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a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.); one of the four major types of cancer

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Kansas
肉腫(にくしゅ)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/01 21:32:03」(JST)

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Kaposi sarcoma (/ˈkæpəʃi sɑːrˈkoʊmə/; KS) is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or KS agent. It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi, a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872.^[1] It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s. The viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994.^[2] Although KS is now well-established to be caused by a viral infection, there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for KSHV/HHV-8 infection.^[3]

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a systemic disease that can present with cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement. Four subtypes have been described: Classic KS, affecting middle aged men of Mediterranean descent; African endemic KS; KS in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients; and AIDS-related KS. The erythematous to violaceous cutaneous lesions seen in KS have several morphologies: macular, patch, plaque, nodular, and exophytic. The cutaneous lesions can be solitary, localized or disseminated. KS can involve the oral cavity, lymph nodes, and viscera. Classic KS tends to be indolent, presenting with erythematous or violaceous patches on the lower extremities. African endemic KS and AIDS-related KS tend to be more aggressive. The AIDS-related KS lesions often rapidly progress to plaques and nodules affecting the upper trunk, face, and oral mucosa. The diagnosis can be made with a tissue biopsy and, if clinically indicated, internal imaging should be done.

Once the diagnosis of KS has been made, treatment is based on the subtype and the presence of localized versus systemic disease. Localized cutaneous disease can be treated with cryotherapy, intralesional injections of vinblastine, alitretinoin gel, radiotherapy, topical immunotherapy (Imiquimod), or surgical excision. Extensive cutaneous disease and/or internal disease may require intravenous chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Discontinuation or reduction of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended when KS arises in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression. However, with AIDS-related KS, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to prevent, or induce regression of KS. Some AIDS patients have complete resolution of the lesions and prolonged remission while continuing the therapy. Therefore, HAART should be considered first-line treatment for these patients, though they may require other treatments at the same time.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Classification

An example of Kaposi's sarcoma

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called HHV-8, is responsible for all varieties of KS. Since Moritz Kaposi first described this malignant neoplasm, the disease has been reported in five separate clinical settings, with different presentations, epidemiology, and prognoses.^[9]^:599 All of these forms are infected with KSHV and are different manifestations of the same disease but have differences in clinical aggressiveness, prognosis and treatment.

Classic Kaposi sarcoma most commonly appears early on the toes and soles as reddish, violaceous, or bluish-black macules and patches that spread and coalesce to form nodules or plaques.^[9]^:599 A small percentage of these patients may have visceral lesions. In most cases the treatment involves surgical removal of the lesion. The condition tends to be indolent and chronic, affecting elderly men from the Mediterranean region, Arabian countries^[10] or of Eastern European descent. Countries bordering the Mediterranean basin have higher rates of KSHV/HHV-8 infection than the remainder of Europe.^[11]^[12]
Endemic KS, which has two types. Although this may be present worldwide, it has been originally described later in young African people, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa. This variant is not related to HIV infection and is a more aggressive disease that infiltrates the skin extensively.^[13]^[14]
- 'African lymphadenopathic Kaposi sarcoma is aggressive, occurring in children under 10 years of age, presenting with lymph node involvement, with or without skin lesions.^[9]^:599 These lesions are not related to HIV infection.^[15]^[16]
- African cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma presents with nodular, infiltrative, vascular masses on the extremities, mostly in men between the ages of 20 and 50, and is endemic in tropical Africa.^[9]^:599 These lesions are not related to HIV infection.^[15]^[16]
Immunosuppression-associated Kaposi sarcoma had been described, but only rarely until the advent of calcineurin inhibitors (such as ciclosporines, which are inhibitors of T-cell function) for transplant patients in the 1980s, when its incidence grew rapidly. The tumor arises either when an HHV 8-infected organ is transplanted into someone who has not been exposed to the virus or when the transplant recipient already harbors pre-existing HHV 8 infection.^[17]^[18] Unlike classic Kaposi sarcoma, the site of presentation is more variable.^[9]^:600

An HIV-positive patient presented with an intraoral Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion with an overlying candidiasis infection

AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma typically presents with cutaneous lesions that begin as one or several red to purple-red macules, rapidly progressing to papules, nodules, and plaques, with a predilection for the head, back, neck, trunk, and mucous membranes. In more advanced cases, they can be found in the stomach and intestines, the lymph nodes, and the lungs.^[9]^:599 KS-AIDS stimulated the greatest interest as one of the first illnesses associated with AIDS, and was first described in 1981.^[19]^[20]^[21] It is over 300 times more common in AIDS patients than in renal transplant recipients. In this case, HHV 8 is sexually transmitted among people also at risk for sexually transmitted HIV infection.^[22]

Signs and symptoms

KS lesions are nodules or blotches that may be red, purple, brown, or black, and are usually papular (in other words, palpable or raised).

