016). "Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (26): 2519–2529. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611593. ISSN 0028-4793.

[Trelle-9] Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, Egger M, Jüni P (2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ. 342: c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324. c7086.

[j1-10] Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.

[11] Naproxen. PubMed Health.

[pmid21518864-12] Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (22): 9262–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9262W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.

[pmid20810665-13] Duggan KC, Walters MJ, Musee J, Harp JM, Kiefer JR, Oates JA, Marnett LJ (November 2010). "Molecular basis for cyclooxygenase inhibition by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (45): 34950–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.162982. PMC 2966109. PMID 20810665.

[pmid18397691-14] Hinz B, Cheremina O, Besz D, Zlotnick S, Brune K (April 2008). "Impact of naproxen sodium at over-the-counter doses on cyclooxygenase isoforms in human volunteers". Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 46 (4): 180–6. doi:10.5414/CPP46180. PMID 18397691.

[pmid11028250-15] Van Hecken A, Schwartz JI, Depré M, De Lepeleire I, Dallob A, Tanaka W, Wynants K, Buntinx A, Arnout J, Wong PH, Ebel DL, Gertz BJ, De Schepper PJ (October 2000). "Comparative inhibitory activity of rofecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen on COX-2 versus COX-1 in healthy volunteers". J Clin Pharmacol. 40 (10): 1109–20. doi:10.1177/009127000004001005 (inactive 2017-01-10). PMID 11028250.

[pmid15161995-16] Gross GJ, Moore J (July 2004). "Effect of COX-1/COX-2 inhibition versus selective COX-2 inhibition on coronary vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid and acetylcholine". Pharmacology. 71 (3): 135–42. doi:10.1159/000077447. PMID 15161995.

[pmid11566042-17] Hawkey CJ (October 2001). "COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 15 (5): 801–20. doi:10.1053/bega.2001.0236. PMID 11566042.

[pmid2893700-18] Mouelhi M, Ruelius HW, Fenselau C, Dulik DM (1987). "Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen". Drug Metab. Dispos. 15 (6): 767–72. PMID 2893700.

[Vimovo-19] "Vimovo's hotsite". vimovo.com. 11 March 2015.

[20] "Medicines regulator approves availability of a new OTC medicine for period pain" (PDF) (Press release). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 1 April 2008. ^{[dead link]}

[21] "Aleve – Welcome to Canada, Eh!" (PDF) (Press release). Bayer Health Care. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

[Press_Release.2C_January_2010-22] "Aleve – Helping British Columbians with Joint and Arthritis Pain Get Back to Doing the Activities They Love". newswire.ca. 28 January 2010.

[pmid23459490-23] Lejal N, Tarus B, Bouguyon E, Chenavas S, Bertho N, Delmas B, Ruigrok RW, Di Primo C, Slama-Schwok A (May 2013). "Structure-based discovery of the novel antiviral properties of naproxen against the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (5): 2231–42. doi:10.1128/AAC.02335-12. PMC 3632891. PMID 23459490. Lay summary – EurekAlert!.

[24] McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Proc. AAEP 2001 (47): 182-187.

[25] May SA, Lees P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds. Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996;223–237.

[Harrington-26] Harrington PJ, Lodewijk E (1997). "Twenty Years of Naproxen Technology". Org. Process Res. Dev. 1 (1): 72–76. doi:10.1021/op960009e.

v t e Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA)

Pyrazolones / Pyrazolidines	Aminophenazone Ampyrone Azapropazone Clofezone Difenamizole Famprofazone Feprazone Kebuzone Metamizole Mofebutazone Morazone Nifenazone Oxyphenbutazone Phenazone Phenylbutazone Propyphenazone Sulfinpyrazone Suxibuzone^‡

Salicylates	Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)^# Aloxiprin Benorylate Carbasalate calcium Diflunisal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Methyl salicylate Salsalate Salicin Salicylamide Salicylic acid (salicylate) Sodium salicylate

Acetic acid derivatives and related substances	Aceclofenac Acemetacin Alclofenac Amfenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bumadizone Bufexamac Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclozic acid Fentiazac Indomethacin Indomethacin farnesil Isoxepac Ketorolac Lonazolac Oxametacin Prodolic acid Proglumetacin Sulindac Tiopinac Tolmetin Zomepirac^†

Oxicams	Ampiroxicam Droxicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam

Propionic acid derivatives (profens)	Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen^† Carprofen^‡ Dexibuprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen^# Ibuproxam Indoprofen^† Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Pirprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin^‡ Tiaprofenic acid Vedaprofen^‡ COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator: Naproxcinod

N-Arylanthranilic acids (fenamates)	Azapropazone Clonixin Etofenamate Flufenamic acid Flunixin Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Morniflumate Niflumic acid Tolfenamic acid Flutiazin

Coxibs	Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib^‡ Deracoxib^‡ Etoricoxib Firocoxib^‡ Lumiracoxib^† Mavacoxib^‡ Parecoxib Robenacoxib^‡ Rofecoxib^† Valdecoxib^†

Other	Aminopropionitrile Benzydamine Chondroitin sulfate Diacerein Fluproquazone Glucosamine Glycosaminoglycan Hyperforin Nabumetone Nimesulide Oxaceprol Proquazone Superoxide dismutase/Orgotein Tenidap

Items listed in bold indicate initially developed compounds of specific groups. ^#WHO-EM ^†Withdrawn drugs. ^‡Veterinary use medications.

v t e Prolactin inhibitors and anti-inflammatory products for vaginal administration (G02CB–G02CC)

Prolactin inhibitors	Bromocriptine Lisuride Cabergoline Quinagolide Metergoline Terguride

Anti-inflammatory products for vaginal administration	Ibuprofen Naproxen Benzydamine Flunoxaprofen

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Naprosyn