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largest city in Scotland; a port on the Clyde in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world

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グラスゴー(Scotland南西部の港市)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/25 11:19:51」(JST)

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「グラスゴー」のその他の用法については「グラスゴー (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

グラスゴー（英語: Glasgow, スコットランド・ゲール語: Glaschu）はイギリスのスコットランド南西部に位置するスコットランド最大の都市である。人口は580,690人（2006年）で、ロンドン、バーミンガム、リーズに次いでイギリス第4位。

概要[編集]

かつてはロンドン、パリ、ベルリンについでヨーロッパで4番目に人口が多く、1960年代には100万人以上いたがその後区画編成などで減り続け現在では580,690人（2007年）となっている。英国国内ではロンドンとエディンバラについで3番目に観光客が多く、年間300万人ほどがこの街を訪れる。15世紀創立の名門グラスゴー大学を擁し、産業都市であるとともに、文化・芸術・若者の街として知られている。英語で「ノルウェー人」や「ノルウェーの」といった形容詞が"Norwegian"であるように、グラスウィージャン(Glaswegian)といった言葉が用いられる。移民が多くかつては工業の街であった背景も影響し、地元の人々の英語はスコットランド訛りの中でも特に難解とされている。訛りが強いだけではなく、グラスウィージャンの方言も使用されている。なお、スコットランド・ゲール語はグラスゴーでは殆ど使用されない。1990年にはEUの欧州文化都市に選ばれている。

歴史[編集]

紀元前からクライド川沿いに集落が形成されていた。ローマ帝国はこの地に前哨拠点を設置し、ローマ支配下のブリタニアとケルト人やピクト人の住むカレドニアの間にアントニヌスの長城を建設した。グラスゴーの街はキリスト教の聖人聖ムンゴの伝道により6世紀頃につくられたと言われている。これ以後グラスゴーはスコットランドの中心として発展し、12世紀にはグラスゴー大聖堂が、1451年にはグラスゴー大学が創設された。16世紀に入るとクライド川の水運を用いた貿易が盛んになり、アメリカ大陸のタバコ、カリブ海の砂糖などがこの都市を中継してイギリス国内に運ばれた。1707年にイングランド王国とスコットランド王国が合併、現在の連合王国としてのイギリス（しばしば、この合併政体は『ユニオン』と呼ばれる）が成立する。そして産業革命が始まると、ランカシャーで採掘される石炭と鉄鉱石によって工業化が進み、グラスゴーでは綿工業を中心とした産業が盛んになった。また都市の発展に伴ってアイルランド等からの移住者が増え、大英帝国第二の都市と呼ばれるようになった。また海運を通じて造船業も発展する。^[要出典]

しかし第2次世界大戦後、イギリスの経済が急激に悪化。他の都市と同様にグラスゴーもイギリスの不況の影響を避けることができなかった。1960年代になると造船所の閉鎖が相次いだ。しかしクイーン・エリザベス2号はこの時期にこの都市で建造されている。

1970年代から1980年代にかけても不況期が続き、治安も悪化していた。1990年代にはいると金融などを中心に経済が持ち直し、現在では地価が高騰している。

人口[編集]

Buchanan Street

推移^[1]

1891 783,000
1911 784,000
1921 1,034,000
1931 1,088,000
1941 不明
1951 1,079,000
1961 1,055,000
1971 897,000
1981 881,000
1991 681,000
2001 579,000
2007 580,690

年齢構成

15歳未満15.48%、15～24歳15.76%、25歳～64歳54.46%、65歳以上14.30%（2007年）

交通[編集]

グラスゴー・セントラル駅

隣のエディンバラとの距離は電車で40分、バスで1時間半程である。

航空[編集]

グラスゴー国際空港
グラスゴー・プレストウィック国際空港

鉄道[編集]

グラスゴー地下鉄
グラスゴー・セントラル駅
グラスゴー・クイーンストリート駅

道路[編集]

高速道路M8（エディンバラからグラスゴーを東西に横断してスコットランド西岸に続いている）
高速道路M74（グラスゴーから南下し、イングランドの高速道路M6に接続している。M6はバーミンガムを経由し、ロンドンへ続くM1と接続）
高速道路M77
高速道路M80

教育[編集]

グラスゴー大学
ストラスクライド大学
グラスゴー・カレドニアン大学
グラスゴー美術学校

文化[編集]

スポーツ[編集]

グラスゴーは1872年にサッカー史上初の国際試合が行われた街として知られている。試合はスコットランド代表チームとイングランド代表チームの間で行われ0-0に終わった。現在グラスゴーには5万人を収容できるスタジアムが三つ存在する。セルティックとレンジャーズはこれらをホームグラウンドとして利用するプロサッカークラブである。両チームの対戦は「オールド・ファーム」と呼ばれ、宗教的な背景もあって（前者がアイルランド人移民のカトリック（Irish-Scots）、後者がスコットランド人プロテスタント（長老派））、世界でも有数のダービーマッチとして知られる。セルティックファンの間ではアイルランド国旗が掲げられ、スコットランド旗が掲げられることは稀である。北アイルランドのプロテスタントの間では特にユニオン・ジャックが掲げられることが多い。

音楽[編集]

良質なロック、ポップバンドを数多く輩出している。1980年代にはオレンジ・ジュース、アズテック・カメラらポストカード・レーベル勢、1990年代にはザ・パステルズ、ティーンエイジ・ファンクラブらを中心とした草の根的なコネクションが、世界中のインディーズ・シーンに影響を与えた。近年ではベル・アンド・セバスチャン、フランツ・フェルディナンド、トラヴィス、モグワイ、ザ・フラテリスが有名。

グラスゴーを舞台にした映画[編集]

ケン・ローチは「マイ・ネーム・イズ・ジョー」や「カルラの歌」、「やさしくキスをして」でグラスゴーを舞台にしている。他にはユアン・マクレガー主演の「猟人日記」、リン・ラムジー監督の「ボクと空と麦畑」、ジェット・リー主演の「ダニー・ザ・ドッグ」、レイチェル・ワイズ主演の「ビューティフル・クリーチャー」、ジェラルド・バトラー主演の「ディア・フランキー」などがある。

姉妹都市[編集]

ハバナ（キューバ共和国）
トリノ（イタリア共和国）
ニュルンベルク（ドイツ連邦共和国）
ロストフ・ナ・ドヌ（ロシア連邦）
マルセイユ（フランス共和国）
大連（中華人民共和国）
ベツレヘム（パレスチナ）
ワシントンD.C.（アメリカ合衆国）

出身有名人[編集]

ゴードン・ブラウン (第74代イギリス首相)
ジェラルド・バトラー (俳優)
ビリー・コノリー (俳優)
トーマス・リプトン (商人)
アンガス・ヤング (AC/DCのギタリスト)
マルコム・ヤング (AC/DCのギタリスト)
マーク・ノップラー (ミュージシャン,ダイアー・ストレイツのリーダー)
ウィリアム・ラムゼー (化学者)
ジョゼフ・ブラック (物理学者、化学者)
アレックス・ファーガソン (マンチェスター・ユナイテッド監督)
アダム・スミス (経済学者)
チャールズ・マッキントッシュ (化学者、発明家)
チャールズ・レニー・マッキントッシュ (建築家)
ボビー・ギレスピー(プライマル・スクリームのボーカル)
ジェームズ・マカヴォイ(俳優)
エディ・リーダー(フェアーグラウンド・アトラクションのボーカル)
ジョン・バロウマン (俳優)
レイ・パーク (俳優)
ケリー・マクドナルド (女優)
エイミー・マクドナルド (歌手)

脚注[編集]

^ [1]

外部リンク[編集]

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、グラスゴーに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。

政府

グラスゴー公式サイト（英語）

観光

英国政府観光庁 - グラスゴー（日本語）
スコットランド総合情報サイト｜グラスゴー（日本語）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Glasgow City" redirects here. For the women's football club, see Glasgow City F.C.. For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 55°51′29″N 4°15′32″W / 55.858°N 4.259°W / 55.858; -4.259

Glasgow (/ˈɡlɑːzɡoʊ, ˈɡlæz-/;^[4] Scots: Glesca; Scottish Gaelic: Glaschu) is the largest city in Scotland, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom, and, as of the 2011 census, the Scottish city with the highest population density with 3,395 people per square kilometre.^[5] It is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians.

Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become one of the largest seaports in the world. Expanding from the medieval bishopric and royal burgh, and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th century. From the 18th century the city also grew as one of Great Britain's main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America and the West Indies.

With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the population and economy of Glasgow and the surrounding region expanded rapidly to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of chemicals, textiles and engineering; most notably in the shipbuilding and marine engineering industry, which produced many innovative and famous vessels. Glasgow is known as the "Second City of the British Empire" for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Today it is one of Europe's top ten financial centres^[10]^[11] and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses.^[12] Glasgow is also ranked as the 57th most liveable city in the world.^[13]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, eventually reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939.^[14] In the 1960s, comprehensive urban renewal projects resulting in large-scale relocation of people to new towns and peripheral suburbs, followed by successive boundary changes, have reduced the current population of the City of Glasgow council area to 592,000,^[3] with 1,199,629^[15] people living in the Greater Glasgow urban area. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers approximately 2.3 million people, 41% of Scotland's population.^[16] Glasgow will host the 2014 Commonwealth Games. In other sports, Glasgow is also well known for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers.

1 History
- 1.1 Early origins and development
- 1.2 Trading port
- 1.3 Industrialisation
- 1.4 Toponymy
- 1.5 Heraldry
2 Government
- 2.1 Scottish Parliament region
- 2.2 United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
3 Geography
- 3.1 Location
- 3.2 Climate
4 Demography
5 Districts and suburbs
- 5.1 City centre
  - 5.1.1 Retail and theatre district
  - 5.1.2 Merchant City
  - 5.1.3 Financial district
- 5.2 West End
- 5.3 East End
- 5.4 South Side
- 5.5 North Glasgow
6 Culture
- 6.1 Recreation
- 6.2 Music scene
- 6.3 Media
- 6.4 Religion
- 6.5 Dialect
- 6.6 Architecture
7 Economy
8 Transport
- 8.1 Public transport
- 8.2 Shipping
- 8.3 Roads
- 8.4 Airports
9 Housing
10 Healthcare
11 Academia
12 Sport
- 12.1 Football
- 12.2 Rugby union
- 12.3 Rugby league
- 12.4 Ice hockey
- 12.5 Swimming
- 12.6 Basketball
- 12.7 Other sports
- 12.8 2014 Commonwealth Games
13 Twin towns and sister cities
- 13.1 Partnerships
14 Notable people
15 See also
16 References
- 16.1 Notes
- 16.2 Bibliography
17 External links

History[edit]

Main article: History of Glasgow

Early origins and development[edit]

The seal or signet of Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow, founder of the burgh of Glasgow.

