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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/04 10:35:42」(JST)

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Hortaea werneckii is a species of yeast in the family Teratosphaeriaceae.^[1] It is a black yeast that is investigated for its remarkable halotolerance.^[2]^[3] While the addition of salt to the medium is not required for its cultivation, H. werneckii can grow in close to saturated NaCl solutions.^[4] To emphasize this unusually wide adaptability, and to distinguish H. werneckii from other halotolerant fungi, which have lower maximum salinity limits, some authors describe H. werneckii as "extremely halotolerant".^[4]

Several salt-tolerance mechanisms of H. werneckii have been studied on molecular level.^[4] For example it is known that its major compatible solutes are glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, and mannitol; melanin accumulation of the cell wall aids in retention of at least glycerol inside of the cell.^[3] Several components of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signalling pathway (which controls responses to osmotic shock) have been studied in detail and some seem to differ in function compared to their counterparts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.^[5]^[6]^[7] Adaptation to high concentrations of salt are also accompanied by changes in membrane lipid composition, mainly by increasing the unsaturation of the phospholipid fatty acids.^[8]^[9]

H. werneckii causes a rare superficial and non-invasive skin infection Tinea nigra.^[10] The typical symptoms are non-scaly, smooth, brown-black painless spots on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

The growth of H. werneckii in liquid media is often yeast-like, although it can switch to filamentous growth. The mechanism of the switch is not known. The cells appear brown because of melanin production.^[3]

Whole genome sequencing of H. werneckii revealed a recent whole genome duplication, resulting in a relatively large genome (51.6 Mb) with 23333 predicted genes. Genes encoding metal cation transporters, which are thought to play a role in halotolerance, experienced several additional gene duplications at various points during their evolution. A heterothallic mating locus was found in the genome.^[11]

References

^ http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/hortaea.htm
^ Gunde-Cimerman, N; Ramos, J; Plemenitas, A (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi". Mycological Research 113 (Pt 11): 1231–41. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002. PMID 19747974.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kogej, T; Stein, M; Volkmann, M; Gorbushina, AA; Galinski, EA; Gunde-Cimerman, N (2007). "Osmotic adaptation of the halophilic fungus Hortaea werneckii: role of osmolytes and melanization". Microbiology 153 (Pt 12): 4261–73. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/010751-0. PMID 18048939.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gostinčar, C; Lenassi, M; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2011). "Fungal adaptation to extremely high salt concentrations". Advances in Applied Microbiology 77: 71–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0. PMID 22050822.
^ Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A. (2002). "The HOG pathway in the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Isolation of the HOG1 homolog gene and activation of HwHog1p". FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2): 193–199. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11435.x. PMID 12435502. edit
^ Lenassi, M.; Vaupotic, T.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2007). "The MAP kinase HwHog1 from the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Coping with stresses in solar salterns". Saline Systems 3: 3. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-3. PMC 1828057. PMID 17349032. edit
^ Fettich, M.; Lenassi, M.; Veranič, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011). "Identification and characterization of putative osmosensors, HwSho1A and HwSho1B, from the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". Fungal Genetics and Biology 48 (5): 475–484. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.011. PMID 21281727. edit
^ Turk, M.; Méjanelle, L.; Sentjurc, M.; Grimalt, J. O.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2003). "Salt-induced changes in lipid composition and membrane fluidity of halophilic yeast-like melanized fungi". Extremophiles 8 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1007/s00792-003-0360-5. PMID 15064990. edit
^ GostinäAr, C.; Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2009). "The expressions of Î9-, Î12-desaturases and an elongase by the extremely halotolerant black yeastHortaea werneckiiare salt dependent". FEMS Yeast Research 9 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00481.x. PMID 19220869. edit
^ Reid BJ (July 1998). "Exophiala werneckii causing tinea nigra in Scotland". Br. J. Dermatol. 139 (1): 157–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02340.x. PMID 9764175.
^ Lenassi, M; Gostinčar, C; Jackman, S; Turk, M; Sadowski, I; Nislow, C; Jones, S; Birol, I; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2013). "Whole genome duplication and enrichment of metal cation transporters revealed by de novo genome sequencing of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". PLoS ONE 8: e71328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071328. PMC 3744574. PMID 23977017.

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1. 黒色真菌による中枢神経系の感染症（脳黒色菌糸症） central nervous system infections due to dematiaceous fungi cerebral phaeohyphomycosis
2. 米国における真菌による中枢神経系感染症および骨関節感染症のアウトブレイク：疫学、臨床症状および診断 outbreak of fungal central nervous system and osteoarticular infections in the united states epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in immunocompetent child caused by Exophiala jeanselmei.

