WordNet

the quantity contained in a can (同)canful
preserve in a can or tin; "tinned foods are not very tasty" (同)tin, put_up
airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc. (同)tin, tin_can
a buoy with a round bottom and conical top (同)can buoy
German bacteriologist who found a `magic bullet to cure syphilis and was a pioneer in the study of immunology (1854-1915) (同)Paul_Ehrlich
type genus of the Canidae: domestic and wild dogs; wolves; jackals (同)genus Canis

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《能力》『…することができる』　《可能性・推量》　《平叙文で》『…であり得る』　し得る,かもしれない　《否定文で》…のはずがない,ではあり得ない　《疑問文で》いったい…だろうか　《話》《許可・軽い命令》『…してもよい』　…してあげよう;《疑問文で》…してくれませんか
『かん』(取っ手・ふた・口のついた金属・プラスチック製容器・コップなど) / 《米》(かん詰めの)『かん』,かん詰め(《英》 tin) / かん1杯(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / …'を'かん詰めにする(また《英》『tin』) / 《米俗》…'を'くびにする
canceled / cancellation / canon / canto

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/24 02:57:00」(JST)

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Ehrlichia canis is an obligate, intracellular bacterium that acts as the causative agent of Ehrlichiosis, a disease most commonly affecting canine species. This pathogen is present throughout the United States (but is most prominent in the South),^[2] South America, Asia, and Africa.^[3] First defined in 1935, E. canis emerged in the United States in 1963 and its presence has since been found in all 48 contiguous United States.^[2]^[4] Reported primarily in dogs, E. canis has also been documented in felines and humans where it is transferred most commonly via Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick.^[2]

Transmission cycle

The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, acts as the primary vector of E. canis transferring the pathogen between hosts during blood meals. Dogs, both domestic and wild, act as reservoir hosts for this pathogen and are the primary hosts of brown dog ticks. Brown dog ticks become carriers of the pathogen when they take a blood meal from a rickessemic dog. Stored in the midgut and salivary glands of an infected tick, E. canis is transferred via the saliva of ticks carrying the pathogen to hosts during blood meals.^[2] If infected while in the larval stage, the tick retains the pathogen through the next 2 life stages and can inoculate hosts during blood meals in both the nymph and adult stage in transstadial transmission.^[3]

Because the vector of E. canis uses canine species as a primary host, this bacteria is most commonly associated with dogs but multiple human cases have been reported.^[5] Cats, though rarely, have been discovered with antibodies to E. canis^[6] implying that they too can potentially contract the infection.

Pathogenesis

E. canis is a small, coccus bacterium with a single circular chromosome. Minute in size, E. canis is smaller than the other species in the genus Ehrlichiasis.^[6]^[7]

The cell walls of this organism lack peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide typically present in at least small amounts in most other gram-negative bacteria which is believed to contribute to its ability to resist the immune response of the host. The lack of these two materials reduce the rigidity of the cell wall allowing the cell wall’s exterior to be dynamic in turn facilitating the E. canis cells’ evasion of antibodies in its host organism’s body.^[7]

The cells of E. canis lack complex internal structures which allow the synthesis of sugars and it in turn uses amino acids as its source of energy.^[7]

Upon introduction, E. canis penetrates the monocytes and macrophages of hosts. Infection may leave a host asymptomatic for months or severe clinical signs may manifest as Ehrlichiosis develops. Though cases of severe Ehrlichiosis have been reported with a direct linkage to E. canis, serious clinical signs are most commonly associated with the presence of a combination of pathogens from the Ehrlichiosis genus.^[8]

Diagnosis and treatment

Animals infected with E. canis may experience a combination of signs including but not limited to: fever, lethargy, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, edema of the appendages, discharge from nose and eyes, and seizures.^[3]^[4]^[9] A low packed cell volume in the blood is a common indicator of the presence of E. canis and a blood smear can be done to determine if morulae is present in leukocytes to definitively diagnose the infection. Because this process is often long and tedious, the presence of antibodies to E. canis in blood can be used to effectively diagnose a patient. These antibodies typically appear within seven days post-infection.^[3]^[4]

E. canis is commonly treated via chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline, a prescription drug used in the treatment of bacterial infections. If caught before the clinical stage, E. canis is almost completely curable but prolonged presence of the bacteria leads to hemorrhaging which typically results in the death of the patient.^[2]

Although there is currently no vaccine on the market for Ehrlichiosis caused by E. canis, extensive research on the usage of an attenuated strain of E. canis as an aid in the prevention of E. canis contraction is being performed. Preliminary testing has proved that this method may be effective as clinical signs and the presence of the E. canis bacteria was reduced in beagle test subjects but further investigations are necessary before a vaccine can be marketed.^[10]

