| Enteroendocrine cells |
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Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells
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| Details |
| Latin |
endocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici |
| Identifiers |
| MeSH |
Enteroendocrine+cells |
| Code |
TH H3.04.02.0.00024
TH H3.08.01.0.00003 |
| Anatomical terminology |
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses.[1][2] Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body.[3][4][5] In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses.[6][7] Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas.
Contents
- 1 Intestinal enteroendocrine cells
- 1.1 K cell
- 1.2 L cell
- 1.3 I cell
- 1.4 G cell
- 1.5 Enterochromaffin cell
- 1.6 N cell
- 1.7 S cell
- 2 Gastric enteroendocrine cells
- 3 Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells
- 4 Pathology
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract.[8]
Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon.[9]
K cell
K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage.[10]
L cell
L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, PYY peptide YY, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum.[11]
I cell
I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and are located in the duodenum and jejunum. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety. [12]
G cell
Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. [13]
Enterochromaffin cell
Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. [14]
N cell
Located in the jejunum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction.[15]
S cell
S cells secrete secretin from the duodenum and jejunum, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. [12]
Gastric enteroendocrine cells
Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which gastrin stimulates.
Other hormones produced include cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin.[9][16]
Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells
Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. The autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect.[17]
Other hormones produced include somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin and ghrelin.
Pathology
Rare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones.[2][18]
See also
- APUD cells
- Neuroendocrine tumors
References
- ^ Rehfeld, Jens F (1998). "The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones". Physiol. Rev 78: 1087–1108.
- ^ a b Solcia, E; Capella, C; Buffa, R; Usellini, L; Fiocca, R; Frigerio, B; Tenti, P; Sessa, F (1981). "The diffuse endocrine-paracrine system of the gut in health and disease: ultrastructural features.". Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement 70: 25–36. PMID 6118945.
- ^ Ahlman, H; Nilsson, (2001). "The gut as the largest endocrine organ in the body." (PDF). Annals of Oncology. 12 Suppl 2 (suppl 2): S63–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/12.suppl_2.s63. PMID 11762354.
- ^ Schonhoff, SE; Giel-Moloney, M; Leiter, AB (June 2004). "Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells.". Endocrinology 145 (6): 2639–44. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0051. PMID 15044355.
- ^ Moran, G. W.; Leslie, F. C.; Levison, S. E.; McLaughlin, J. T. (1 July 2008). "Review: Enteroendocrine cells: Neglected players in gastrointestinal disorders?". Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 1 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1177/1756283X08093943. PMC 3002486. PMID 21180514.
- ^ Sternini, C; Anselmi, L; Rozengurt, E (February 2008). "Enteroendocrine cells: a site of 'taste' in gastrointestinal chemosensing.". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15 (1): 73–8. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f43a73. PMC 2943060. PMID 18185066.
- ^ Sternini, C (February 2007). "Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. IV. Functional implications of bitter taste receptors in gastrointestinal chemosensing.". American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 292 (2): G457–61. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2006. PMID 17095755.
- ^ Sternini, Catia; Anselmi, Laura; Rozengurt, Enrique (1 February 2008). "Enteroendocrine cells: a site of ‘taste’ in gastrointestinal chemosensing". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f43a73. PMC 2943060. PMID 18185066.
- ^ a b Krause, WJ; Yamada, J; Cutts, JH (June 1985). "Quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum, Didelphis virginiana." (PDF). Journal of anatomy 140 (4): 591–605. PMC 1165084. PMID 4077699.
- ^ Parker, H. E.; Habib, A.M.; Rogers, G.J.; Gribble, F.M.; Reimann, F. (2009). "Nutrient-dependent secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine K cells.". Diabetologia 52 (2): 289–298. doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1202-x. PMID 19082577.
- ^ Drucker DJ, Nauck MA (2006). "The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes" (PDF). The Lancet 368 (9548): 1696–1705. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69705-5. PMID 17098089.
- ^ a b Brubaker, P. (2012). "A beautiful cell (or two or three?).". Endocrinology 153 (7): 2945–8. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1549. PMID 22730282.
- ^ Friis-Hansen, L (1998). "Impaired Gastric Acid Secretion in Gastrin-deficient Mice". Am J Physiol 274 (3): G561-568. PMID 9530158.
- ^ Orsmbee, H.S.; Fondacaro, J. D.3919396 (1985). "Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract.". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 178 (3): 333–8. PMID 3919396.