The present site of Glasgow has been used since prehistoric times for settlement due to it being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, at the point of its confluence with the Molendinar Burn. After the Romans left Caledonia the settlement was part of the extensive Kingdom of Strathclyde, with its capital at Dumbarton 15 mi (24 km) downstream, which merged in the 9th century with other regions to create the united Kingdom of Scotland.^[17] The origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotland's second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, Bishop of Glasgow.

There had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth and status to the town. Between 1175 and 1178 this position was strengthened even further when Bishop Jocelin obtained for the episcopal settlement the status of Burgh from King William I of Scotland, allowing the settlement to expand with the benefits of trading monopolies and other legal guarantees. Sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives to this day as the Glasgow Fair.

Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 served to increase the town's religious and educational status, and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe and the Mediterranean.^[17]

Following the Reformation and with the encouragement of the Convention of Royal Burghs the 14 Incorporated Trade Crafts federated as the Trades House in 1605 to match the power and influence in the Town Council of the earlier Merchants Guilds who established their Merchants House in the same year.^[17] Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. Glasgow's substantial fortunes came from international trade, manufacturing and invention starting in the 17th century with sugar, followed by tobacco, and then cotton and linen.

Daniel Defoe visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, that Glasgow was "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built city in Britain, London excepted." At that time, the city's population numbered approximately 12000, and was yet to undergo the massive expansionary changes to the city's economy and urban fabric, brought about by the influences of the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.

Trading port[edit]

After the Acts of Union in 1707, Scotland gained further access to the vast markets of the new British Empire, and Glasgow became prominent as a hub of international trade to and from the Americas, especially in sugar, tobacco, cotton, and manufactured goods. The city's Tobacco Lords created a deep water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde, as the river within the city itself was then too shallow.^[18] By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgow's River Clyde, with over 47,000,000 lb (21,000 t) of tobacco being imported each year at its peak.^[19] At the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton.^[20]

Industrialisation[edit]

Shipping on the Clyde, Atkinson Grimshaw, 1881.

The opening of the Monkland Canal and basin linking to the Forth and Clyde Canal at Port Dundas in 1795, facilitated access to the extensive iron-ore and coal mines in Lanarkshire. After extensive river engineering projects to dredge and deepen the River Clyde as far as Glasgow, shipbuilding became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, pioneered by industrialists such as Robert Napier, John Elder, George Thomson, Sir William Pearce and Sir Alfred Yarrow.

The River Clyde also became an important source of inspiration for artists, such as John Atkinson Grimshaw, John Knox, James Kay, Sir Muirhead Bone, Robert Eadie, Stanley Spencer and L.S. Lowry, willing to depict the new industrial era and the modern world.

Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. The development of civic institutions included the City of Glasgow Police in 1800, one of the first municipal police forces in the world. Despite the crisis caused by the City of Glasgow Bank's collapse in 1878, growth continued and by the end of the 19th century it was one of the cities known as the "Second City of the Empire" and was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping^[21] and a quarter of all locomotives in the world.^[22] In addition to its pre-eminence in shipbuilding, engineering, industrial machinery, bridge building, chemicals, explosives, coal and oil industries it developed as a major centre in textiles, garment-making, carpet manufacturing, leather processing, furniture-making, pottery, food, drink and cigarette making; printing and publishing. Shipping, banking, insurance and professional services expanded at the same time.^[23]

Glasgow became one of the first cities in Europe to reach a population of one million. The city's new trades and sciences attracted new residents from across the Lowlands and the Highlands of Scotland, from other parts of Britain and Ireland and from Continental Europe.^[17]

During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civil engineering projects, such as the Loch Katrine aqueduct, Subway, Tramway system, City Chambers, Mitchell Library and Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum were being funded by its wealth. The city also held a series of International Exhibitions at Kelvingrove Park, in 1888, 1901 and 1911, with Britain's last major International Exhibition, the Empire Exhibition, being subsequently held in 1938 at Bellahouston Park, which drew 13 million visitors.^[24]

Glasgow George Square in 1966.

The 20th century witnessed both decline and renewal in the city. After World War I, the city suffered from the impact of the Post–World War I recession and from the later Great Depression, this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the "Red Clydeside" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of World War II and grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. By the 1960s, Britain's lack of investment and innovation led to growing overseas competition from countries like Japan and West Germany which weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries.

As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid de-industrialisation, leading to high unemployment, urban decay, population decline, welfare dependency and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial Bruce Report, which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city. The report led to a huge and radical programme of rebuilding and regeneration efforts which started in the mid-1950s and lasted into the late 1970s, which saw the mass demolition of the city's infamous slums and their replacement with large suburban housing estates and tower blocks.^[25]

The city invested heavily in its roads infrastructure, with an extensive system of arterial roads and motorways which biscected the central area. There are also accusations that the Scottish Office had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and political influence in post-war Scotland by diverting inward investment in new industries to other regions during the Silicon Glen boom and creating the new towns of Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, Irvine, Livingston and East Kilbride, dispersed across the Scottish Lowlands, in order to halve the city's population base.^[25]

By the late 1980s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes. The "Glasgow's miles better" campaign, launched in 1983, and opening of the Burrell Collection in 1983 and Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in 1985 facilitated Glasgow's new role as a European centre for business services and finance and promoted an increase in tourism and inward investment.^[26] The latter continues to be bolstered by the legacy of the city's Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988, its status as European City of Culture in 1990, and concerted attempts to diversify the city's economy.^[27] Wider economic revival has persisted and the ongoing regeneration of inner-city areas, including the large-scale Clyde Waterfront Regeneration, has led to more affluent people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow, fuelling allegations of gentrification.^[28] The city is now considered by Lonely Planet to be one of the world's top 10 tourist cities.^[29]

Despite Glasgow's economic renaissance, the East End of the city remains the focus of social deprivation.^[30] A Glasgow Economic Audit report published in 2007 stated that the gap between prosperous and deprived areas of the city is widening.^[31] In 2006, 47% of Glasgow's population lived in the most deprived 15% of areas in Scotland,^[31] while the Centre for Social Justice reported 29.4% of the city's working-age residents to be "economically inactive".^[30] Although marginally behind the UK average, Glasgow still has a higher employment rate than Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester.^[31]

In 2008 the city was ranked at 43 for Personal Safety in the Mercer index of top 50 safest cities in the world.^[32] The Mercer report was specifically looking at Quality of Living, yet by 2011 within Glasgow, certain areas were (still) "failing to meet the Scottish Air Quality Objective levels for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10)."^[33]

Toponymy[edit]

It is common to derive the name Glasgow from the older Cumbric glas cau or a Middle Gaelic cognate, which would have meant green hollow. The settlement probably had an earlier Cumbric name, Cathures; the modern name appears for the first time in the Gaelic period (1116), as Glasgu. It is also recorded that the King of Strathclyde, Rhydderch Hael, welcomed Saint Kentigern (also known as Saint Mungo), and procured his consecration as bishop about 540. For some thirteen years Kentigern laboured in the region, building his church at the Molendinar Burn, and making many converts. A large community developed around him and became known as Glasgu (often glossed as "the dear Green" or "dear green place").

Heraldry[edit]

The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow was granted to the royal burgh by the Lord Lyon on 25 October 1866.^[34] It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's patron saint, Mungo, which had been used on official seals prior to that date. The emblems represent miracles supposed to have been performed by Mungo and are listed in the traditional rhyme:

Here's the bird that never flew

Here's the tree that never grew

Here's the bell that never rang

Here's the fish that never swam

St Mungo is also said to have preached a sermon containing the words Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name. This was abbreviated to "Let Glasgow Flourish" and adopted as the city's motto.

In 1450, John Stewart, the first Lord Provost of Glasgow, left an endowment so that a "St Mungo's Bell" could be made and tolled throughout the city so that the citizens would pray for his soul. A new bell was purchased by the magistrates in 1641 and that bell is still on display in the People's Palace Museum, near Glasgow Green.

The supporters are two salmon bearing rings, and the crest is a half length figure of Saint Mungo. He wears a bishop's mitre and liturgical vestments and has his hand raised in "the act of benediction". The original 1866 grant placed the crest atop a helm, but this was removed in subsequent grants. The current version (1996) has a gold mural crown between the shield and the crest. This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status.

The arms were re-matriculated by the City of Glasgow District Council on 6 February 1975, and by the present area council on 25 March 1996. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms.^[35]^[36]

Government[edit]

Scottish Parliament region[edit]

See also: Glasgow Scottish Parliament region

The Glasgow electoral region of the Scottish Parliament covers the Glasgow City council area, the Rutherglen area of the South Lanarkshire and a small eastern portion of Renfrewshire. It elects nine of the parliament's 73 first past the post constituency members and seven of the 56 additional members. Both kinds of member are known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs). The system of election is designed to produce a form of proportional representation.

The first past the post seats were created in 1999 with the names and boundaries of then existing Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies. In 2005, the number of Westminster Members of Parliament (MPs) representing Scotland was cut to 59, with new constituencies being formed, while the existing number of MSPs was retained at Holyrood. In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the boundaries of the Glasgow region were redrawn.

Currently, the nine Scottish Parliament constituencies in the Glasgow electoral region are:

Glasgow Anniesland
Glasgow Cathcart
Glasgow Kelvin
Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn
Glasgow Pollok
Glasgow Provan
Glasgow Shettleston
Glasgow Southside
Rutherglen

United Kingdom Parliament constituencies[edit]

Geography[edit]

Main article: Geography of Glasgow

Glasgow is located on the banks of the River Clyde, in West Central Scotland. Its second most important river is the Kelvin whose name was used for creating the title of Baron Kelvin and thereby ended up as the scientific unit of temperature. On older maps Glasgow will be found within the area of the pre-1975 county of Lanarkshire, from 1975 to 1996 it will appear within Strathclyde Region; current maps will generally show Glasgow as one of 32 Council Areas in Scotland.