They are typically found on the skin, but spread elsewhere is common, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. Growth can range from very slow to explosively fast, and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity.^[23]

Skin

Commonly affected areas include the lower limbs, back, face, mouth, and genitalia. The lesions are usually as described above, but may occasionally be plaque-like (often on the soles of the feet) or even involved in skin breakdown with resulting fungating lesions. Associated swelling may be from either local inflammation or lymphoedema (obstruction of local lymphatic vessels by the lesion). Skin lesions may be quite disfiguring for the sufferer, and a cause of much psychosocial pathology.

Mouth

The mouth is involved in about 30% of cases, and is the initial site in 15% of AIDS-related KS. In the mouth, the hard palate is most frequently affected, followed by the gums.^[24] Lesions in the mouth may be easily damaged by chewing and bleed or suffer secondary infection, and even interfere with eating or speaking.

Gastrointestinal tract

Involvement can be common in those with transplant-related or AIDS-related KS, and it may occur in the absence of skin involvement. The gastrointestinal lesions may be silent or cause weight loss, pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding (either vomiting blood or passing it with bowel motions), malabsorption, or intestinal obstruction.^[25]

Respiratory tract

Involvement of the airway can present with shortness of breath, fever, cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), or chest pain, or as an incidental finding on chest x-ray.^[26] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by bronchoscopy when the lesions are directly seen, and often biopsied.

Transmission

In Europe and North America, KSHV is transmitted through saliva. Thus, kissing is a theoretical risk factor for transmission. Higher rates of transmission among gay and bisexual men have been attributed to "deep kissing" sexual partners with KSHV.^[27] Another alternative theory suggests that use of saliva as a sexual lubricant might be a major mode for transmission. Prudent advice is to use commercial lubricants when needed and avoid deep kissing with partners with KSHV infection or whose status is unknown.

KSHV is also transmissible via organ transplantation^[28] and blood transfusion.^[7] Testing for the virus before these procedures is likely to effectively limit iatrogenic transmission.

Pathology and diagnosis

Micrograph of a Kaposi sarcoma showing the characteristic spindle cells, high vascularity and intracellular hyaline globs. H&E stain.

Despite its name, in general it is not considered a true sarcoma,^[29]^[30] which is a tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue. The histogenesis of KS remains controversial.^[31] According to some, KS arises as a cancer of lymphatic endothelium^{[citation needed]} and forms vascular channels that fill with blood cells, giving the tumor its characteristic bruise-like appearance. KSHV proteins are uniformly detected in KS cancer cells.

KS lesions contain tumor cells with a characteristic abnormal elongated shape, called spindle cells. The most typical feature of Kaposi sarcoma is the presence of spindle cells forming slits containing red blood cells. Mitotic activity is only moderate and pleomorphism is usually absent.^[32] The tumor is highly vascular, containing abnormally dense and irregular blood vessels, which leak red blood cells into the surrounding tissue and give the tumor its dark color. Inflammation around the tumor may produce swelling and pain. Variously sized PAS positive hyaline bodies are often seen in the cytoplasm or sometimes extracellularly.

The spindle cells of Kaposi sarcoma differentiate toward endothelial cells, probably of lymph vessel rather than blood vessel nature.^[33] The consistent immunoreactivity for podoplanin supports the lymphatic nature of the lesion.

HHV8 is present in almost 100% of Kaposi sarcoma lesions, whether HIV-related, classic, endemic, or iatrogenic.^[34]

Although KS may be suspected from the appearance of lesions and the patient's risk factors, definite diagnosis can be made only by biopsy and microscopic examination. Detection of the KSHV protein LANA in tumor cells confirms the diagnosis.

In differential diagnosis, arteriovenous malformations, pyogenic granuloma and other vascular proliferations can be microscopically confused with KS.^[35]

Prevention

Blood tests to detect antibodies against KSHV have been developed and can be used to determine whether a person is at risk for transmitting infection to their sexual partner, or whether an organ is infected prior to transplantation. However, these tests are not available except as research tools, and, thus, there is little screening for persons at risk for becoming infected with KSHV, such as people following a transplant.

