関: cobra、coral snake、Elapidae、mamba、Micrurus、Naja、Naja naja

WordNet

venomous Asiatic and African elapid snakes that can expand the skin of the neck into a hood
arboreal snake of central and southern Africa whose bite is often fatal
cobras; kraits; mambas; coral snakes; Australian taipan and tiger snakes (同)family Elapidae
coral snakes (同)genus Micrurus
cobras (同)genus Naja

PrepTutorEJDIC

コブラ(アジア産の毒蛇)
マンバ(アフリカ産の毒ヘビ)
おや,はああ,ああ(驚き・喜び・疑い・ためらいなどを表す声)
hectare; hectares
sodium(ラテン語natrium)の化学記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/16 19:45:02」(JST)

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The Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) is a species of cobra found in Africa. It is one of the largest cobra species native to Africa, second to the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca).

Etymology

Naja haje was first described by Swedish zoologist Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. The generic name naja is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word nāgá (नाग) meaning "cobra". The specific epithet haje is derived from the Arabic word hayya (حية) which literally means "snake".^[2]

Description

The Egyptian cobra is one of the largest cobras of the African continent. The head is large and depressed and slightly distinct from the neck. The neck of this species has long cervical ribs capable of expanding to form a hood, like all other cobras. The snout of the Egyptian cobra is moderately broad and rounded. The eyes are quite big with round pupils. The body of the Egyptian cobra is cylindrical and stout with a long tail. The length of the Egyptian cobra is largely dependent on subspecies, geographical locale, and population. The average length of this species is between 1 and 2 metres (3.3 and 6.6 ft) in length, with a maximum length of just under 3 metres (9.8 ft). The most recognizable characteristics of this species are its head and hood. The colour is highly variable, but most specimens are some shade of brown, often with lighter or darker mottling, and often a "tear-drop" mark below the eye. Some are more copper-red or grey-brown in colour. Specimens from northwestern Africa (Morocco, western Sahara) are almost entirely black. The ventral side is mostly a creamy white, yellow brown, grayish, blue grey, dark brown or black in colouration, often with dark spots.^[3]

Scalation

Dorsal scales on the midbody 19-20, ventral scales 191-220, subcaudal scale is paired, subcaudal scales 53-65, anal plate is single, upper labials 6, upper labials to the eye 3+4, preoculairs 1, postoculairs 3 (but can also be 2), suboculairs 2–3, supralabials 7 (rarely 6 or 8), lower labials 8, temporal 1+2/1+3 varying.^[3]

Distribution

An Egyptian cobra at Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens.

The Egyptian cobra ranges across most of North Africa north of the Sahara, across the savannas of West Africa to the south of the Sahara, south to the Congo basin and east to Kenya and Tanzania, and in southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula.^[4]

In zoos

The Egyptian cobra can also be found in captivity at zoos both in and outside of the snake’s natural range. The Giza Zoo^[5] and the San Diego Zoo^[6] as well as the Virginia Aquarium in Virginia Beach, VA include the Egyptian Cobra in their reptile collection.

Bronx Zoo escape

On March 26, 2011, the Bronx Zoo informed the public that their reptile house was closed after a venomous adolescent female Banded Egyptian cobra was discovered missing from its off-exhibit enclosure on March 25.^[7] Zoo officials were confident the missing cobra would be found in the building and not outside, since the Egyptian cobra is known to be uncomfortable in open areas.^[8] The snake's metabolism would also have been impacted by the cold weather outdoors at that time in the Bronx. The cobra was found in a dark corner of the zoo's reptile house on March 31, 2011, in good health.^[9] After a contest, she was named "Mia" for "missing in action."

Habitat

They occur in a wide variety of habitats like, steppes, dry to moist savannas, arid semi-desert regions with some water and vegetation. This species is frequently found near water. The Egyptian cobra is also found in agricultural fields and scrub vegetation. These cobras do also occur in the presence of humans where they often enter houses. They are attracted to the human villages by chickens and rats that are attracted by garbage. There are also notes of Egyptian cobras swimming in the Mediterranean sea, so they seem to like water where they have been found quite often.^[3]^[10]

Behavior and ecology

The Egyptian cobra is a terrestrial and crepuscular or nocturnal species. It can however, be seen basking in the sun at times in the early morning. This species shows a preference for a permanent home base in abandoned animal burrows, termite mounds or rock outcrops. It is an active forager sometimes entering human habitations, especially when hunting domestic fowl. Like other cobra species, it generally attempts to escape when approached, at least for a few metres, but if threatened it assumes the typical upright posture with the hood expanded and strikes. This species prefers to eat toads, but it will prey on small mammals, birds, eggs, lizards and other snakes.^[10] ^[11]

Venom

The venom of the Egyptian cobra consists mainly of neurotoxins and cytotoxins.^[12] The average venom yield is 175 to 300 mg in a single bite, and the murine subcutaneous LD₅₀ value is 1.15 mg/kg.^[13]