- ^ Kitabgi, P; Freychet, P (1978). "Effects of neurotensin on isolated intestinal smooth muscles.". Eur J Pharmacol 50 (4): 348-57. PMID 699961.
- ^ Zverkov, IV; Vinogradov, VA; Smagin, VG (October 1983). "Endorphin-containing cells in the gastric antral mucosa in duodenal ulcer.". Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny 96 (10): 32–4. PMID 6194833.
- ^ Kiba, T (August 2004). "Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration and apoptosis: recent developments.". Pancreas 29 (2): e51–8. doi:10.1097/00006676-200408000-00019. PMID 15257115.
- ^ Warner, RR (May 2005). "Enteroendocrine tumors other than carcinoid: a review of clinically significant advances.". Gastroenterology 128 (6): 1668–84. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.078. PMID 15887158.
External links
- Enteroendocrine cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Histology image: 11604loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Endocrine System: duodenum, enteroendocrine cells"
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Physiology of the gastrointestinal system
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| GI tract |
| Upper |
| Exocrine |
- Chief cells
- Parietal cells
- Gastric acid
- Intrinsic factor
- Foveolar cells
- Goblet cells
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| Processes |
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| Fluids |
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| Lower |
| Enteric nervous system |
- Submucous plexus
- Myenteric plexus
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| Endocrine/paracrine |
- G cells
- D cells
- ECL cells
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| enterogastrone: |
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- Enteroendocrine cells
- Enterochromaffin cell
- APUD cell
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| Fluids |
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| Processes |
- Segmentation contractions
- Migrating motor complex
- Borborygmus
- Defecation
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| Either/both |
| Processes |
- Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal
- Basal electrical rhythm)
- Gastrocolic reflex
- Digestion
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| Accessory |
| Fluids |
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| Processes |
- Enterohepatic circulation
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| Abdominopelvic |
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Index of digestion
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Gluten sensitivity
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anabolic steroids
- antacids
- diarrhoea and infection
- bile and liver
- functional gastrointestinal disorders
- laxatives
- peptic ulcer and reflux
- nausea and vomiting
- other
- Surgery
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Cells in humans derived from endoderm
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| Foregut |
| Respiratory |
- Pneumocyte
- Club cell
- Goblet cell
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| Digestive |
| Stomach |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- G cell
- Delta cell
- Enterochromaffin-like cell
- Gastric chief cell
- Parietal cell
- Foveolar cell
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| Intestine |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
- S cell
- Delta cell
- Cholecystokinin
- Goblet cell
- Paneth cell
- Enterocyte
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| Liver |
- Hepatocyte
- Hepatic stellate cell
- (Kupffer cell from mesoderm)
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| Gallbladder |
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| Exocrine pancreas |
- Centroacinar cell
- Pancreatic stellate cell
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| Islets of Langerhans |
- alpha cell
- beta cell
- delta cell
- F cell(PP cell
- epsilon cell
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| Pharyngeal pouch |
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Parathyroid chief cell
- Oxyphil cell
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| Hindgut/cloaca |
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Index of developmental medicine
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| Description |
- Embryology
- Cell lines
- Stem cells
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
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| Disease |
- Due to toxins
- Syndromes
- Chromosomal
- Neonate
- Twins
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Anatomy of the endocrine system
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| Pituitary gland |
| Anterior |
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis
- Acidophil cell
- Somatotropic cell
- Prolactin cell
- Basophil cell
- Corticotropic cell
- Gonadotropic cell
- Thyrotropic cell
- Chromophobe cell
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| Posterior |
- Pars nervosa
- Median eminence
- Stalk
- Pituicyte
- Herring bodies
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| Thyroid gland |
- Thyroid isthmus
- Follicular cell
- Parafollicular cell
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| Parathyroid gland |
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| Adrenal gland |
| Cortex |
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
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| Medulla |
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| Gonads |
- Testicle
- Ovary
- Theca interna
- Granulosa cell
- Corpus luteum
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| Islets of pancreas |
- Alpha cell
- Beta cell
- PP cell
- Delta cell
- Epsilon cell
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| Pineal gland |
- Pinealocyte
- Corpora arenacea
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| Other |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paraganglia
- Placenta
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Index of hormones
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| Description |
- Glands
- Hormones
- thyroid
- mineralocorticoids
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Diabetes
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- calcium balance
- corticosteroids
- oral hypoglycemics
- pituitary and hypothalamic
- thyroid
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