Treatment

Kaposi sarcoma is not curable (in the usual sense of the word), but it can often be treatable for many years. In KS associated with immunodeficiency or immunosuppression, treating the cause of the immune system dysfunction can slow or stop the progression of KS. In 40% or more of peoples with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma, the Kaposi lesions will shrink upon first starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, in a certain percentage of such people, Kaposi sarcoma may again grow after a number of years on HAART, especially if HIV is not completely suppressed.

People with a few local lesions can often be treated with local measures such as radiation therapy or cryosurgery.^[36]^[37] Weak evidence suggests that antiretroviral therapy in combination with chemotherapy is more effective than either of those two therapies individually.^[38] In general, surgery is not recommended, as Kaposi sarcoma can appear in wound edges. In general, more widespread disease, or disease affecting internal organs, is treated with systemic therapy with interferon alpha, liposomal anthracyclines (such as Doxil) or paclitaxel.^{[citation needed]}

Reactivation

KSHV has been shown to be reactivated from latency by IL-4 in vitro.,^[39] which may be produced during infection, in a laboratory test in mice infected with helminths, the related virus reactivated due to immune signal IL-4 in vivo.

Epidemiology

With the decrease in the death rate among people with HIV/AIDS receiving new treatments in the 1990s, the rates and severity of epidemic KS also decreased. However, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS is increasing in the United States, and it is possible that the number of people with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma will again rise as these people live longer with HIV infection.

Awareness

It has been reported that only 6% of men who have sex with men are aware that KS is caused by a virus different from HIV.^[3] Thus, there is little community effort to prevent KSHV infection. Likewise, no systematic screening of organ donations is in place.

In people with AIDS, Kaposi sarcoma is considered an opportunistic infection, a disease that is able to gain a foothold in the body because the immune system has been weakened. With the rise of HIV/AIDS in Africa, where KSHV is widespread, KS has become the most frequently reported cancer in some countries.

Because of their highly visible nature, external lesions are sometimes the presenting symptom of AIDS. Kaposi sarcoma entered the awareness of the general public with the release of the film Philadelphia, in which the main character was fired after his employers found out he was HIV-positive due to visible lesions. By the time KS lesions appear, it is likely that the immune system has already been severely weakened.

