| Sea-lavender |
|
| Limonium perezii at the San Francisco Botanical Garden |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Core eudicots |
| Order: |
Caryophyllales |
| Family: |
Plumbaginaceae |
| Genus: |
Limonium
Mill. |
| Species |
|
About 120-150 species; see text
|
Limonium is a genus of 120 flower species. Members are also known as Sea Lavender, Statice, or Marsh-rosemary. Limonium is in Plumbaginaceae, the plumbago or leadwort family. Despite their common names, species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary.
The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. By far the greatest diversity (over 100 species) is in the area stretching from Canary Islands east through the Mediterranean region to central Asia; for comparison, North America only has 3 native species.[1]
Sea-lavenders normally grow as herbaceous perennial plants, growing 10–70 cm tall from a rhizome; a few (mainly from the Canary Islands) are woody shrubs up to 2 m tall. Many species flourish in saline soils, and are therefore common near coasts and in salt marshes, and also on saline, gypsum and alkaline soils in continental interiors.
The leaves are simple, entire to lobed, and from 1–30 cm long and 0.5–10 cm broad; most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette, with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale-leaves (bracts). The flowers are produced on a branched panicle or corymb, the individual flowers small (4–10 mm long) with a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens; the flower colour is pink, violet to purple in most species, white or yellow in a few. Many of the species are apomictic. The fruit is a small capsule containing a single seed, partly enclosed by the persistent calyx.
Several species are popular garden flowers; they are generally known to gardeners as statices. They are grown both for their flowers, and for the appearance of the calyx, which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen, and are known as "everlasting flowers".
Species[edit]
There are between 120-150 species in the genus, many of them local endemic species with a very restricted range. Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as "Sea-lavender", "Statice," or "Marsh-rosemary".
- Limonium aragonense (Monegros, endemic)
- Limonium arborescens (Tree Limonium; Tenerife, endemic)
- Limonium aureum (central Asia: Siberia, Mongolia, northwest China)
- Limonium auriculaeursifolium (Alderney Sea-lavender; southwest Europe, northwest Africa)
- Limonium australe (Australia)
- Limonium bellidifolium (Matted Sea-lavender; Europe, southwest Asia)
- Limonium bicolor (Mongolia, northwest China)
- Limonium binervosum (Rock Sea-lavender; western Europe)
- Limonium bourgaei (Lanzarote, endemic)
- Limonium brassicifolium (Canary Islands)
- Limonium caesium (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium californicum (California Sea-lavender; western North America, Oregon to Baja California)
- Limonium callianthum (western China: Xinjiang)
- Limonium cancelatum (eastern Mediterranean Croatia)
- Limonium carolinianum (Carolina Sea-lavender; eastern North America, Newfoundland to Bermuda, Florida and Tamaulipas; syn. L. angustatum, L. nashii)
- Limonium caspium (central Europe east to central Asia)
- Limonium chrysocomum (central Asia)
- Limonium confusum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium congestum (central Asia)
- Limonium coralloides (central Asia)
- Limonium cordatum (central Mediterranean)
- Limonium cosyrense (eastern Mediterranean)
- Limonium delicatulum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium dichroanthum (central Asia)
- Limonium dielsianum (western China: Gansu, Qinghai)
- Limonium dregeanum (Natal Statice; South Africa)
- Limonium echioides (Mediterranean)