Location[edit]

Climate[edit]

In spite of its northerly latitude, close to the same line as Moscow and Copenhagen, Glasgow's climate is classified as oceanic (Köppen Cfb). Data is available online for 3 official weather stations in the Glasgow area: Paisley, Abbotsinch and Bishopton. All are located to the West of the city centre. Owing to its westerly position and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, Glasgow is one of Scotland's milder areas. Temperatures are usually higher than most places of equal latitude away from the UK, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream. However, this results less distinct seasons as compared to much of Western Europe. At Paisley, the annual precipitation averages 1,245 millimetres (49.0 in)

Winters are cool and overcast, with a January mean of 5.0 °C (41.0 °F), though lows sometimes fall below freezing. Since 2000 Glasgow has experienced few very cold, snowy and harsh winters where temperatures have fallen much below freezing. The most extreme instances have however seen temperatures around −12 °C (10 °F) in the area. Snowfall resulting in snow lying on the ground is an infrequent occurrence and generally short-lived. The spring months (March to May) are usually mild and often quite pleasant. Many of Glasgow's trees and plants begin to flower at this time of the year and parks and gardens are filled with spring colours.

During the summer months (June to August) the weather can vary considerably from day to day ranging from relatively cool and wet to quite warm with the odd sunny day. Long dry spells of warm weather are generally very scarce. Overcast and humid conditions without rain are frequent. Generally the weather pattern is quite unsettled and erratic during these months, with only occasional heatwaves. The warmest month is usually July, with average highs above 20 °C (68 °F). Autumns are generally cool to mild with increasing precipitation. During early autumn there can be some settled periods of weather and it can feel pleasant with mild temperatures and some sunny days.

Temperature extremes have ranged from −19.9 °C (−4 °F) to 31.2 °C (88 °F), at Abbotsinch,^[37]^[38] and −14.8 °C (5 °F) to 31.0 °C (88 °F) at Paisley.^[39]^[40] The coldest temperature to have occurred in recent years was −12.5 °C (9.5 °F) at Bishopton during December 2010.^[41]

Climate data for Glasgow (Paisley 32m asl, 1981–2010, extremes 1959–)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	13.5 (56.3)	14.4 (57.9)	17.2 (63)	24.4 (75.9)	26.5 (79.7)	29.6 (85.3)	30.0 (86)	31.0 (87.8)	26.7 (80.1)	22.8 (73)	17.7 (63.9)	14.1 (57.4)	31.0 (87.8)
Average high °C (°F)	6.9 (44.4)	7.4 (45.3)	9.6 (49.3)	12.6 (54.7)	15.9 (60.6)	18.1 (64.6)	19.7 (67.5)	19.2 (66.6)	16.4 (61.5)	12.7 (54.9)	9.4 (48.9)	6.9 (44.4)	12.9 (55.2)
Average low °C (°F)	1.8 (35.2)	1.8 (35.2)	3.0 (37.4)	4.8 (40.6)	7.3 (45.1)	10.1 (50.2)	12.0 (53.6)	11.7 (53.1)	9.7 (49.5)	6.7 (44.1)	4.0 (39.2)	1.7 (35.1)	6.2 (43.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−14.8 (5.4)	−7.5 (18.5)	−8.3 (17.1)	−4.4 (24.1)	−1.1 (30)	1.5 (34.7)	3.9 (39)	2.2 (36)	−0.2 (31.6)	−3.5 (25.7)	−6.8 (19.8)	−14.5 (5.9)	−14.8 (5.4)
Rainfall mm (inches)	148.2 (5.835)	104.6 (4.118)	112.3 (4.421)	63.6 (2.504)	67.5 (2.657)	66.4 (2.614)	73.0 (2.874)	92.5 (3.642)	112.5 (4.429)	143.1 (5.634)	126.4 (4.976)	135.2 (5.323)	1,245.1 (49.02)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	17.3	13.2	14.9	11.6	11.9	11.1	12.0	12.8	13.8	16.8	16.0	15.5	166.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours	37.6	66.9	98.6	134.5	180.1	158.9	154.3	146.8	114.9	85.2	54.0	33.1	1,265
Source #1: Met Office ^[42]
Source #2: KNMI/Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute^[42]

Climate data for Abbotsinch, 5m asl, 1981–2010, Extremes 1951–
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	13.5 (56.3)	14.3 (57.7)	18.9 (66)	24.0 (75.2)	27.4 (81.3)	29.6 (85.3)	30.1 (86.2)	31.2 (88.2)	26.7 (80.1)	23.9 (75)	16.0 (60.8)	14.6 (58.3)	31.2 (88.2)
Average high °C (°F)	6.4 (43.5)	6.9 (44.4)	9.0 (48.2)	11.7 (53.1)	15.0 (59)	17.4 (63.3)	19.2 (66.6)	18.9 (66)	16.2 (61.2)	12.4 (54.3)	9.1 (48.4)	6.4 (43.5)	12.4 (54.3)
Average low °C (°F)	1.2 (34.2)	1.3 (34.3)	2.5 (36.5)	3.9 (39)	6.2 (43.2)	9.0 (48.2)	11.1 (52)	10.8 (51.4)	9.1 (48.4)	6.2 (43.2)	3.6 (38.5)	1.1 (34)	5.5 (41.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−17.4 (0.7)	−15 (5)	−12.5 (9.5)	−5.4 (22.3)	−3.9 (25)	1.2 (34.2)	0.8 (33.4)	1.1 (34)	−4.0 (24.8)	−7.1 (19.2)	−10.4 (13.3)	−19.9 (−3.8)	−19.9 (−3.8)
Precipitation mm (inches)	153.0 (6.024)	112.3 (4.421)	124.8 (4.913)	67.4 (2.654)	65.3 (2.571)	73.4 (2.89)	77.7 (3.059)	100.9 (3.972)	123.9 (4.878)	142.6 (5.614)	131.7 (5.185)	145.6 (5.732)	1,318.6 (51.913)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	18	13	17	13	11	12	13	12	14	17	18	16	174
Mean monthly sunshine hours	44.7	72.0	103.5	140.1	189.5	161.7	169.9	158.5	117.5	89.1	57.4	44.2	1,348.1
Source: MetOffice^[43] date=July 2013

Demography[edit]

Main article: Geography of Glasgow#Demographics

Further information: Glasgow effect

Panorama over Glasgow's South Side and West End from Queen's Park, looking North West. Left of centre can be seen the Clyde Arc bridge at Finnieston, while beyond is the tower of the University of Glasgow, with the Campsie Fells in the distance on the right.

The 1950s saw the population of the City of Glasgow area peak at 1,089,000. During this period, Glasgow was one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After the 1960s, clearings of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the Gorbals and relocation to "new towns" such as East Kilbride and Cumbernauld led to population decline. In addition, the boundaries of the city were changed twice during the late 20th century, making direct comparisons difficult. The city continues to expand beyond the official city council boundaries into surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around 400 square miles (1,000 km²) of all adjoining suburbs, if commuter towns and villages are included.

There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow: the Glasgow City Council Area (which lost the districts of Rutherglen and Cambuslang to South Lanarkshire in 1996) and the Greater Glasgow Urban Area (which includes the conurbation around the city).

Influx attracted by physical and economic growth, and the city`s own population growth, resulted in the following demographic percentages in the 1881 Census calculated by birthplaces - born in Scotland 83%, Ireland 13%, England 3% and Elsewhere 1%. By 1911 the population was no longer gaining by migration.The demographic percentages in the 1951 Census were - born in Scotland 93%, Ireland 3%, England 3% and Elsewhere 1%.^[23]

In the early 20th century, many Lithuanian refugees began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area.^[44] Many Italian Scots also settled in Glasgow, originating from provinces like Frosinone between Rome and Naples and Lucca in north-west Tuscany at this time, many originally working as "Hokey Pokey" men.^[45]

Glasgow compared^[46]^[47]
UK Census 2011	Glasgow	Scotland
Total population	593,245	5,295,000
Population growth 2001–2011	2.7%	5.0%
White	88.4%	96.0%
Asian	8.1%	2.7%
Black	2.4%	0.8%
Christian	54.5%	54.0%
Muslim	5.4%	1.4%

In the 1960s and 1970s, many Asian-Scots also settled in Glasgow, mainly in the Pollokshields area. These number 30,000 Pakistanis, 15,000 Indians and 3,000 Bangladeshis as well as Chinese immigrants, many of whom settled in the Garnethill area of the city.^{[citation needed]} Since 2000, the UK government has pursued a policy of dispersal of asylum seekers to ease pressure on social housing in the London area.

15.4% of the city is of a minority ethnic group^[47] including 47,758 (8.1%) Asian, 14,246 (2.4%) Black / African / Caribbean, and 3,801 (0.64%) from other ethnic groups including Arab. The city is also home to some 8,406 (1.42%) Polish people.^[48]

Glasgow city centre panorama from Lighthouse tower

Location	Population	Area	Density
Glasgow City Council^[49]	592,820	67.76 sq mi (175.5 km²)	8,541.8 /sq mi (3,298.0 /km²)
Greater Glasgow Urban Area^[50]	1,199,629	142.27 sq mi (368.5 km²)	8,212.9 /sq mi (3,171.0 /km²)
Source: Scotland's Census Results Online^[51]

Since the 2001 census the population decline has stabilised. The 2011 population of the city council area was 593,245^[52] and around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow travel-to-work area.^[16] This area is defined as consisting of over 10 per cent of residents travelling into Glasgow to work and is without fixed boundaries.^[53]

The population density of London following the 2011 census was recorded as 5,200 people per square kilometre, while 3,395 people per square kilometre were registered in Glasgow.^[5]^[54] In 1931 the population density was 16,166 /sq mi (6,242 /km²), highlighting the "clearances" into the suburbs and new towns that were built to reduce the size of one of Europe's most densely populated cities.^[55]

Glasgow has the lowest life expectancy of any UK city at 72.9 years.^[56] Much was made of this during the 2008 Glasgow East by-election.^[57] In 2008, a World Health Organization report about health inequalities, revealing that male life expectancy varied from 54 in Calton to 82 in nearby Lenzie, East Dunbartonshire.^[58]^[59]

Districts and suburbs[edit]

Areas of Glasgow. Click to enlarge.