References

^ Kaposi, M (1872). "Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut". Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis 4 (2): 265–273. doi:10.1007/BF01830024.
^ Chang, Y.; Cesarman, E.; Pessin, M. S.; Lee, F.; Culpepper, J.; Knowles, D. M.; Moore, P. S. (1994). "Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma". Science 266 (5192): 1865–1869. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1865C. doi:10.1126/science.7997879. PMID 7997879.
^ ^a ^b Phillips AM, Jones AG, Osmond DH, Pollack LM, Catania JA, Martin JN; Jones; Osmond; Pollack; Catania; Martin (July 2008). "Awareness of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus among Men who Have Sex with Men". Sex Transm Dis 35 (12): 1011–4. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318182c91f (inactive 2015-02-02). PMC 2593118. PMID 18665016.
^ Antman, K.; Chang, Y. (2000). "Kaposi's Sarcoma". New England Journal of Medicine 342 (14): 1027–1038. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004063421407. PMID 10749966.
^ Cattelan, A. M.; Calabrò, M. L.; De Rossi, A.; Aversa, S. M.; Barbierato, M.; Trevenzoli, M.; Gasperini, P.; Zanchetta, M.; Cadrobbi, P.; Monfardini, S.; Chieco-Bianchi, L. (2005). "Long-term clinical outcome of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma during highly active antiretroviral therapy". International journal of oncology 27 (3): 779–785. PMID 16077928.
^ Cáceres, W.; Cruz-Amy, M.; Díaz-Meléndez, V. (2010). "AIDS-related malignancies: Revisited". Puerto Rico health sciences journal 29 (1): 70–75. PMID 20222338.
^ ^a ^b Hladik, W.; Dollard, S. C.; Mermin, J.; Fowlkes, A. L.; Downing, R.; Amin, M. M.; Banage, F.; Nzaro, E.; Kataaha, P.; Dondero, T. J.; Pellett, P. E.; Lackritz, E. M. (2006). "Transmission of Human Herpesvirus 8 by Blood Transfusion". New England Journal of Medicine 355 (13): 1331–1338. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055009. PMID 17005950.
^ Schwartz, R.; Micali, G.; Nasca, M.; Scuderi, L. (2008). "Kaposi sarcoma: A continuing conundrum". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 59 (2): 179–206; quiz 207–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.001. PMID 18638627.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
^ Kumar P (2011). "Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma in Arabs – Widening ethnic involvement". J Can Res Ther 7: 92–4. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.80456. PMID 21546753.
^ Iscovich, J; Boffetta, P; Winkelmann, R; Brennan, P; Azizi, E (Oct 22, 1998). "Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Jews living in Israel, 1961-1989: a population-based incidence study". AIDS 12 (15): 2067–72. doi:10.1097/00002030-199815000-00019. PMID 9814876.
^ Fenig, E; Brenner, B; Rakowsky, E; Lapidoth, M; Katz, A; Sulkes, A (October 1998). "Classic Kaposi sarcoma: experience at Rabin Medical Center in Israel". Am J Clin Oncol 21 (5): 498–500. doi:10.1097/00000421-199810000-00016. PMID 9781608.
^ Cook-Mozaffari, P; Newton, R; Beral, V; Burkitt, DP (December 1998). "The geographical distribution of Kaposi sarcoma and of lymphomas in Africa before the AIDS epidemic". Br J Cancer 78 (11): 1521–8. doi:10.1038/bjc.1998.717. PMC 2063225. PMID 9836488.
^ Olsen, SJ; Chang, Y; Moore, PS; Biggar, RJ; Melbye, M (October 1998). "Increasing Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seroprevalence with age in a highly Kaposi sarcoma endemic region, Zambia in 1985" (PDF). AIDS 12 (14): 1921–5. doi:10.1097/00002030-199814000-00024. PMID 9792393.
^ ^a ^b Cook-Mozaffari, P; Newton, R; Beral, V; Burkitt, DP (December 1998). "The geographical distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma and of lymphomas in Africa before the AIDS epidemic". Br J Cancer 78 (11): 1521–8. doi:10.1038/bjc.1998.717. PMC 2063225. PMID 9836488.
^ ^a ^b Olsen, SJ; Chang, Y; Moore, PS; Biggar, RJ; Melbye, M (October 1998). "Increasing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seroprevalence with age in a highly Kaposi's sarcoma endemic region, Zambia in 1985" (PDF). AIDS 12 (14): 1921–5. doi:10.1097/00002030-199814000-00024. PMID 9792393.
^ Qunibi, W; Al-Furayh, O; Almeshari, K; Lin, SF; Sun, R; Heston, L; Ross, D; Rigsby, M; Miller, G (Feb 27, 1998). "Serologic association of human herpesvirus eight with posttransplant Kaposi sarcoma in Saudi Arabia". Transplantation 65 (4): 583–5. doi:10.1097/00007890-199802270-00024. PMID 9500639.
^ Luppi, Mario; Barozzi, P; Schulz, TF; Setti, G; Staskus, K; Trovato, R; Narni, F; Donelli, A; Maiorana, A; et al. (Nov 9, 2000). "Bone marrow failure associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection after transplantation". N Engl J Med 343 (19): 1378–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011093431905. PMID 11070102.
^ Schwartz, Robert A.; SP Borkovic (1994). "Kaposi's sarcoma presenting in a homosexual man — a new and striking phenomenon". Ariz Med 38 (12): 902–4. PMID 7332494.
^ Hausen, Harald Zur (2006). "Rhadinoviruses". Infections Causing Human Cancer. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
^ Drabell, Fredrick G (2006). "Kaposi's Sarcoma and Renal Diseases". New Topics in Cancer Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books.
^ Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, Jaffe HW; Peterman; Berkelman; Jaffe (January 1990). "Kaposi sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?". Lancet 335 (8682): 123–8. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90001-L. PMID 1967430.
^ Dezube, BJ (October 1996). "Clinical presentation and natural history of AIDS--related Kaposi sarcoma". Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 10 (5): 1023–9. doi:10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70382-8. PMID 8880194.
^ Nichols, CM; F; H (1 November 1993). "Treating Kaposi lesions in the HIV-infected patient". J Am Dent Assoc 124 (11): 78–84. PMID 8227776. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
^ Danzig, JB; Brandt, LJ; Reinus, JF; Klein, RS (June 1991). "Gastrointestinal malignancy in patients with AIDS". Am J Gastroenterol 86 (6): 715–8. PMID 2038993.
^ Garay, SM; Belenko, M; Fazzini, E; Schinella, R (January 1987). "Pulmonary manifestations of Kaposi sarcoma". Chest 91 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1378/chest.91.1.39. PMID 3792084. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
^ Pauk, J.; Huang, M. L.; Brodie, S. J.; Wald, A.; Koelle, D. M.; Schacker, T.; Celum, C.; Selke, S.; Corey, L. (2000). "Mucosal Shedding of Human Herpesvirus 8 in Men". New England Journal of Medicine 343 (19): 1369–1377. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011093431904. PMID 11070101.
^ Parravicini, C.; Olsen, S. J.; Capra, M.; Poli, F.; Sirchia, G.; Gao, S. J.; Berti, E.; Nocera, A.; Rossi, E.; Bestetti, G.; Pizzuto, M.; Galli, M.; Moroni, M.; Moore, P. S.; Corbellino, M. (1997). "Risk of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus transmission from donor allografts among Italian posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma patients". Blood 90 (7): 2826–2829. PMID 9326251.
^ Coffin, JM; Hughes, SH; Varmus, HE (1997). Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0-87969-571-4.
^ Ensoli, B; Sirianni, MC (1998). "Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis: a link between immunology and tumor biology.". Critical reviews in oncogenesis (Begell House) 9 (2): 107–124. doi:10.1615/CritRevOncog.v9.i2.20. PMID 9973245.
^ Gurzu, Simona; Ciortea, Diana; Munteanu, Teodora; Kezdi-Zaharia, Iringo; Jung, Ioan (2008). "Mesenchymal-to-Endothelial Transition in Kaposi Sarcoma: A Histogenetic Hypothesis Based on a Case Series and Literature Review". PLOS ONE 8 (8): e71530. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871530G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071530.
^ Rosai J., Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology, Mosby, 2011, 10th edition, ISPN-13: 9780808924333
^ Weninger W; et al. "Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 and podoplanin suggest a lymphatic endothelial origin of Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells". Lab Invest 1999 (79): 243–251.
^ Ablashi DV; et al. "Spectrum of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, or human herpes virus 8, diseases". Clin Microbiol Rev 2002 (15): 439–464.
^ Blumenfeld W; et al. ", Differential diagnosis of Kaposi's Sarcoma". Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985 (109): 123–127.
^ Tappero, W; Berger, TG; Kaplan, LG (1991). "Cryotherapy for cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a phase II trial.". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (Lippencott Williams and Wilkins) 4 (9): 839–46. doi:10.1097/00126334-199109000-00002. PMID 1895204.
^ Zimmerman, Ethan; Crawford, Paul (15 December 2012). "Cutaneous Cryosurgery". American Family Physician (American Academy of Family Physicians) 86 (12): 1118–24. PMID 23316984.
^ Anglemyer, A.; Agrawal, AK.; Rutherford, GW. (2014). "Treatment of Kaposi sarcoma in children with HIV-1 infection". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD009826. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009826.pub2. PMID 24464843.
^ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6196/573>