Fathy H, Abdel-Razek MM, Abdelgaber S, Othman T, El-Morsy F.SourceDepartment of Dermatology Andrology and STDS Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt E-mail: h-fm-2008@hotmail.com.
International journal of dermatology.Int J Dermatol.2012 Oct;51(10):1267-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04764.x.
PMID 22994675

Chronic Disfiguring Facial Lesions in an Immunocompetent Patient Due to Exophiala spinifera: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Singh G, Shivaprakash MR, De D, Gupta P, Gupta S, Kanwar AJ, Chakrabarti A.SourceDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
Mycopathologia.Mycopathologia.2012 Oct;174(4):293-9. Epub 2012 Jun 2.
Exophiala spinifera is a rare fungus causing chromoblastomycosis or different types of phaeohyphomycosis (cutaneous, subcutaneous, disseminated and cyst phaeohyphomycosis). We report a case of a young male with phaeohyphomycosis due to E. spinifera, who had multiple itchy painful papular lesions dis
PMID 22660887

Japanese Journal

ミトコンドリアDNA(mtDNA)による黒色真菌のタイプ分けと分子疫学

河崎昌子
日本医真菌学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of medical mycology 37(3), 129-133, 1996-07-25
NAID 10004902149

ミトコンドリアＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）による黒色真菌のタイプ分けと分子疫学

河崎昌子
日本医真菌学会雑誌 37(3), 129-133, 1996
… werneckiiは明確に区別され同定が可能である事が示された.またE.dermatitidisが極めて均一な種である事,E.jeanselmei,E.spinifera,E.moniliaeが複合種である事が示唆され,F.pedrosoi,P.verrucosa,C.carrionii,H.werneckiiでは種内変異はあるものの遺伝的にまとまりのある単一種である事が明らかにされた.更にF.pedrosoiとF.compacta及びP.verrucosaとP.americanaがそれぞれ同一種である事が遺伝的に示され,F.pedrosoiは6,P.verrucosaは10,C.carrioniiは …
NAID 130003671851

病原真菌のミトコンドリアＤＮＡ分析

河崎昌子
日本医真菌学会雑誌 35(2), 137-140, 1994
… 13グループに分けられ,M.gallinaeはA.grubyiの,M.audouiniiおよびM.ferrugineumはA.otaeのアナモルフである可能性が強く示唆された.Exophiala spiniferaは種内変異が大きく,少なくとも5種からなる複合種と考えられたが,type strainと同一の種に属する菌株が日本,中国,南米から分離されている.Hortaea werneckiiは6タイプに分けられたが,単一種としてまとめられた.Aspergillus属では系統樹からN.fischeriはA.neoellipticusのテレオモルフ …
NAID 130003671759

「黒癬」

Hortaea werneckii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Dothideomycetes
Order:	Capnodiales
Family:	Teratosphaeriaceae
Genus:	Hortaea
Species:	H. werneckii
Binomial name
	Hortaea werneckii; (Horta) Nishim. & Miyaji (1984)

　　[★]

ラ: tinea nigra
同: 黒色癬、手掌黒癬 tinea nigra palmaris

角層に感染。
黒褐色の色素斑をつくる

病原体

黒色真菌

Cladosporium werneckii/Hortaea werneckii/Exophiala werneckiiに起因する。

治療

局所サリチル酸 first aid step1 2006 p.146

「Exophiala」

　　[★]

エクソフィアラ属、Exophiala属

[1] ttp://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/hortaea.htm

[2] Gunde-Cimerman, N; Ramos, J; Plemenitas, A (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi". Mycological Research 113 (Pt 11): 1231–41. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002. PMID 19747974.

[:0-3] Kogej, T; Stein, M; Volkmann, M; Gorbushina, AA; Galinski, EA; Gunde-Cimerman, N (2007). "Osmotic adaptation of the halophilic fungus Hortaea werneckii: role of osmolytes and melanization". Microbiology 153 (Pt 12): 4261–73. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/010751-0. PMID 18048939.

[:4-4] Gostinčar, C; Lenassi, M; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2011). "Fungal adaptation to extremely high salt concentrations". Advances in Applied Microbiology 77: 71–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0. PMID 22050822.

[5] Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A. (2002). "The HOG pathway in the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Isolation of the HOG1 homolog gene and activation of HwHog1p". FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2): 193–199. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11435.x. PMID 12435502. edit

[6] Lenassi, M.; Vaupotic, T.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2007). "The MAP kinase HwHog1 from the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Coping with stresses in solar salterns". Saline Systems 3: 3. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-3. PMC 1828057. PMID 17349032. edit

[7] Fettich, M.; Lenassi, M.; Veranič, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011). "Identification and characterization of putative osmosensors, HwSho1A and HwSho1B, from the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". Fungal Genetics and Biology 48 (5): 475–484. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.011. PMID 21281727. edit

[8] Turk, M.; Méjanelle, L.; Sentjurc, M.; Grimalt, J. O.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2003). "Salt-induced changes in lipid composition and membrane fluidity of halophilic yeast-like melanized fungi". Extremophiles 8 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1007/s00792-003-0360-5. PMID 15064990. edit

[9] GostinäAr, C.; Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2009). "The expressions of Î9-, Î12-desaturases and an elongase by the extremely halotolerant black yeastHortaea werneckiiare salt dependent". FEMS Yeast Research 9 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00481.x. PMID 19220869. edit

[pmid9764175-10] Reid BJ (July 1998). "Exophiala werneckii causing tinea nigra in Scotland". Br. J. Dermatol. 139 (1): 157–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02340.x. PMID 9764175.

[11] Lenassi, M; Gostinčar, C; Jackman, S; Turk, M; Sadowski, I; Nislow, C; Jones, S; Birol, I; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2013). "Whole genome duplication and enrichment of metal cation transporters revealed by de novo genome sequencing of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". PLoS ONE 8: e71328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071328. PMC 3744574. PMID 23977017.

匿名

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案内

案内

Exophiala werneckii