City centre[edit]

The city centre is bounded by the High Street to the east, the River Clyde to the south and the M8 motorway to the west and north which was built through the Townhead, Charing Cross, Cowcaddens and Anderston areas in the 1960s.

Retail and theatre district[edit]

Looking down Buchanan Street towards St Enoch subway station.

The city centre is based on a grid system of streets on the north bank of the River Clyde. The heart of the city is George Square, site of many of Glasgow's public statues and the elaborate Victorian Glasgow City Chambers, headquarters of Glasgow City Council. To the south and west are the shopping precincts of Argyle Street, Sauchiehall Street and Buchanan Street, the last featuring more upmarket retailers and winner of the Academy of Urbanism "Great Street Award" 2008.^[60]

The main shopping centres are Buchanan Galleries and the St. Enoch Centre, with the up-market Princes Square and the Italian Centre specialising in designer labels. The London-based department store Selfridges purchased a site in the city some years ago as part of its plans to expand stores, plans which have now been shelved according to the company. Glasgow's retail portfolio forms the UK's second largest and most economically important retail sector after Central London.^[61]^[62]

The city centre is home to most of Glasgow's main cultural venues: the Theatre Royal (performing home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet), the Pavilion Theatre, the King's Theatre, Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow Film Theatre, Tron Theatre, Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA), Mitchell Library and Theatre, the Centre for Contemporary Arts, McLellan Galleries and the Lighthouse Museum of Architecture. The world's tallest cinema, the eighteen-screen Cineworld is situated on Renfrew Street. The city centre is also home to four of Glasgow's higher education institutions: the University of Strathclyde, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow School of Art and Glasgow Caledonian University.

Merchant City[edit]

The Tolbooth Steeple dominates Glasgow Cross and marks the east side of the Merchant City.

To the east is the commercial and residential district of Merchant City. The Merchant City was formerly the residential district of the wealthy city merchants in the 18th and early 19th centuries, particularly the Tobacco Lords from whom many of the streets take their name. As the Industrial Revolution and the wealth it brought to the city resulted in the expansion of Glasgow's central area westward, the original medieval centre was left behind. Glasgow Cross, situated at the junction of High Street, Gallowgate, Trongate and Saltmarket was the original centre of the city, symbolised by its Mercat cross. Glasgow Cross encompasses the Tolbooth Clock Tower; all that remains of the original City Chambers, which was destroyed by fire in 1926. Moving northward up High Street towards Rottenrow and Townhead lies the 15th century Glasgow Cathedral and the Provand's Lordship. Due to growing industrial pollution levels in the mid-to-late 19th century, the area fell out of favour with residents.^[63]

From the late 1980s onwards, the Merchant City has been rejuvenated with luxury city centre flats and warehouse conversions. This regeneration has supported an increasing number of cafés and restaurants.^[64] The area is also home to a number of high end boutique style shops and some of Glasgow's most upmarket stores.^[65]

The Merchant City is the centre of Glasgow's growing "cultural quarter", based on King Street, the Saltmarket and Trongate, and at the heart of the annual Merchant City Festival. The area has supported a huge growth in art galleries, the origins of which can be found in the late 1980s when it attracted artist-led organisations that could afford the cheap rents required to operate in vacant manufacturing or retail spaces.^[66] The artistic and cultural potential of the Merchant City as a "cultural quarter" was harnessed by independent arts organisations and Glasgow City Council,^[66] and the recent development of Trongate 103, which houses galleries, workshops, artist studios and production spaces, is considered a major outcome of the continued partnership between both.^[67] The area also contains a number of theatres and concert venues, including the Tron Theatre, the Old Fruitmarket, the Trades Hall, St. Andrew's in the Square, Merchant Square, and the City Halls.^[68]

Financial district[edit]

Clyde Arc, also known as "Squinty Bridge".

Also see Glasgow's International Financial Services District

To the western edge of the city centre, occupying the areas of Blythswood Hill and Anderston, lies Glasgow's financial district, known officially as the International Financial Services District (IFSD), although often irreverently nicknamed by the contemporary press as the "square kilometre" or "Wall Street on Clyde".^[69] Since the late 1980s the construction of many modern office blocks and high rise developments have paved the way for the IFSD to become one of the UK's largest financial quarters. With a reputation as an established financial services centre, coupled with comprehensive support services, Glasgow continues to attract and grow new business.

Of the 10 largest general insurance companies in the UK, 8 have a base or head office in Glasgow — including Direct Line, Esure, AXA and Norwich Union. Key banking sector companies have also moved some of their services to commercial property in Glasgow — Resolution, JPMorgan Chase, Abbey, HBOS, Barclays Wealth, Tesco Personal Finance, Morgan Stanley, Lloyds TSB, Clydesdale Bank, BNP Paribas, HSBC, Santander and the Royal Bank of Scotland. The Ministry of Defence have several departments and Clydeport, the Glasgow Stock Exchange, Student Loans Company, Scottish Executive Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department, BT Group, Scottish Friendly. Scottish Qualifications Authority and Scottish Enterprise also have their headquarters based in the district. Royal Dutch Shell also have one of their six world-wide Shared Business Centres located in the IFSD. Hilton Worldwide have corporate office base in Cadogan Street.

West End[edit]

Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is Glasgow's premier museum and art gallery, housing one of Europe's best civic art collections.

Glasgow's West End is a bohemian district of cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of Kelvingrove Park, the University of Glasgow, Glasgow Botanic Gardens and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, focused especially on the area's main thoroughfare, Byres Road. The area is popular with tourists, and contains many hotels, including the prestigious One Devonshire Gardens, which has accommodated a number of celebrity guests on visits to the city.

The West End includes residential areas of Hillhead, Dowanhill, Kelvingrove, Kelvinside, Hyndland, Broomhill, and, to an increasing extent, Partick. The name is also increasingly being used to refer to any area to the west of Charing Cross. This includes areas such as Scotstoun, Jordanhill, Kelvindale and Anniesland.

The West End is bisected by the River Kelvin which flows from the Campsie Fells in the north and confluences with the River Clyde at Yorkhill Quay.

The spire of Sir George Gilbert Scott's Glasgow University main building (the second largest Gothic Revival building in Britain) is a major landmark, and can be seen from miles around, sitting atop Gilmorehill. The university itself is the fourth oldest in the English-speaking world. Much of the city's student population is based in the West End, adding to its cultural vibrancy.

The area is also home to the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Kelvin Hall International Sports Arena and the Henry Wood Hall (home of the Royal Scottish National Orchestra although they generally perform at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall). Adjacent to the Kelvin Hall was the Museum of Transport, which reopened in 2010 after moving to a new location on a former dockland site at Glasgow Harbour where the River Kelvin flows into the Clyde. The new building is built to a design by Zaha Hadid. The West End Festival, one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June.

Glasgow is the home of the SECC, the United Kingdom's largest exhibition and conference centre.^[70]^[71]^[72] A major expansion of the SECC facilities at the former Queen's Dock by Foster and Partners is currently under construction, including a 12,000 seat arena, and a 5 star hotel and entertainments complex.

East End[edit]

People's Palace museum on Glasgow Green.

The East End extends from Glasgow Cross in the City Centre to the boundary with North and South Lanarkshire. It is home to the famous Glasgow Barrowland Market, popularly known as "The Barras",^[73] Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow Green, and Celtic Park, home of Celtic FC. Many of the original sandstone tenements remain in this district. The East End was once a major industrial centre, home to Sir William Arrol & Co., James Templeton & Co and William Beardmore and Company. A notable local employer continues to be the Wellpark Brewery, home of Tennent's Lager.

The Glasgow Necropolis Cemetery was created by the Merchants House on a hill above the cathedral in 1831. Routes curve through the landscape uphill to the 62-metre (203 ft) high statue of John Knox at the summit. There are two late 18th century tenements in Gallowgate. Dating from 1771 and 1780, both have been well restored. The construction of Charlotte Street was financed by David Dale, whose former pretensions can be gauged by the one remaining house, now run by the National Trust for Scotland. Further along Charlotte Street there stands a modern Gillespie, Kidd & Coia building of some note. Once a school, it has been converted into offices. Surrounding these buildings are a series of innovative housing developments conceived as "Homes for the Future", part of a project during the city's year as UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999.^[74]

East of Glasgow Cross is St Andrew's in the Square, the oldest post-Reformation church in Scotland, built in 1739–1757 and displaying a Presbyterian grandeur befitting the church of the city's wealthy tobacco merchants. Also close by is the more modest Episcopalian St Andrew's-by-the-Green, the oldest Episcopal church in Scotland. The Episcopalian St Andrew's was also known as the "Whistlin' Kirk" due to it being the first church after the Reformation to own an organ.

The Doulton Fountain in Glasgow Green

Overlooking Glasgow Green is the façade of Templeton On The Green, featuring vibrant polychromatic brickwork intended to evoke the Doge's Palace in Venice.^[75]

The extensive Tollcross Park was originally developed from the estate of James Dunlop, the owner of a local steelworks. His large baronial mansion was built in 1848 by David Bryce, which later housed the city's Children's Museum until the 1980s. Today, the mansion is a sheltered housing complex.

The new Scottish National Indoor Sports Arena, a modern replacement for the Kelvin Hall, is planned for Dalmarnock. The area will also be the site of the Athletes' Village for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, located adjacent to the new indoor sports arena.

To the north of the East End lie the two massive gasometers of Provan Gas Works, which stand overlooking Alexandra Park and a major interchange between the M8 and M80 motorways. Often used for displaying large city advertising slogans, the towers have become an unofficial portal into the city for road users arriving from the north and east.

The East End Healthy Living Centre (EEHLC) was established in mid-2005 at Crownpoint Road with Lottery Funding and City grants to serve community needs in the area. The centre provides service such as sports facilities, health advice, stress management, leisure and vocational classes.^[76]

South Side[edit]

Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde, covering areas including the Gorbals, Toryglen, Govan, Ibrox, Shawlands, Simshill, Strathbungo, Cardonald, Mount Florida, Pollokshaws, Nitshill, Pollokshields, Battlefield, Langside, Govanhill, Crosshill, Cessnock, Mosspark, Kinning Park, Mansewood, Arden, Carnwadric, Kennishead, Darnley, Newlands, Deaconsbank, Pollok, Croftfoot, Castlemilk, King's Park, Cathcart, Muirend and Barrhead, Busby, Clarkston,Eaglesham, Giffnock, Thornliebank, Netherlee, and Newton Mearns in the East Renfrewshire council area, as well as Cambuslang, East Kilbride, and Rutherglen in the South Lanarkshire council area.