External links

Kaposi sarcoma photo library at Dermnet
Kaposi Sarcoma information
Office of HIV and AIDS Malignancy in the National Cancer Institute
3D macromolecular structures of Kaposi Sarcoma viruses from the EM Data Bank(EMDB)
Cancer.Net Sarcoma - Kaposi

UpToDate Contents

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1. 古典的カポジ肉腫：臨床的特徴、病期分類、診断、および治療 classic kaposi sarcoma clinical features staging diagnosis and treatment
2. AIDS関連カポジ肉腫：臨床症状および診断 aids related kaposi sarcoma clinical manifestations and diagnosis
3. エイズ関連カポジ肉腫：病期分類および治療 aids related kaposi sarcoma staging and treatment
4. 古典的カポジ肉腫：疫学、危険因子、病理、および分子学的病因 classic kaposi sarcoma epidemiology risk factors pathology and molecular pathogenesis
5. AIDS関連カポジ肉腫における肺病変 pulmonary involvement in aids related kaposi sarcoma

English Journal

Record linkage to correct under-ascertainment of cancers in HIV cohorts: The Sinikithemba HIV clinic linkage project.

Sengayi M1,2, Spoerri A3, Egger M3,4, Kielkowski D1, Crankshaw T5, Cloete C6, Giddy J6, Bohlius J3.
International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2016 Sep 15;139(6):1209-16. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30154. Epub 2016 May 18.
The surveillance of HIV-related cancers in South Africa is hampered by the lack of systematic collection of cancer diagnoses in HIV cohorts and the absence of HIV status in cancer registries. To improve cancer ascertainment and estimate cancer incidence, we linked records of adults (aged ≥ 16
PMID 27098265

Kaposi sarcoma in a fingolimod-treated patient with multiple sclerosis.

