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Exophiala is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. The widespread genus contains 28 species.^[3] The genus was formally described by J.W. Carmichael in 1966.^[4]

Exophiala has been implicated in causing 'Saxophone Lung' or hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a disease that can be contracted by woodwind instrumentalists (saxophonists, clarinettists, oboists etc.). A case study presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology highlighted that it is possible to develop this allergic pulmonary disease through improper cleaning of instruments.^[5]^[6]

Exophiala werneckii is the organism responsible for tinea nigra.

Some sources equate Hortaea werneckii, Cladosporium werneckii, Exophiala werneckii, and Phaeoannellomyces werneckii.^[7]

Exophiala jeanselmei causes maduromycosis.^[8] This is usually an asymtomatic disease which presents with black or brown macular lesions which enlarge by peripheral extension. The lesion is darkest at the periphery and very distinct margins. Lab diagnosis- using a KOH mount. Typically seen is brown septate branching hyphae or dark brown budding cells. Treatment is topical antifungal: miconazole or econazole.

Species

Exophiala alcalophila
Exophiala angulospora
Exophiala attenuata
Exophiala calicioides
Exophiala castellanii
Exophiala dermatitidis
Exophiala dopicola
Exophiala exophialae
Exophiala heteromorpha
Exophiala hongkongensis
Exophiala jeanselmei
Exophiala lecanii-corni
Exophiala mansonii
Exophiala mesophila
Exophiala moniliae
Exophiala negronii
Exophiala phaeomuriformis
Exophiala pisciphila
Exophiala psychrophila
Exophiala salmonis
Exophiala spinifera

References

^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet (Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany) 13: 1–58.
^ "Exophiala J.W. Carmich. 1966". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ Carmichael JW. (1966). "Cerebral mycetoma of trout due to a Phialophora-like fungus". Sabouraudia 5 (1): 120–3. PMID 6010250.
^ "What Happened When One Man Didn't Clean His Clarinet For More Than 30 Years". Huffington Post. 2013-11-08.
^ http://www.livescience.com/41057-what-is-saxophone-lung-hypersensitivity-pneumonitis.html
^ "Mycology Online -- Phaeoannellomyces".
^ Exophiala at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

External links

Exophiala in Index Fungorum.

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UpToDate Contents

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1. Central nervous system infections due to dematiaceous fungi (cerebral phaeohyphomycosis)
2. 米国における真菌による中枢神経系感染症および骨関節感染症のアウトブレイク：疫学、臨床症状および診断 outbreak of fungal central nervous system and osteoarticular infections in the united states epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Microcolonial Fungi on Rocks: A Life in Constant Drought?

Zakharova K, Tesei D, Marzban G, Dijksterhuis J, Wyatt T, Sterflinger K.SourceDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
Mycopathologia.Mycopathologia.2012 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
Black microcolonial fungi (MCF) and black yeasts are among the most stress-resistant eukaryotic organisms known on Earth. They mainly inhabit bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts of all regions of the Earth, but some of them have a close phylogenetic relation to human pathogenic black fungi wh
PMID 23073825

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in immunocompetent child caused by Exophiala jeanselmei.

Fathy H, Abdel-Razek MM, Abdelgaber S, Othman T, El-Morsy F.SourceDepartment of Dermatology Andrology and STDS Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt E-mail: h-fm-2008@hotmail.com.
International journal of dermatology.Int J Dermatol.2012 Oct;51(10):1267-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04764.x.
PMID 22994675

Japanese Journal

Exophiala属菌種による黒色菌糸症 : 骨髄異形成症候群を基礎疾患とした1例 (特集真菌症)

塩原順子,関智子,徳田安基 [他]
皮膚科の臨床 54(5), 671-674, 2012-05
NAID 40019311149

症例報告 Exophiala jeanselmeiによる黒色菌糸症の1例

木村摩耶,宮本亨,村瀬智子 [他]
臨床皮膚科 66(3), 253-257, 2012-03
NAID 40019209581

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「エクソフィアラ属」
拡張検索	「Exophiala様真菌」「Exophiala属」

「エクソフィアラ属」

Exophiala
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Chaetothyriomycetes
Order:	Chaetothyriales
Family:	Herpotrichiellaceae
Genus:	Exophiala; J.W.Carmich. (1966)
Type species
	Exophiala salmonis; J.W.Carmich. (1966)
Synonyms
	Foxia Castell. (1908); Wangiella McGinnis (1977)