Although predominantly residential, the area does have several notable public buildings including, Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Scotland Street School Museum and House for an Art Lover; the world famous Burrell Collection in Pollok Country Park; Alexander 'Greek' Thomson's Holmwood House villa; the National Football Stadium Hampden Park in Mount Florida, (home of Queens Park FC) and Ibrox Stadium, (home of Rangers FC).

The former docklands site at Pacific Quay on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the SECC, is the site of the Glasgow Science Centre and the new headquarters for BBC Scotland and STV Group (owner of STV) which have relocated there to a new purpose built digital media campus.

In addition, several new bridges spanning the River Clyde have been built or are currently planned, including the Clyde Arc known by locals as the Squinty Bridge at Pacific Quay and others at Tradeston and Springfield Quay.

The South Side also includes many great parks, including Linn Park, Queen's Park, Bellahouston Park and Rouken Glen Park, and several golf clubs, including the championship course at Haggs Castle. The South Side is also home to Pollok Country Park, which was awarded the accolade of Europe's Best Park 2008.^[77] Pollok Park is Glasgow’s largest park and the only country park within the city boundaries. It is also home to Poloc Cricket Club. The name was taken from one of the early spellings of the area, to differentiate it from Pollok F.C.

Govan is a district and former burgh in the south-western part of the city. It is situated on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite Partick. It was an administratively independent Police Burgh from 1864 until it was incorporated into the expanding city of Glasgow in 1912. Govan has a legacy as an engineering and shipbuilding centre of international repute and is home to one of two BAE Systems Surface Ships shipyards on the River Clyde and the precision engineering firm, Thales Optronics. It is also home to the Southern General Hospital, one of the largest teaching hospitals in the country, and the maintenance depot for the Glasgow Subway system.

North Glasgow[edit]

Ruchill Church, seen from the Forth and Clyde Canal.

North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of Bearsden, Milngavie and Bishopbriggs in East Dunbartonshire and Clydebank in West Dunbartonshire. The area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas. Possilpark is one such area, where levels of unemployment and drug abuse continue to be above the national average. Much of the housing in areas such as Possilpark and Hamiltonhill had fallen into a state of disrepair in recent years.

This has led to large scale redevelopment of much of the poorer housing stock in north Glasgow, and the wider regeneration of many areas, such as Ruchill, which have been transformed; many run-down tenements have now been refurbished or replaced by modern housing estates. Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is rented social housing, with a high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the North Glasgow Housing Association trading as NG Homes and Glasgow Housing Association.

Maryhill consists of well maintained traditional sandstone tenements. Although historically a working class area, its borders with the upmarket West End of the city mean that it is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of the north of the city, containing affluent areas such as Maryhill Park and North Kelvinside. Maryhill is also home to Firhill Stadium, home of Partick Thistle F.C. since 1909, and the professional Rugby Union team, Glasgow Warriors. The junior team, Maryhill F.C. are also located in this part of north Glasgow.

The Forth and Clyde Canal passes through this part of the city, and at one stage formed a vital part of the local economy. It was for many years polluted and largely unused after the decline of heavy industry, but recent efforts to regenerate and re-open the canal to navigation have seen it rejuvenated.

Sighthill is home to Scotland’s largest asylum seeker community.

A huge part of the economic life of Glasgow was once located in Springburn, where the Saracen Foundry, engineering works of firms like Charles Tennant and locomotive workshops employed many Glaswegians. Indeed, Glasgow dominated this type of manufacturing, with 25% of all the world’s locomotives being built in the area at one stage. It was home to the headquarters of the North British Locomotive Company. Today part of the St. Rollox railway works continues in use as a railway maintenance facility, all that is left of the industry in Springburn.

Culture[edit]

Recreation[edit]

Music scene[edit]

Main article: List of bands from Glasgow

View of the entrance to the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall

Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs. Some of the city's more well-known venues include the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, The Hydro, the SECC, Glasgow Cathouse, King Tut's Wah Wah Hut (where Oasis were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul Alan McGee), the Queen Margaret Union (who have Kurt Cobain's footprint locked in a safe), the Barrowland, a ballroom converted into a live music venue as well as The Garage which is the largest nightclub in Scotland. More recent mid-sized venues include ABC and the O₂ Academy, which play host to a similar range of acts. There are also a large number of smaller venues and bars which host many local and touring musicians, including Stereo, 13th Note and Nice N Sleazy. Most recent recipient of the SLTN Music Pub of the Year award was Bar Bloc, awarded in November 2011.^[83] In 2010, Glasgow was named the UK's fourth "most musical" city by PRS for Music.^[84]^[84]

In recent years^[when?], the success of bands such as The Blue Nile, Simple Minds, Del Amitri, Wet Wet Wet, Texas, Hipsway, Hue & Cry, Love & Money, Aztec Camera, Idlewild, Jesus & Mary Chain, Deacon Blue, Orange Juice, Teenage Fanclub, Lloyd Cole and the Commotions, Belle and Sebastian, Camera Obscura, Biffy Clyro, Franz Ferdinand, Mogwai, Snow Patrol, Travis, and Primal Scream has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting Time Magazine to liken Glasgow to Detroit during its 1960s Motown heyday.^[85] More recent^[when?] successes include The Fratellis, Chvrches and Glasvegas. The city of Glasgow was appointed a UNESCO City of Music on 20 August 2008 as part of the Creative Cities Network.

Glasgow's contemporary dance music scene has been spearheaded by Slam, and their record label Soma Quality Recordings,^[86] with their Pressure club nights at The Arches attracting DJs and clubbers from around the world.

The MOBO Awards were held at the SECC on 30 September 2009, making Glasgow the first out-of-London city to host the event since its launch in 1995. Glasgow was also appointed as host for the 2014 MTV Europe Awards.

Media[edit]

Main article: Media in Glasgow

BBC Scotland HQ, Pacific Quay, Glasgow

Both BBC Scotland and STV have their headquarters in Glasgow. Television programs which are or were filmed in Glasgow include Rab C Nesbitt, Taggart, High Times, River City, City Lights, Chewin' the Fat and Still Game. Most recently the long running series Question Time and the early evening quiz programme Eggheads moved its production base to the city and Mrs. Brown's Boys is also filmed at BBC Scotland.

The Scottish press publishes various newspapers in the city such as the Evening Times, The Herald, The Sunday Herald, the Sunday Mail and the Daily Record. Scottish editions of Trinity Mirror and News International titles are printed in the city. STV Group is a Glasgow-based media conglomerate with interests in television, and publishing advertising. STV Group owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both branded STV.

Various radio stations are also located in Glasgow. Bauer Radio owns the principal commercial radio stations in Glasgow; Clyde 1 and Clyde 2, which can reach over 2.3 million listeners.^[87] In 2004, STV Group plc (then known as SMG plc) sold its 27.8% stake in Scottish Radio Holdings to the broadcasting group EMAP for £90.5 million. Other stations broadcasting from Glasgow include 105.2 Smooth Radio, Real Radio and 96.3 Rock Radio, which are all owned by GMG Radio. Global Radio's Central Scotland radio station Capital FM Scotland also broadcast from studios in Glasgow. The city has a strong community radio sector, including Celtic Music Radio, Subcity Radio, Radio Magnetic, Sunny Govan Radio, AWAZ FM and Insight Radio.

Religion[edit]

Dialect[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Main article: Architecture in Glasgow

Lord Foster's Clyde Auditorium, colloquially known as 'the Armadillo'.

Very little of medieval Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th century Provand's Lordship and 13th century St. Mungo's Cathedral, although the original medieval street plan (along with many of the street names) on the eastern side of the city centre has largely survived intact. The vast majority of the city as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has an impressive heritage of Victorian architecture: the Glasgow City Chambers; the main building of the University of Glasgow, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott; and the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, designed by Sir John W. Simpson, are notable examples.

The city is notable for architecture designed by the Glasgow School, the most notable exponent of that style being Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Mackintosh was an architect and designer in the Arts and Crafts Movement and the main exponent of Art Nouveau in the United Kingdom, designing numerous noted Glasgow buildings such as the Glasgow School of Art, Willow Tearooms and the Scotland Street School Museum. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh, is the Queen's Cross Church, the only church by the renowned artist to be built.^[97]

Another architect who has had an enduring impact on the city's appearance was Alexander Thomson, with notable examples including the Holmwood House villa, and likewise Sir John James Burnet who was awarded the R.I.B.A's Royal Gold Medal for his lifetime's service to architecture. The buildings reflect the wealth and self-confidence of the residents of the "Second City of the Empire". Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The shipyards, marine engineering, steel making, and heavy industry all contributed to the growth of the city.

Many of the city's most impressive buildings were built with red or blond sandstone, but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the furnaces, until the Clean Air Act was introduced in 1956. In recent years many of these buildings have been cleaned and restored to their original appearance.^{[citation needed]} There are over 1,800 listed buildings in the city, of architectural and historical importance, and 23 Conservation Areas extending over 1,471 hectares. Such areas include the Central Area, Dennistoun, the West End, Pollokshields - the first major planned garden suburb in Britain - Newlands and Carmunnock Village.^[98]

New office builds in the city centre of Glasgow

Modern buildings in Glasgow include the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, and along the banks of the Clyde are the Glasgow Science Centre, The Hydro and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, whose Clyde Auditorium was designed by Sir Norman Foster, and is affectionately known as the "Armadillo". In 2006 Zaha Hadid won a competition to design the new Museum of Transport.^[99] Hadid's museum opened on the waterfront in 2011 and has been renamed the Riverside Museum to reflect the change in location and to celebrate Glasgow's rich industrial heritage stemming from the Clyde.^[100]

Glasgow's impressive historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design,^[101] winning the accolade over Liverpool and Edinburgh.^[102]

Economy[edit]

HMS Daring was built by BAE Systems Maritime - Naval Ships in Glasgow and launched in 2006. Although diminished from its early 20th century heights, Glasgow remains the hub of the UK's Shipbuilding industry.