- Limonium emarginatum (southern Spain)
- Limonium ferulaceum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium flexuosum (central Asia)
- Limonium franchetii (east coastal China)
- Limonium fruticans (Tenerife, endemic)
- Limonium gmelinii (eastern Europe, northern Asia, Siberia)
- Limonium gougetianum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium humile (Lax-flowered Sea-lavender; northwest Europe)
- Limonium imbricatum (Tenerife, endemic)
- Limonium insigne (southeast Spain, endemic)
- Limonium kaschgaricum (central Asia)
- Limonium iranicum (Iran)[2]
- Limonium lacostei (western China, Tibet, Kashmir)
- Limonium latifolium (German Statice; central and southeast Europe)
- Limonium leptolobum (central Asia)
- Limonium leptostachyum (Statice; central Asia)
- Limonium lilacinum (central Turkey, endemic)
- Limonium limbatum (Transpecos Sea-lavender; interior southwest United States)
- Limonium macrophyllum (Tenerife)
- Limonium macropterum (Canary Islands)
- Limonium macrorhabdos (Ladakh)
- Limonium minutum (southeast France, endemic)
- Limonium mouretii (Morocco)
- Limonium myrianthum (central Asia)
- Limonium ornatum (Morocco)
- Limonium otolepis (Saltmarsh Sea-lavender; southwest and central Asia)
- Limonium paradoxum (Great Britain, Ireland,[3] endemic)
- Limonium paulayanum (Yemen, endemic)
- Limonium pectinatum (Canary Islands)
- Limonium peregrinum (South Africa)
- Limonium perezii (Perez's Sea-lavender; Canary Islands)
Limonium perezii from the Canary Islands is naturalised in California
- Limonium potaninii (western China: Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu)
- Limonium preauxii (Canary Islands)
- Limonium puberulum (Canary Islands)
- Limonium ramosissimum (Mediterranean)
- Limonium reniforme (Kidneyleaf Sea-lavender; Iran)
- Limonium rezniczenkoanum (central Asia)
- Limonium sieberi (eastern Mediterranean)
- Limonium sinense (eastern Asia coasts: China, Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam)
- Limonium sinuatum (Wavyleaf Sea-lavender; Mediterranean)
- Limonium sokotranum (Yemen, endemic)
- Limonium solanderi (Australia)
- Limonium spathulatum (Mediterranean)
- Limonium spectabile (Canary islands)
- Limonium strictissimum (Mediterranean: France, Italy)
- Limonium suffruticosum (western and central Asia)
- Limonium tenellum (Mongolia, northwest China)
- Limonium tetragonum (Autumn Statice or Square-stem Statice; eastern Asia south to New Caledonia)
- Limonium thouinii (Mediterranean)
- Limonium tomentellum (Black Sea region)
- Limonium virgatum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium vulgare (Common Sea-lavender; western Europe, northwest Africa)
- Limonium wrightii (Japan, Taiwan)
Some species formerly included in Limonium, e.g. L. tataricum, have now been transferred to the separate genus Goniolimon.
Sources[edit]
- ^ Flora of North America
- ^ Mozaffarian, V. 1996. A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian. Tehran: Farhang-e Moʻaser.
- ^ Flora Europaea
External links[edit]
|
Sources of tannins
|
|
Sources of
condensed tannins |
- Areca catechu seed
- Broad bean
- Grape
- Mimosa bark
- Myrtan or black marlock
- Quebracho wood
|
|
Sources of
hydrolysable tannins |
- Chestnut wood
- Dhawa
- Myrobalan fruit
- Oak bark
- Oak wood
- Valonia oak
- Sumac
- Tanner's sumach leaves - Rhus coriaria or Chinese gall on Rhus chinensis
- Tara pod
|
|
| Other sources |
|
Barks
|
- Acacias
- Alder
- Avaram
- Babul
- Birch
- Button mangrove
- Hemlock
- Larch
- Mangrove
- Pine
- Spruce
- Urunday
- Willow
|
|
|
Leaves
|
|
|
|
Roots
|
- Canaigre
- Garouille
- Sea lavender
|
|
|
Woods
|
|
|
|
Fruit
|
- Divi-divi pod
- Sant pod
- Teri pod
|
|
|
Galls
|
|
|
|
Whole plant
|
- Prosopis sp. bark and wood
- Prosopis humilis
- Prosopis nigra
- Tanoak
- Tizra heartwood and root
|
|
|
| General |
|
|