References

^ Ehrlichia Canis at the Encyclopedia of Life
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bowman, Dwight; Little, Susan E.; Lorentzen, Leif; Shields, James; Sullivan, Michael P.; Carlin, Ellen P. (2009). "Prevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in the United States: Results of a national clinic-based serologic survey". Veterinary Parasitology 160 (1–2): 138–48. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.093. PMID 19150176.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jeanine, Peters (Winter 2000). "Canine Ehrlichiosis". ADDL Diagnostic Forum Newsletter.
^ ^a ^b ^c Little, Susan E. (2010). "Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis in Dogs and Cats". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 40 (6): 1121–40. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.004. PMID 20933140.
^ Perez, M.; Bodor, M.; Zhang, C.; Xiong, Q.; Rikihisa, Y. (2006). "Human Infection with Ehrlichia Canis Accompanied by Clinical Signs in Venezuela". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1078: 110–7. doi:10.1196/annals.1374.016. PMID 17114689.
^ ^a ^b Morgan, Rhea. "Ehrlichiosis in Cats". Retrieved 2013-10-31. ^{[unreliable source?]}
^ ^a ^b ^c Mavromatis, K.; Doyle, C. K.; Lykidis, A.; Ivanova, N.; Francino, M. P.; Chain, P.; Shin, M.; Malfatti, S.; Larimer, F.; Copeland, A.; Detter, J. C.; Land, M.; Richardson, P. M.; Yu, X. J.; Walker, D. H.; McBride, J. W.; Kyrpides, N. C. (2006). "The Genome of the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium Ehrlichia canis Reveals Themes of Complex Membrane Structure and Immune Evasion Strategies". Journal of Bacteriology 188 (11): 4015–23. doi:10.1128/JB.01837-05. PMC 1482910. PMID 16707693.
^ "Erhlichiosis". Retrieved 2013-10-29. ^{[self-published source?]}
^ "Erlichia Canis in Dogs". Retrieved 2013-10-25.
^ Rudoler, Nir; Baneth, Gad; Eyal, Osnat; Van Straten, Michael; Harrus, Shimon (2012). "Evaluation of an attenuated strain of Ehrlichia canis as a vaccine for canine monocytic ehrlichiosis". Vaccine 31 (1): 226–33. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.003. PMID 23072894.

UpToDate Contents

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1. エーリキアの生物学 biology of ehrlichiae
2. ヒトエーリキア症およびアナプラズマ症 human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
3. 犬からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from dogs
4. 猫からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from cats
5. 小児および思春期における急性ウイルス性脳炎：治療および予防 acute viral encephalitis in children and adolescents treatment and prevention

English Journal

A molecular epidemiological survey of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections of dogs in Japan.

Kubo S1, Tateno M, Ichikawa Y, Endo Y.
The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science.J Vet Med Sci.2015 Nov 5;77(10):1275-9. doi: 10.1292/jvms.15-0079. Epub 2015 May 1.
Tick-borne diseases are often encountered in canine clinical practice. In the present study, a molecular epidemiological survey of dogs in Japan was conducted to understand the prevalence and geographical distribution of Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Pathogen-deriv
PMID 25947226

Vector-Borne Diseases in Stray Dogs in Peninsular Malaysia and Molecular Detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. from Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks.

Koh FX1, Panchadcharam C2, Tay ST3.
Journal of medical entomology.J Med Entomol.2015 Oct 22. pii: tjv153. [Epub ahead of print]
Little data are available on the prevalence and transmission of vector-borne diseases in stray dogs in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was designed to determine the occurrence of vector-borne pathogens in Malaysian stray dogs using serological and molecular approaches. In total, 48 dog blood samples
PMID 26494821

Molecular detection of Rickettsia conorii and other zoonotic spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks, Romania.

Ionita M1, Silaghi C2, Mitrea IL3, Edouard S4, Parola P4, Pfister K2.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases.Ticks Tick Borne Dis.2015 Oct 17. pii: S1877-959X(15)30020-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.10.006. [Epub ahead of print]
The diverse tick fauna as well as the abundance of tick populations in Romania represent potential risks for both human and animal health. Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are recognized as important agents of emerging human tick-borne diseases worldwide. However, the epidemiology of rickettsia
PMID 26507182

Japanese Journal

A molecular epidemiological survey of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections of dogs in Japan

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(10), 1275-1279, 2015
NAID 130005107587

A molecular epidemiological survey of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections of dogs in Japan

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005067032

Ehrlichia canis Infection in Two Dogs that Emigrated from Endemic Areas

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(6), 775-778, 2012
NAID 130002090067

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「エーリキア・カニス」「エールリヒア・カニス」「エールリッヒア・カニス」
関連記事	「can」「Canis」

「エーリキア・カニス」

Anaplasmataceae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alpha Proteobacteria
Order:	Rickettsiales
Family:	Anaplasmataceae
Genus:	Ehrlichia
Binomial name
	Ehrlichia canis; (Donatien and Lestoquard 1935) Moshkovski 1945