Glasgow has the largest economy in Scotland and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of West Central Scotland. Glasgow also has the third highest GDP Per capita of any city in the UK (after London and Edinburgh).^[103] The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in over 12,000 companies. Over 153,000 jobs were created in the city between 2000 and 2005 — a growth rate of 32%.^[104] Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005, over 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2 billion, an increase of 22% in a single year.^[105] 55% of the residents in the Greater Glasgow area commute to the city every day. Once dominant export orientated manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and other heavy engineering have been gradually replaced in importance by more diversified forms of economic activity, although major manufacturing firms continue to be headquartered in the city, such as Aggreko, Weir Group, Clyde Blowers, Howden, Linn Products, Firebrand Games, William Grant & Sons, Whyte and Mackay, The Edrington Group, British Polar Engines and Albion Motors.^[106]

Glasgow was once one of the most significant cities in the UK for manufacturing, which generated a great deal of the city's wealth; the most prominent industry being shipbuilding based on the River Clyde.^[107] Although Glasgow owed much of its economic growth to the shipbuilding industry, which still continues today in the form of BAE Systems Maritime - Naval Ships' two shipyards, the city has its roots in the tobacco trade and is noted to have "risen from its medieval slumber" from trade in tobacco, pioneered by figures such as John Glassford.^[108] The city was also noted for its locomotive construction industry — led by firms such as the North British Locomotive Company — which grew during the 19th century before entering a decline in the 1960s.

Glasgow Tower, Scotland's tallest tower, and the IMAX Cinema at the Glasgow Science Centre symbolise the increase in the importance of tourism to the city's economy.

Whilst manufacturing has declined, Glasgow's economy has seen significant relative growth of tertiary sector industries such as financial and business services, communications, biosciences, creative industries, healthcare, higher education, retail and tourism.^{[citation needed]} Glasgow is now the second most popular foreign tourist destination in Scotland (fourth in the UK)^[31] and its largest retail centre.

Between 1998 and 2001, the city's financial services sector grew at a rate of 30%, making considerable gains on Edinburgh, which has historically been the centre of the Scottish financial sector.^[109]^[110] Glasgow is now one of Europe's sixteen largest financial centres,^[111] with a growing number of Blue chip financial sector companies establishing significant operations or headquarters in the city.^[112]

The 1990s and first decade of the 21st century saw substantial growth in the number of call centres based in Glasgow. In 2007 roughly 20,000 people, a third of all call centre employees in Scotland, were employed by Glasgow call centres.^[113] This growth and its high use of recruitment agencies to hire graduates as temporary workers has led to accusations of exploitative practices such as long hours, poor pay and lack of job security by the TUC and other union bodies.^[114] In recent years some call centres have taken steps to rectify this criticism.

The city's main manufacturing industries include companies involved in; shipbuilding, engineering, construction, brewing and distilling, printing and publishing, chemicals and textiles as well as newer growth sectors such as optoelectronics, software development and biotechnology.^{[citation needed]} Glasgow forms the western part of the Silicon Glen high tech sector of Scotland.

Transport[edit]

Public transport[edit]

Glasgow Central station is the northern terminus of the West Coast Main Line.

Glasgow has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT).

The city has many bus services; since bus deregulation almost all are provided by private operators though SPT part-funds some services. The principal bus operators within the city are: First Glasgow, McGill's Buses, Stagecoach West Scotland and Glasgow Citybus. The main bus terminal in the city is Buchanan bus station.

Glasgow has the most extensive urban rail network in the UK outside of London with rail services travelling to a large part of the West of Scotland. Most lines were electrified under British Rail. All trains running within Scotland, including the local Glasgow trains, are operated by First ScotRail, who own the franchise as determined by the Scottish Government. Central Station and Queen Street Station are the two main railway terminals. Glasgow Central is the terminus of the 641.6-kilometre (398.7 mi) long West Coast Main Line^[115] from London Euston. All services to and from England use this station. Glasgow Central is also the terminus for suburban services on the south side of Glasgow, Ayrshire and Inverclyde, as well as being served by the cross city link from Dalmuir to Motherwell. Most other services within Scotland — the main line to Edinburgh, plus services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness and the Western Highlands — operate from Queen Street station.

The city's suburban network is currently divided by the River Clyde, and the Crossrail Glasgow initiative has been proposed to link them; it is currently awaiting funding from the Scottish Government. The city is linked to Edinburgh by four direct railway links. In addition to the suburban rail network, SPT operates the Glasgow Subway. The Subway is the United Kingdom's only completely underground metro system, and is generally recognised as the world's third underground railway after the London Underground and the Budapest Metro.^[116] Both rail and subway stations have a number of park and ride facilities.

As part of the wider regeneration along the banks of the River Clyde a Bus Rapid Transit system called Clyde Fastlink is currently under construction.

View of Glasgow Central station (with the distinctive façade of the Heilanman's Umbrella to the left) from the 5th floor of Radisson SAS hotel May 2009

Shipping[edit]

Ferries used to link opposite sides of the Clyde in Glasgow but they have been rendered near-obsolete, by bridges and tunnels including the Erskine Bridge, Kingston Bridge, and the Clyde Tunnel. The only remaining crossings are the Renfrew Ferry between Renfrew and Yoker, and the Kilcreggan Ferry in Inverclyde, both run by SPT but outwith the city boundary. The PS Waverley, the world's last operational seagoing paddle-steamer,^[117] provides services from Glasgow city Centre, mainly catering to the pleasure cruise market. A regular waterbus service links the city Centre with Braehead in Renfrewshire, some 30 minutes downstream. A service by Loch Lomond Seaplanes, connecting the city with destinations in Argyll and Bute started in 2007.^[118] The only operational dock left in Glasgow operated by Clydeport is the King George V Dock, near Braehead. Since the advent of Containerisation, most other facilities, such as Hunterston Terminal are located in the deep waters of the Firth of Clyde, which together handle some 7.5 million tonnes of cargo each year. Longer distant commercial sea shipping from Glasgow occurs regularly to many European destinations including Mediterranean and Baltic ports via passage through the Sea of the Hebrides.^[119]

Roads[edit]

M8 Motorway, the busiest motorway in Scotland

The main M8 motorway passes through the city centre and connects to the M77, M73, and M80 motorways. The A82 connects the city to Argyll and the western Highlands. The M74 runs directly south towards Carlisle; the M74 completion scheme has extended the motorway from Tollcross into the Tradeston area to join the M8.

Other road projects in the city include East End Regeneration Route, which aims to provide easier access to deprived areas of the East End by linking the M8 to the extended M74.

Airports[edit]

The city is served by two international airports and a seaplane terminal: Glasgow International Airport (GLA) (13 km or 8 mi west of the city centre) in Renfrewshire and Glasgow Prestwick Airport (PIK) which is approximately 30 miles (48 km) south west of Glasgow in Ayrshire and Glasgow Seaplane Terminal, by the Glasgow Science Centre on the River Clyde. There is also a small airfield at Cumbernauld in Lanarkshire (29 km or 18 mi to the north-east) and Glasgow City Heliport located at Stobcross Quay on the banks of the Clyde. A plan to provide a direct rail link to Glasgow International was dropped with the cancelling of the Glasgow Airport Rail Link in 2009.

Housing[edit]

Main article: Housing in Glasgow

Typical red sandstone Glasgow tenement in Hyndland.

Glasgow is known for its tenements - the red (or blonde) sandstone buildings are one of the most recognisable signatures of the city.^[120] These were the most popular form of housing in 19th- and 20th-century Glasgow and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today. Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features.^[121] The Hyndland area of Glasgow is the only tenement conservation area in the UK^[122] and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms.

The Blythswood Court estate in Anderston, one of many high rise schemes in the city constructed in the 1960s and 70s.

Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of high-rise housing in tower blocks in the 1960s, along with large overspill estates on the periphery of the city, in areas like Pollok, Nitshill, Castlemilk, Easterhouse, Milton and Drumchapel.^[123] These were built to replace the decaying inner-city tenement buildings originally built for workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Highlands, and the rest of the United Kingdom, particularly Ireland, in order to feed the local demand for labour.^[124] The massive demand outstripped new building and many, originally fine, tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary.^[125] Many degenerated into the infamous Glasgow slums, such as the Gorbals.

Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the City Improvement Trust in the late 19th century, cleared the slums of the old town areas such as the Trongate, High Street and Glasgow Cross.^[126] Subsequent urban renewal initiatives, such as those motivated by the Bruce Report, entailed the comprehensive demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of new towns on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks.

The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful.^[127] Many of Glasgow's worst tenements were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s^[127] and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a "universally admired architectural" style.^[121] The Glasgow Housing Association took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and has begun a £96 million clearance and demolition programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats.^[128]

Healthcare[edit]

The Glasgow Royal Infirmary is the city's oldest and largest hospital.

Medical care is mainly provided by NHS Scotland and is directly administered by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.

Major hospitals, including those with Accident & Emergency provision, are: the Western Infirmary, Gartnavel General Hospital and the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in the West End, Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the Dental Hospital in the city Centre, Stobhill Hospital in the North and the Victoria Infirmary and Southern General Hospital in the South Side.

There is also an emergency telephone service provided by NHS 24 and 24 hour access to General Practitioners through Out of hours centres. Paramedic services are provided by the Scottish Ambulance Service and supported by voluntary bodies like the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association. A strong Teaching tradition is maintained between the city's main hospitals and the University of Glasgow Medical School.

All Pharmacies provide a wide range of services including minor ailment advice, emergency hormonal contraception, public health advice, some provide oxygen and needle exchange.

There are private clinics and hospitals at the Nuffield in the West end and Ross Hall in the South Side of the city.

Academia[edit]

The University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and among the world's top 100 universities.

Glasgow is a major centre of higher and academic research, with four universities within 10 miles (16 km) of the city centre:

University of Glasgow
University of Strathclyde
Glasgow Caledonian University
University of the West of Scotland

The Saltire Centre at Glasgow Caledonian University, one the busiest university libraries in the UK.

There are also three further education colleges in the city: City of Glasgow College, Glasgow Clyde College and Glasgow Kelvin College. Higher education colleges in the city include Jordanhill Teacher Training College, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland and the Glasgow School of Art.

