Hortaea werneckii

Hortaea werneckii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Dothideomycetes
Order:	Capnodiales
Family:	Teratosphaeriaceae
Genus:	Hortaea
Species:	H. werneckii
Binomial name
	Hortaea werneckii; (Horta) Nishim. & Miyaji (1984)

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WordNet

Belgian architect and leader in art nouveau architecture (1861-1947) (同)Victor Horta

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/25 05:48:57」(JST)

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Hortaea werneckii is a species of yeast in the family Teratosphaeriaceae.^[1] It is a black yeast that is investigated for its remarkable halotolerance.^[2]^[3] While the addition of salt to the medium is not required for its cultivation, H. werneckii can grow in close to saturated NaCl solutions.^[4] To emphasize this unusually wide adaptability, and to distinguish H. werneckii from other halotolerant fungi, which have lower maximum salinity limits, some authors describe H. werneckii as "extremely halotolerant".^[4]

Several salt-tolerance mechanisms of H. werneckii have been studied on molecular level.^[4] For example it is known that its major compatible solutes are glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, and mannitol; melanin accumulation of the cell wall aids in retention of at least glycerol inside of the cell.^[3] Several components of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signalling pathway (which controls responses to osmotic shock) have been studied in detail and some seem to differ in function compared to their counterparts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.^[5]^[6]^[7] Adaptation to high concentrations of salt are also accompanied by changes in membrane lipid composition, mainly by increasing the unsaturation of the phospholipid fatty acids.^[8]^[9]

H. werneckii causes a rare superficial and non-invasive skin infection Tinea nigra.^[10] The typical symptoms are non-scaly, smooth, brown-black painless spots on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

The growth of H. werneckii in liquid media is often yeast-like, although it can switch to filamentous growth. The mechanism of the switch is not known. The cells appear brown because of melanin production.^[3]

Whole genome sequencing of H. werneckii revealed a recent whole genome duplication, resulting in a relatively large genome (51.6 Mb) with 23333 predicted genes. Genes encoding metal cation transporters, which are thought to play a role in halotolerance, experienced several additional gene duplications at various points during their evolution. A heterothallic mating locus was found in the genome.^[11]

References

^ http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/hortaea.htm
^ Gunde-Cimerman, N; Ramos, J; Plemenitas, A (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi". Mycological Research 113 (Pt 11): 1231–41. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002. PMID 19747974.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kogej, T; Stein, M; Volkmann, M; Gorbushina, AA; Galinski, EA; Gunde-Cimerman, N (2007). "Osmotic adaptation of the halophilic fungus Hortaea werneckii: role of osmolytes and melanization". Microbiology 153 (Pt 12): 4261–73. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/010751-0. PMID 18048939.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gostinčar, C; Lenassi, M; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2011). "Fungal adaptation to extremely high salt concentrations". Advances in Applied Microbiology 77: 71–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0. PMID 22050822.
^ Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A. (2002). "The HOG pathway in the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Isolation of the HOG1 homolog gene and activation of HwHog1p". FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2): 193–199. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11435.x. PMID 12435502.
^ Lenassi, M.; Vaupotic, T.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2007). "The MAP kinase HwHog1 from the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Coping with stresses in solar salterns". Saline Systems 3: 3. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-3. PMC 1828057. PMID 17349032.
^ Fettich, M.; Lenassi, M.; Veranič, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011). "Identification and characterization of putative osmosensors, HwSho1A and HwSho1B, from the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". Fungal Genetics and Biology 48 (5): 475–484. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.011. PMID 21281727.
^ Turk, M.; Méjanelle, L.; Sentjurc, M.; Grimalt, J. O.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2003). "Salt-induced changes in lipid composition and membrane fluidity of halophilic yeast-like melanized fungi". Extremophiles 8 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1007/s00792-003-0360-5. PMID 15064990.
^ GostinäAr, C.; Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2009). "The expressions of Î9-, Î12-desaturases and an elongase by the extremely halotolerant black yeastHortaea werneckiiare salt dependent". FEMS Yeast Research 9 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00481.x. PMID 19220869.
^ Reid BJ (July 1998). "Exophiala werneckii causing tinea nigra in Scotland". Br. J. Dermatol. 139 (1): 157–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02340.x. PMID 9764175.
^ Lenassi, M; Gostinčar, C; Jackman, S; Turk, M; Sadowski, I; Nislow, C; Jones, S; Birol, I; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2013). "Whole genome duplication and enrichment of metal cation transporters revealed by de novo genome sequencing of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". PLoS ONE 8: e71328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071328. PMC 3744574. PMID 23977017.

English Journal

Functional and transcript analysis of a novel metal transporter gene EpNramp from a dark septate endophyte (Exophiala pisciphila).