The venom affects the nervous system, stopping the nerve signals from being transmitted to the muscles and at later stages stopping those transmitted to the heart and lungs as well, causing death due to complete respiratory failure. Envenomation causes local pain, severe swelling, bruising, blistering, necrosis and variable non-specific effects which may include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, collapse or convulsions along with possible moderate to severe flaccid paralysis. Unlike some other African cobras (for example the Red spitting cobra), this species does not spit venom.^[14]

Other cultures

In Ancient Egyptian culture and history

The Egyptian cobra was represented in Egyptian mythology by the cobra-headed goddess Meretseger. A stylised Egyptian Cobra — in the form of the uraeus representing the goddess Wadjet — was the symbol of sovereignty for the Pharaohs who incorporated it into their diadem. This iconography was continued through the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305 BC–30 BC).

Most ancient sources say that Cleopatra and her two attendants committed suicide by being bitten by an aspis, which translates into English as "asp". The snake was reportedly smuggled into her room in a basket of figs. Plutarch wrote that she performed experiments on condemned prisoners and found aspis venom to be the most painless of all fatal poisons.^[15] This "aspis" was far more likely to be Naja haje (the Egyptian cobra) than any other type of snake. However, the accounts of her apparent suicide have been questioned, since death from this snake's venom is relatively slow and it can cause damage to the tissue sometimes, and the snake is large, so it would be hard to conceal.^[16]

As a pet

The Egyptian cobra garnered increased attention in Canada in the fall of 2006 when a pet cobra became loose and forced the evacuation of a house in Toronto^[17] for more than six months when it was believed to have sought refuge in the home's walls. The owner was fined $17,000 and sentenced to jail.^[18]

Taxonomy

The specific name haje is the transliteration of Arabic حية which is the word for snake or viper. The snouted cobra (Naja annulifera) and Anchieta's cobra (Naja anchietae) were formerly regarded as subspecies of Naja haje, but have since been shown to be distinct species.^[19]^[20] The Arabian populations were long recognised as a separate subspecies, Naja haje arabica, and the black populations from Morocco sometimes as Naja haje legionis. A recent study^[21] found that the Arabian cobra constitutes a separate species, Naja arabica, whereas the subspecies legionis was synonymised with N. haje. The same study also identified the West African savanna populations as a separate species and described it as Naja senegalensis.

References

^ "Naje haje haje". ITIS Standard Report Page. ITIS.gov. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ Wuster, Wolfgang; Wallach, Van; Broadley, Donald G. (2009). "In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa 2236 (1): 26–36. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mastenbroek, Richard. "Captive Care of the Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje)" (PDF). Devenomized. www.devenomized.com. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ Spawls, Stephen; Branch, Bill (1995). Dangerous Snakes of Africa. London, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-2394-7.
^ "Egyptian cobra". Gizazoo-eg.com. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ "Reptiles: Cobra Quick Facts". http://www.sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 14 January 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Gootman, Elissa; Kilgannon, Corey (31 March 2011). "Bronx Zoo Cobra Found Alive". The New York Times.
^ Kevin Dolak (27 March 2011). "Bronx Zoo Reptile House Closed After Poisonous Snake Goes Missing". ABC News. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ staff and wire (31 March 2011). "Missing Bronx Zoo cobra found, officials confirm". MSNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Naja haje - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms". WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ Filippi, E., Petretto, M, Naja haje (Egyptian Cobra) Diet/Ophiophagy in Herpetological Review 2013; 44: 155-156
^ Joubert, FJ; Taljaard N (October 1978). "Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Some properties and the complete primary structure of three toxins (CM-2, CM-11 and CM-12).". European Journal of Biochemistry 90 (2): 359–367. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12612.x. PMID 710433. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ Fry, Dr. Bryan Grieg. "Sub-cutaneous LD-50s". Australian Venom Research Unit. University of Queensland. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ Bogert, C.M. (1943) Dentitional phenomena in cobras and other elapids with notes on adaptive modifications of fangs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 81, 285–360.
^ Plutarch Parallel Lives, "Life of Antony"
^ Richard Girling Cleopatra and the asp The Times November 28, 2004
^ "CBC: Escaped venomous cobra in Toronto wanted dead or alive". Cbc.ca. 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2013-08-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ "CBC: Owner of deadly pet cobra jailed, fined $1,000,000". Cbc.ca. 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2013-08-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ Broadley, D.G. (1995) The snouted cobra, Naja annulifera, a valid species in southern Africa. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa, 44, 26–32.
^ Broadley, D.G. & Wüster, W. (2004) A review of the southern African ‘non-spitting’ cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja). African Journal of Herpetology, 53, 101–122.
^ Trape, J.-F., L. Chirio, D.G. Broadley & W. Wüster (2009) Phylogeography and systematic revision of the Egyptian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja haje) species complex, with the description of a new species from West Africa. Zootaxa 2236: 1-25.