Glasgow is home to a student population in excess of 168,000, the largest in Scotland and second largest in the United Kingdom. The majority of those who live away from home reside in Shawlands, Dennistoun and the West End of the city.^[129]

The City Council operates twenty-nine secondary schools, 149 primary schools and three specialist schools — the Dance School of Scotland, Glasgow School of Sport and the Glasgow Gaelic School (Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu), the only secondary school in Scotland to teach exclusively in Gaelic. Outdoor Education facilities are provided by the city council at the Blairvadach Centre, near Helensburgh. Jordanhill School is operated directly by the Scottish Government. Glasgow also has a number of Independent schools, including Hutchesons' Grammar School founded in 1639 and one of the oldest school institutions in Britain, and others such as Craigholme School, Fernhill School, Glasgow Academy, Kelvinside Academy, St. Aloysius' College and The High School of Glasgow, which was founded in 1124 and is the oldest school in Scotland.

Sport[edit]

Football[edit]

Celtic Park in Parkhead is Scotland's biggest football stadium

The world's first international football match was held in 1872 at the West of Scotland Cricket Club's Hamilton Crescent ground in the Partick area of the city. The match, between Scotland and England finished 0–0.

Glasgow is one of only four cities (along with Liverpool in 1985, Madrid in 1986 and Milan in 1994) to have had two football teams in European finals in the same season: in 1967 Celtic F.C. competed in the European Cup final with rivals Rangers F.C. competing in the Cup Winners' Cup final. Rangers were the first football club from the UK to reach a European final, which they achieved in 1961. They have also won more domestic top tier league titles than any other football club in the world. Celtic were the first non-Latin club to win the European Cup, under the management of Jock Stein in 1967, before Manchester United the following year.

Hampden Park, which is Scotland's national football stadium, holds the European record for attendance at a football match: 149,547^[130] saw Scotland beat England 3-1 in 1937, in the days before leading British stadia became all-seated. Hampden Park has hosted the final of the UEFA Champions League on three occasions, most recently in 2002 and hosted the UEFA Cup Final in 2007. Celtic Park (60,355 seats) is located in the east end of Glasgow, and Ibrox Stadium (50,987 seats) on the south side.

Ibrox Stadium Is Scotland's only UEFA Elite Stadium

Glasgow has three professional football clubs: Celtic, Rangers and Partick Thistle; a fourth club, Queen's Park, are an amateur club which play in the Scottish Division 3. Prior to this, Glasgow had five other professional clubs: Clyde (a club which has since moved to Cumbernauld), Third Lanark A.C., Cambuslang, Cowlairs and Clydesdale (most of which have now folded). There are a number of Scottish Junior Football Association clubs within the city as well, such as Pollok, Maryhill, Benburb, Ashfield and Petershill, as well as countless numbers of amateur teams.

Firhill Stadium, home of Partick Thistle F.C.

The history of football in the city, as well as the status of the Old Firm, attracts many visitors to football matches in the city throughout the season. The Scottish Football Association, the national governing body, and the Scottish Football Museum are based in Glasgow, as are the Scottish Professional Football League, Scottish Junior Football Association and Scottish Amateur Football Association. The Glasgow Cup was a once popular tournament, which was competed for by Rangers, Celtic, Clyde, Partick Thistle and Queen's Park. The competition is now played for by the youth sides of the five teams.

As of 2013, the Scotland's football league structure underwent reconstruction, merging the Scottish Premier League and the Scottish Football League into the Scottish Professional Football League for the 2013/14 season.

Club	League	Venue	Capacity
Celtic F.C.	Scottish Professional Football League	Celtic Park	60,355
Partick Thistle F.C.	Scottish Professional Football League	Firhill Stadium	10,102
Rangers F.C.	Scottish Professional Football League	Ibrox Stadium	50,987
Queen's Park F.C.	Scottish Professional Football League	Hampden Park	52,025

Rugby union[edit]

Glasgow has a professional rugby union club, the Glasgow Warriors, which plays in the Heineken Cup and RaboDirect PRO12 alongside teams from Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Italy.

In the Scottish League, Glasgow Hawks RFC was formed in 1997 by the merger of two of Glasgow's oldest clubs: Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside (GHK). Despite the merger, the second division teams of Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside re-entered the Scottish rugby league in 1998.

In the South Glasgow suburb of Giffnock is based another of Glasgow's most prominent clubs Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians RFC (GHA). GHA was formed in 2002 with the merger of two of Glasgow's leading clubs at the time, Glasgow Southern RFC and Hutchesons' Aloysians RFC. Cartha Queen's Park play at Dumbreck.

Rugby league[edit]

The Easterhouse Panthers based in the East End of Glagow are a rugby league team who play in the Rugby League Conference Scotland Division. Scotstoun Stadium has also hosted many rugby league tournaments/events.

Ice hockey[edit]

The City of Glasgow has a number of ice rinks, and a temporary one is set up in George Square in the Christmas period.

From 1966 to 1986, the Glasgow Dynamos played at Crossmyloof Ice Rink. ^[131]Since October 2010 a team called the Braehead Clan based in the nearby Braehead Arena in Renfrewshire has played in the professional Elite Ice Hockey League alongside three other Scottish teams, the Fife Flyers, Dundee Stars and the Edinburgh Capitals. This is the first time that a top level ice hockey team has represented Glasgow.

Swimming[edit]

The Arlington Baths Club is the oldest swimming club in the world, founded in 1870. The Club in Arlington Street, in the Woodlands area of the city is still thriving today. It is believed the Club's first Baths Master William Wilson invented water polo at the Club. The Arlington inspired other Swimming Clubs and the Western Baths, which opened in 1876, is also still in existence in nearby Hillhead. Most of Glasgow's Victorian and Edwardian Municipal Pools have been closed or demolished, with the city council investing in large new leisure centres such as Tollcross, Springburn, Gorbals, Scotstoun and Bellahouston. A community group is however hoping to re-open Govanhill Baths, on the city's southside.

Basketball[edit]

Glasgow hosts Scotland's only professional basketball team, the Glasgow Rocks, who compete in the British Basketball League. Since moving out of Renfrewshire's Braehead Arena, the Rocks where based at the 1,200 seater Kelvin Hall but as of the 2012/2013 season the Rocks where based at the Emirates Arena.

Other sports[edit]

Emirates Arena in Glasgow, one of the designated stadiums constructed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games

Major international sporting arenas include the Kelvin Hall and Scotstoun Sports Centre. In 2003 the National Academy for Badminton was completed in Scotstoun. In 2003, Glasgow was also given the title of European Capital of Sport.^[132]

Glasgow is also host to many cricket clubs including Clydesdale Cricket Club who have been title winners for the Scottish Cup many times. This club also acted as a neutral venue for a One Day International match between India and Pakistan in 2007, but due to bad weather it was called off.

Smaller sporting facilities include an abundance of outdoor playing fields, as well as golf clubs such as Haggs Castle and artificial ski slopes. Between 1998 and 2004, the Scottish Claymores American football team played some or all of their home games each season at Hampden Park and the venue also hosted World Bowl XI.

Glasgow Green and the Gorbals are home to a number of rowing clubs, some with open membership the rest belonging to universities or schools. Historically, rowing races on the River Clyde here attracted huge crowds of spectators to watch regattas in the late 19th century and early 20th century;^[133] before football caught the public imagination. Two of Glasgow's rowing clubs separately claim that it was their members who were among the founders of Rangers Football Club.^[134]

Motorcycle speedway racing was first introduced to Glasgow in 1928 and is currently staged at Saracen Park in the North of the city. The home club, Glasgow Tigers, compete in the British Premier League, the second tier of motorcycle speedway in Britain.

Glasgow is also one of five places in Scotland which hosts the final of the Scottish Cup of Shinty, better known as the Camanachd Cup. This is usually held at Old Anniesland. Once home to numerous Shinty clubs, there is now only one senior club in Glasgow, Glasgow Mid-Argyll, as well as two university sides from University of Strathclyde and University of Glasgow.

Glasgow bid to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics but lost to Buenos Aires in the July 4, 2013 vote.^[135]

2014 Commonwealth Games[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

Glasgow is twinned with various cities.^[138]

Nuremberg, Germany, (since 1985) Rostov-on-Don, Russia, (since 1986) Dalian, China, (since 1997) Havana, Cuba, (since 2002)	Turin, Italy, (since 2003)^[139] Marseille, France, (since 2006) Lahore, Pakistan, (since 2006)^[140] Bethlehem, West Bank, (since 2007)^[141]^[142]

Partnerships[edit]

The city is also in a partnership relationship with:

Oulu^[143]

Notable people[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

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^ http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/GCCCensus2011
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^ http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/GCCCensus2011.pdf
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^ "St. Mungo Museum". Clyde-valley.com. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
^ Watch video of the church^{[dead link]} and Interview with Stuart Robertson, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society Director
^ Glasgow City Council Planning Department reports
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^ "Edinburgh's Ranking". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
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^ BBC Scotland "Call centres 'enjoying boom time'". BBC. 10 January 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
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^ C.Michael Hogan, (2011) Sea of the Hebrides. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
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^ "Hyndland Local History". Hyndl.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
^ Drivers for high rise living^{[dead link]}
^ Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island by Brendan O'Grady. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
^ Worksall, Frank The Tenement – a way of life. W & R Chambers Ltd Edinburgh 1972 ISBN 055020252
^ Ranald MacInnes. "The Glasgow Story: Buildings and Cityscape — Public Housing". Retrieved 24 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Springburn Virtual Museum: Demolition of tenements in Gourlay Street, 1975". Glasgow Digital Library. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
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^ Rangers FC fanzine, Founders plaque unveiled.
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Bibliography[edit]

Butt, John, and George Gordon, eds. Strathclyde: Changing Horizons (1985)
Cochrane, Hugh. Glasgow: The first 800 Years (1975)
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Crawford, Robert (2013). On Glasgow and Edinburgh. Harvard U.P.
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Daiches, David. Glasgow (1982), scholarly history
Doak, A M and Young, A M. “Glasgow at a Glance” (1983)
Gibb, Andrew. Glasgow: The Making of a City (1983)
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Horsey, M. “Tenements & Towers: Glasgow Working-Class Housing 1890-1990” (1990)
Hume, John. “Industrial Archaeology of Glasgow” (1974)
Maver, Irene. Glasgow (2000)
Malcolm, Sandra. “Old Glasgow and The Clyde: From the Archives of T. and R. Annan” (2005)
McKean, Charles. “Central Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide” (1993)
Oakley, Charles. The Second City (1975)
Small, G P. “Greater Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide” (2008)
Urquhart, Gordon R. “Along Great Western Road: An Illustrated History of Glasgow's West End” (2000)
Williamson, Elizabeth et al. Glasgow (The Buildings of Scotland) (1999)
Worsdall, Frank. “The Tenement: A Way of Life” (1979)
Worsdall, Frank. “The City That Disappeared: Glasgow's Demolished Architecture” (1981)
Worsdall, Frank. “The Victorian City: Selection of Glasgow's Architecture” (1988)

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glasgow.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Glasgow.