Wei YF1, Li T2, Li LF3, Wang JL4, Cao GH5, Zhao ZW6.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2016 Feb;124:363-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.008. Epub 2015 Nov 18.
Various metal transporters mediate sub-cellular sequestration of diverse metal ions, contribute to cellular metal tolerance, and control metal partitioning, particularly under conditions of high rates of metal influx into organisms. In the current study, a ubiquitous and evolutionary conserved metal
PMID 26595509

Onychomycosis Associated with Exophiala oligosperma in Taiwan.

Wen YM1, Rajendran RK1, Lin YF2, Kirschner R1, Hu S3.
Mycopathologia.Mycopathologia.2016 Feb;181(1-2):83-8. doi: 10.1007/s11046-015-9945-7. Epub 2015 Sep 16.
A fungus was isolated from a nail of a 54-year-old female patient with onychomycosis in Taiwan. Based on ITS rDNA as well as beta tubulin gene sequences and microscopic analyses, this fungus was identified as Exophiala oligosperma. This is the first record of E. oligosperma in Taiwan. Negative kerat
PMID 26378025

Transport Systems in Halophilic Fungi.

Plemenitaš A1, Konte T2, Gostinčar C3, Cimerman NG4,5.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2016;892:307-25. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_13.
Fungi that tolerate very high environmental NaCl concentrations are good model systems to study mechanisms that enable them to endure osmotic and salinity stress. The whole genome sequences of six such fungal species have been analysed: Hortaea werneckii, Wallemia ichthyophaga and four Aureobasidium
PMID 26721280

Japanese Journal

日本における黒癬 (特集最近のトピックス2008) -- (最近話題の皮膚疾患)

平良清人,安里豊,山本雄一 [他]
臨床皮膚科 62(5), 29-33, 2008-04
NAID 40015997752

A case of tinea nigra palmaris in Okinawa, Japan

UEZATO Hiroshi,GUSHI Makiko,HAGIWARA Keisuke,KAYO Susumu,HOSOKAWA Atsushi,NONAKA Shigeo
Journal of dermatology 33(1), 23-29, 2006-01-01
NAID 10019596581

Related Pictures

[1] ttp://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/hortaea.htm

[2] Gunde-Cimerman, N; Ramos, J; Plemenitas, A (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi". Mycological Research 113 (Pt 11): 1231–41. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002. PMID 19747974.

[:0-3] Kogej, T; Stein, M; Volkmann, M; Gorbushina, AA; Galinski, EA; Gunde-Cimerman, N (2007). "Osmotic adaptation of the halophilic fungus Hortaea werneckii: role of osmolytes and melanization". Microbiology 153 (Pt 12): 4261–73. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/010751-0. PMID 18048939.

[:4-4] Gostinčar, C; Lenassi, M; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2011). "Fungal adaptation to extremely high salt concentrations". Advances in Applied Microbiology 77: 71–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0. PMID 22050822.

[5] Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A. (2002). "The HOG pathway in the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Isolation of the HOG1 homolog gene and activation of HwHog1p". FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2): 193–199. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11435.x. PMID 12435502.

[6] Lenassi, M.; Vaupotic, T.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2007). "The MAP kinase HwHog1 from the halophilic black yeast Hortaea werneckii: Coping with stresses in solar salterns". Saline Systems 3: 3. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-3. PMC 1828057. PMID 17349032.

[7] Fettich, M.; Lenassi, M.; Veranič, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011). "Identification and characterization of putative osmosensors, HwSho1A and HwSho1B, from the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". Fungal Genetics and Biology 48 (5): 475–484. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.011. PMID 21281727.

[8] Turk, M.; Méjanelle, L.; Sentjurc, M.; Grimalt, J. O.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A. (2003). "Salt-induced changes in lipid composition and membrane fluidity of halophilic yeast-like melanized fungi". Extremophiles 8 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1007/s00792-003-0360-5. PMID 15064990.

[9] GostinäAr, C.; Turk, M.; Plemenitas, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2009). "The expressions of Î9-, Î12-desaturases and an elongase by the extremely halotolerant black yeastHortaea werneckiiare salt dependent". FEMS Yeast Research 9 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00481.x. PMID 19220869.

[pmid9764175-10] Reid BJ (July 1998). "Exophiala werneckii causing tinea nigra in Scotland". Br. J. Dermatol. 139 (1): 157–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02340.x. PMID 9764175.

[11] Lenassi, M; Gostinčar, C; Jackman, S; Turk, M; Sadowski, I; Nislow, C; Jones, S; Birol, I; Gunde-Cimerman, N; Plemenitaš, A (2013). "Whole genome duplication and enrichment of metal cation transporters revealed by de novo genome sequencing of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". PLoS ONE 8: e71328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071328. PMC 3744574. PMID 23977017.

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