External links

Cobra Envenomation at eMedicine
Egyptian Cobra

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Genes for extremes.

Pennisi E.
Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1160-1. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6163.1160.
PMID 24311656

Molecular evolution of vertebrate neurotrophins: co-option of the highly conserved nerve growth factor gene into the advanced snake venom arsenalf.

Sunagar K, Fry BG, Jackson TN, Casewell NR, Undheim EA, Vidal N, Ali SA, King GF, Vasudevan K, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A.Author information CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.AbstractNeurotrophins are a diverse class of structurally related proteins, essential for neuronal development, survival, plasticity and regeneration. They are characterized by major family members, such as the nerve growth factors (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), which have been demonstrated here to lack coding sequence variations and follow the regime of negative selection, highlighting their extremely important conserved role in vertebrate homeostasis. However, in stark contrast, venom NGF secreted as part of the chemical arsenal of the venomous advanced snake family Elapidae (and to a lesser extent Viperidae) have characteristics consistent with the typical accelerated molecular evolution of venom components. This includes a rapid rate of diversification under the significant influence of positive-selection, with the majority of positively-selected sites found in the secreted β-polypeptide chain (74%) and on the molecular surface of the protein (92%), while the core structural and functional residues remain highly constrained. Such focal mutagenesis generates active residues on the toxin molecular surface, which are capable of interacting with novel biological targets in prey to induce a myriad of pharmacological effects. We propose that caenophidian NGFs could participate in prey-envenoming by causing a massive release of chemical mediators from mast cells to mount inflammatory reactions and increase vascular permeability, thereby aiding the spread of other toxins and/or by acting as proapoptotic factors. Despite their presence in reptilian venom having been known for over 60 years, this is the first evidence that venom-secreted NGF follows the molecular evolutionary pattern of other venom components, and thus likely participates in prey-envenomation.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Nov 29;8(11):e81827. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081827.
Neurotrophins are a diverse class of structurally related proteins, essential for neuronal development, survival, plasticity and regeneration. They are characterized by major family members, such as the nerve growth factors (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3),
PMID 24312363

Proteomic analysis of Moroccan cobra Naja haje legionis venom using tandem mass spectrometry.

Malih I1, Ahmad Rusmili MR2, Tee TY2, Saile R3, Ghalim N4, Othman I2.Author information 1Venom and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Hassan II University Mohammedia - Casablanca, Faculty of Science Ben M'sik, Morocco. Electronic address: ibtissam.malih@gmail.com.2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Malaysia.3Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Hassan II University Mohammedia - Casablanca, Faculty of Science Ben M'sik, Morocco.4Venom and Toxins Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.AbstractThe proteome of the venom of Naja haje legionis, the only medically important elapid species in Morocco, has been elucidated by using a combination of proteomic techniques that includes size exclusion chromatography, reverse-phase HPLC, Tricine/SDS-Page, tryptic digestion, Q-TOF tandem mass spectrometry and database search. The sequence analysis of venom fractions revealed a highly complex venom proteome which counts a total of 76 proteins identified from database that can be assigned into 9 proteins families. We report the identification of: cobra venom factor (CVF), l-amino-acid oxidases (LAAO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP), cysteine rich secretory proteins (CRISP), venom nerve growth factor (vNGF), phospholipases A2 (PLA2), vespryns, kunitz-type inhibitor, short neurotoxins, long neurotoxins, weak neurotoxins, neurotoxin like proteins, muscarinic toxins, cardiotoxins and cytotoxins. Comparison of these proteins showed high sequence homology with proteins from other African and Asian cobras. Further works are needed to assess the contribution of individual toxins in venom toxicity.
Journal of proteomics.J Proteomics.2013 Nov 22;96C:240-252. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.012. [Epub ahead of print]
The proteome of the venom of Naja haje legionis, the only medically important elapid species in Morocco, has been elucidated by using a combination of proteomic techniques that includes size exclusion chromatography, reverse-phase HPLC, Tricine/SDS-Page, tryptic digestion, Q-TOF tandem mass spectrom
PMID 24269350

Japanese Journal

Scales Microstructure of Snakes from the Egyptian Area

Allam Ahmed A.,Abo-Eleneen Rasha E.
Zoological science 29(11), 770-775, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019472168

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Micrurus」「エジプトコブラ」「Elapidae」「mamba」
関連記事	「Naja」

「Micrurus」

Egyptian cobra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Elapidae
Genus:	Naja
Species:	N. haje
Binomial name
	Naja haje; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Distribution of the Egyptian Cobra
Synonyms
	Coluber haje Linnaeus, 1758; Vipera haje Daudin, 1803; Naja haje Merrem, 1820