Look up Glasgow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Glasgow.

Glasgow on the Open Directory Project
Glasgow City Council
Clyde Waterfront Regeneration
Tunnels Under Glasgow
Glasgow Central Quay
Clyde Waterfront Heritage
Interactive Attractions Map of Central Glasgow
History of Glasgow Theatres
TheGlasgowStory
National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive (archive films relating to Glasgow)
Clyde Waterfront Education
International Financial Services District Glasgow

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における昏迷および昏睡 stupor and coma in adults
2. アルコール性肝炎：自然経過およびマネージメント alcoholic hepatitis natural history and management
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5. 小児における傾眠および昏睡の評価 evaluation of stupor and coma in children

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In Vivo Quantitative Proteomics: The SILAC Mouse.

Zanivan S, Krueger M, Mann M.SourceVascular Proteomics Group, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2012;757:435-50.
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a field that has been quickly developing, enabling increasingly giving in-depth characterization of the proteomes of cells and tissues. Current technology allows identifying thousands of proteins in a single experiment. Stable isotope labeling with amino acid in
PMID 21909926

A comparative study of molecular diagnostic methods designed to detect the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci.

Tuffs S, Oidtmann B.SourceCentre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2011 Dec 15;153(3-4):343-53. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
Crayfish plague is the most important disease of freshwater crayfish with a significant impact on European species. We compared the analytical test sensitivity and specificity of three published PCR assays for the detection of Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague: a conventiona
PMID 21763084

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The su($n$) WZNW fusion ring as integrable model : a new algorithm to compute fusion coefficients (Infinite Analysis 2010 Developments in Quantum Integrable Systems)

KORFF CHRISTIAN
RIMS Kokyuroku Bessatsu B28, 121-153, 2011-08
NAID 110008659202

Prediction of Discharge Outcome with the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score in Neurosurgical Patients

Akavipat Phuping,Sookplung Pimwan,Kaewsingha Pranee,Maunsaiyat Patcharin
Acta Medica Okayama 65(3), 205-210, 2011-06
… The mortality rate and Glasgow Outcome Scale were recorded. … One-hundred and twenty-two patients (40.1%) had a poor outcome defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score from 3-5, and 38 patients (12.5%) died. …
NAID 80021815245

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★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category」「Glasgow昏睡尺度」「Glasgow coma scale」「Glasgow Coma Scale」

「Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category」

The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow
Details
Adopted	1866
Crest	Saint Mungo
Supporters	Two salmon, bearing rings
Motto	Let Glasgow Flourish by the preaching of Your word, and the praising of Your name.

**Glasgow**
	Glasgow
	Scottish Gaelic: Glaschu
	Scots: Glesca
	; Clockwise from top-left: View of Glasgow Science Centre, Duke of Wellington statue outside Gallery of Modern Art, Royal Exchange Square, cityscape view from The Lighthouse, Gilbert Scott Building of University of Glasgow, Finnieston Crane, Glasgow City Chambers
	; Glasgow Coat of Arms.
	Glasgow Glasgow shown within Scotland
Area	175.5 km2 (67.8 sq mi)
Population	598,830 (2011)
- Density	3,298.0 /km2 (8,541.8 /sq mi)
Urban	1,750,000
Metro	Est. 2,850,000
Demonym	Glaswegian
Language	English, Scots, Scottish Gaelic
OS grid reference	NS590655
- Edinburgh	49 mi (79 km)
- London	352 mi (566 km)
Council area	Glasgow City Council
Lieutenancy area	Glasgow
Country	Scotland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	GLASGOW
Postcode district	G1–G80
Dialling code	0141
Police	Scottish
Fire	Scottish
Ambulance	Scottish
EU Parliament	Scotland
UK Parliament	Glasgow Central
	Glasgow East
	Glasgow North
	Glasgow North East
	Glasgow North West
	Glasgow South
	Glasgow South West
Scottish Parliament	Glasgow Anniesland
	Glasgow Cathcart
	Glasgow Kelvin
	Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn
	Glasgow Pollok
	Glasgow Provan
	Glasgow Shettleston
	Glasgow Southside
Website	www.glasgow.gov.uk
	List of places UK Scotland

グラスゴー; Glasgow
	; 時計回りに上から、Glasgow Science Centre, Gallery of Modern Art屋外のDuke of Wellington像、Royal Exchange Square, The Lighthouseから臨む都市景観、グラスゴー大学、Finnieston Crane及びGlasgow City Chambers.
	市章
位置
	; グラスゴーの位置
座標 : 北緯55度51分29秒西経4度15分32秒 / 北緯55.85806度西経4.25889度
行政
国	イギリス
カントリー	スコットランド
市	グラスゴー
地理
面積
市域	175.5km2（67.76mi2）
人口
人口	（2011年現在）
市域	598,830人
市街地	1,750,000人
都市圏	2,850,000人
その他
等時帯	西ヨーロッパ時間（UTC+0）
夏時間	西ヨーロッパ夏時間（UTC+1）
郵便番号	G1–G80
市外局番	0141
ISO 3166-2	GB-LIV
	公式ウェブサイト : http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/

　　[★]

同: GP-CPC, CPC, Pittsburgh cerebral performance category, Glasgow outcome scale?

GP-CPC 1: conscious, alert, and oriented with normal cognitive functions

GP-CPC 2: conscious and alert with moderate cerebral disability

GP-CPC 3: conscious with severe disability

GP-CPC 4: comatose or in persistent vegetative state

GP-CPC 5: certified brain death or dead by traditional criteria.

参考1

	CPC	OPC
1	Good cerebral performance: Conscious, alert, able to work, might have mild neurologic or psycholgic deficit.	Good overall performance: Healthy, alert, capable of normal life, CPC 1.
2	Moderate cerebral disability: Conscious, sufficient cerebral function for independent activities of daily life. Able to work in sheltered environment.	Moderate overall disability: -Conscious (CPC 2), or moderate disability from noncerebral systems dysfunction alone (CPC 1), or both. -Performs independent activities of daily life, but is disabled for competitive work.
3	Severe cerebral disability: Conscious, dependent on others for daily support because of impaired brain function. Ranges from ambulatory state to severe dementia or paralysis.	Severe overall disability: -Conscious (CPC 3), or severe disability from non-cerebral organ systems dysfunction alone (CPC 1 or 2), or both. -Dependent on others for daily support.
4	Coma or vegetative state: Any degree of coma without the presence of all brain death criteria. Unawareness, even if appears awake (vegetative state) without interaction with environment; may have spontaneous eye opening and sleep-awake cycles. Cerebral unresponsiveness.	Coma or vegetative state: Same as CPC 4.
5	Brain death. Apnea, areflexia, EEG silence, etc.	Brain death:

参考

1.

http://www.mplsheart.org/sites/all/default/userfiles/file/10%20Sendelbach%20-%20Neurocognitive%20090810.pdf

2. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage.

Jennett B, Bond M.
Lancet.Lancet.1975 Mar 1;1(7905):480-4.
Persisting disability after brain damage usually comprises both mental and physical handicap. The mental component is often the more important in contributing to overall social disability. Lack of an objective scale leads to vague and over-optimistic estimates of outcome, which obscure the ultimat
PMID 46957

3

http://www.fdma.go.jp/neuter/topics/houdou/h21/2112/01_houdoushiryou.pdf

「Glasgow昏睡尺度」

　　[★]

英: Glasgow coma scale
関: グラスゴー昏睡尺度

「Glasgow coma scale」

　　[★]

グラスゴー昏睡尺度、Glasgow昏睡尺度

「Glasgow Coma Scale」

　　[★] グラスゴー・コーマ・スケール GCS

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[81] Craig McQueen, "Glasgow Awarded Unlikely Title of Britain's Most Vegan-Friendly City by Animal Activists," Daily Record and Sunday Mail, 14 August 2013. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-awarded-unlikely-title-britains-2162879

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[83] "SLTN Awards". 10 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[mirror.co.uk-84] Richard Smith. "Bristol named Britain's most musical city". mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2011.

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[88] Church of Scotland Yearbook 2008–09, ISBN 978-0-86153-384-8

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Glasgow
Scottish Gaelic: Glaschu
Scots: Glesca
Clockwise from top-left: View of Glasgow Science Centre, Duke of Wellington statue outside Gallery of Modern Art, Royal Exchange Square, cityscape view from The Lighthouse, Gilbert Scott Building of University of Glasgow, Finnieston Crane, Glasgow City Chambers
Glasgow Coat of Arms.
Glasgow Glasgow shown within Scotland
Area	175.5 km² (67.8 sq mi) ^[1]
Population	598,830 (2011)^[2]
- Density	3,298.0 /km² (8,541.8 /sq mi)
Urban^[3]	1,750,000
Metro	Est. 2,850,000
Demonym	Glaswegian
Language	English, Scots, Scottish Gaelic
OS grid reference	NS590655
- Edinburgh	49 mi (79 km)
- London	352 mi (566 km)
Council area	Glasgow City Council
Lieutenancy area	Glasgow
Country	Scotland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	GLASGOW
Postcode district	G1–G80
Dialling code	0141
Police	Scottish
Fire	Scottish
Ambulance	Scottish
EU Parliament	Scotland
UK Parliament	Glasgow Central
	Glasgow East
	Glasgow North
	Glasgow North East
	Glasgow North West
	Glasgow South
	Glasgow South West
Scottish Parliament	Glasgow Anniesland
	Glasgow Cathcart
	Glasgow Kelvin
	Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn
	Glasgow Pollok
	Glasgow Provan
	Glasgow Shettleston
	Glasgow Southside
Website	www.glasgow.gov.uk
List of places UK Scotland

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Glasgow