Walker S1, Brew B2.
Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2016 Sep;31:217-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.03.001. Epub 2016 May 8.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumour of endothelial cell origin, associated with human herpes virus 8. It develops in one of four clinical settings, one of which is iatrogenic immunosuppression. We present the case of a 46year-old man with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who developed KS
PMID 27168454

Multicentric Castleman disease: Where are we now?

Wang HW1, Pittaluga S1, Jaffe ES2.
Seminars in diagnostic pathology.Semin Diagn Pathol.2016 Sep;33(5):294-306. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2016.05.006. Epub 2016 May 16.
Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) encompasses a spectrum of conditions that give rise to overlapping clinicopathological manifestations. The fundamental pathogenetic mechanism involves dysregulated cytokine activity that causes systemic inflammatory symptoms as well as lymphadenopathy. The histol
PMID 27296355

Japanese Journal

症例免疫再構築症候群に対してステロイド治療が有効であった高度気道狭窄合併カポジ肉腫症例

感染症学雑誌 = The journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 91(1), 25-30, 2017-01
NAID 40021084324

全身および口腔内に多発したカポジ肉腫の1例

日本口腔腫瘍学会誌 29(1), 15-21, 2017
NAID 130005465149

症例 Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS)が疑われ,抗HIV療法にて改善を認めたHIV感染者の1例

感染症学雑誌 = The journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 90(4), 512-517, 2016-07
NAID 40020926860

Related Pictures

Kaposi's Sarcoma - Harvard Health Kaposi's Sarcoma - Usually in AIDS patients with HHV-8 - YouTube Kaposi's sarcoma - YouTube Kaposi Sarcoma - YouTube Study Medical Photos: Introduction to Kaposi’s sarcoma Kaposi sarcoma | cancer | Britannica.com Kaposi's sarcoma - Wikipedia

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「カポジ肉腫」「KS」「Kaposi肉腫」
拡張検索	「Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus」「Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus」

「カポジ肉腫」

Kaposi sarcoma
	Kaposi sarcoma. Characteristic violaceous plaques on the ala and tip of the nose in a HIV-positive female patient.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Oncology
ICD-10	C46
ICD-9-CM	176
ICD-O	M9140/3
OMIM	148000
DiseasesDB	7105
MedlinePlus	000661
eMedicine	med/1218 derm/203 oph/481
Patient UK	Kaposi's sarcoma
MeSH	D012514
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: Kaposi sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma
ラ: sarcoma Kaposi
同: 特発性多発性色素性肉腫 idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma、特発性多発性出血性肉腫 idiopathic multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma
関: AIDS、日和見感染症

概念

新興感染症

1995年

Human herpesvirus-8 HHV-8が原因

免疫低下(HIV感染症により発症する)

病原体

HHV-8

症状

[show details]

国試

105D032

「KS」

　　[★]

カポジ肉腫、Kaposi sarcoma、Kaposi's sarcoma

「Kaposi肉腫」

　　[★] カポジ肉腫, Kaposi sarcoma

「Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus」

　　[★] カポジ肉腫関連ヘルペスウイルス, KSHV

「Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus」

　　[★]

同: KS,KSHV
関: herpesvirus, type 8

[1] Kaposi, M (1872). "Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut". Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis 4 (2): 265–273. doi:10.1007/BF01830024.

[2] Chang, Y.; Cesarman, E.; Pessin, M. S.; Lee, F.; Culpepper, J.; Knowles, D. M.; Moore, P. S. (1994). "Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma". Science 266 (5192): 1865–1869. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1865C. doi:10.1126/science.7997879. PMID 7997879.

[Phillips_AM.2C_Jones_AG.2C_Osmond_DH.2C_Pollack_LM.2C_Catania_JA.2C_Martin_JN_2008-3] Phillips AM, Jones AG, Osmond DH, Pollack LM, Catania JA, Martin JN; Jones; Osmond; Pollack; Catania; Martin (July 2008). "Awareness of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus among Men who Have Sex with Men". Sex Transm Dis 35 (12): 1011–4. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318182c91f (inactive 2015-02-02). PMC 2593118. PMID 18665016.

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[39] ttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6196/573>

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Kaposi sarcoma