Edward Jenner

日

関

WordNet

1. son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years War (1330-1376) (同)Black Prince
2. King of England from 1272 to 1307; conquered Wales (1239-1307) (同)Edward I
3. King of England from 1307 to 1327 and son of Edward I; was defeated at Bannockburn by the Scots led by Robert the Bruce; was deposed and died in prison (1284-1327) (同)Edward II
4. son of Edward II and King of England from 1327-1377; his claim to the French throne provoked the Hundred Years War; his reign was marked by an epidemic of the Black Plague and by the emergence of the House of Commons as the powerful arm of British Parli (同)Edward III
5. King of England from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483; was dethroned in 1470 but regained the throne in 1471 by his victory at the battle of Tewkesbury (1442-1483) (同)Edward IV
6. King of England who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father Edward IV but was immediately confined to the Tower of London where he and his younger brother were murdered (1470-1483) (同)Edward V
7. King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553; son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; died of tuberculosis (1537-1553) (同)Edward VI
8. King of England from 1901 to 1910; son of Victoria and Prince Albert; famous for his elegant sporting ways (1841-1910) (同)Edward VII, Albert Edward
9. King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972) (同)Edward VIII, Duke of Windsor
10. third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964) (同)Prince Edward, Edward Antony Richard Louis
11. English physician who pioneered vaccination; Jenner inoculated people with small amounts of cowpox to prevent them from getting smallpox (1749-1823) (同)Edward_Jenner
12. American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) (同)Jonathan Edwards

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/16 20:21:51」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner by John Raphael Smith
Born	17 May 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England
Died	26 January 1823(1823-01-26) (aged 73) Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England
Residence	Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Nationality	English
Fields	Medicine/surgery, natural history
Alma mater	St George's, University of London University of St Andrews
Academic advisors	John Hunter
Known for	Smallpox vaccine; Vaccination

Edward Jenner, FRS (/ˈdʒɛnər/; 17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 in the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.

Jenner is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other human". A member of the Royal Society, in the field of zoology he was the first person to describe the brood parasitism of the cuckoo. In 2002, Jenner was named in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons.

Early life

His original report is in the Royal College of Surgeons (London)

Edward Anthony Jenner was born on 17 May 1749 (6 May Old Style) in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, as the eighth of nine children. His father, the Reverend Stephen Jenner, was the vicar of Berkeley, so Jenner received a strong basic education.

He went to school in Wotton-under-Edge and Cirencester. During this time, he was inoculated for smallpox, which had a lifelong effect upon his general health. At the age of 14, he was apprenticed for seven years to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon of Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire, where he gained most of the experience needed to become a surgeon himself. In 1770, Jenner became apprenticed in surgery and anatomy under surgeon John Hunter and others at St George's Hospital. William Osler records that Hunter gave Jenner William Harvey's advice, very famous in medical circles (and characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment), "Don't think; try." Hunter remained in correspondence with Jenner over natural history and proposed him for the Royal Society. Returning to his native countryside by 1773, Jenner became a successful family doctor and surgeon, practising on dedicated premises at Berkeley.

Jenner and others formed the Fleece Medical Society or Gloucestershire Medical Society, so called because it met in the parlour of the Fleece Inn, Rodborough (in Gloucestershire), meeting to dine together and read papers on medical subjects. Jenner contributed papers on angina pectoris, ophthalmia, and cardiac valvular disease and commented on cowpox. He also belonged to a similar society which met in Alveston, near Bristol.

He became a master mason on 30 December 1802, in Lodge of Faith and Friendship #449. From 1812–1813, he served as worshipful master of Royal Berkeley Lodge of Faith and Friendship.

Zoology

Edward Jenner was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1788, following his publication of a careful study of the previously misunderstood life of the nested cuckoo, a study that combined observation, experiment, and dissection.

Common cuckoo

He described how the newly hatched cuckoo pushed its host's eggs and fledgling chicks out of the nest (contrary to existing belief that the adult cuckoo did it). Having observed this behaviour, Jenner demonstrated an anatomical adaptation for it—the baby cuckoo has a depression in its back, not present after 12 days of life, that enables it to cup eggs and other chicks. The adult does not remain long enough in the area to perform this task. Jenner's findings were published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1788.

"The singularity of its shape is well adapted to these purposes; for, different from other newly hatched birds, its back from the scapula downwards is very broad, with a considerable depression in the middle. This depression seems formed by nature for the design of giving a more secure lodgement to the egg of the Hedge-sparrow, or its young one, when the young Cuckoo is employed in removing either of them from the nest. When it is about twelve days old, this cavity is quite filled up, and then the back assumes the shape of nestling birds in general." Jenner's nephew assisted in the study. He was born on 30 June 1737.

Jenner's understanding of the cuckoo's behaviour was not entirely believed, until the artist Jemima Blackburn, a keen observer of bird life, saw a blind nestling pushing out a host's egg. Her description and illustration of this were enough to convince Charles Darwin to revise a later edition of On the Origin of Species.

Marriage and human medicine

A lecturer's certificate of attendance given to Jenner. He attended many lectures on chemistry, medicine and physics.

Jenner married Catherine Kingscote (died 1815 from tuberculosis) in March 1788. He might have met her while he and other fellows were experimenting with balloons. Jenner's trial balloon descended into Kingscote Park, Gloucestershire, owned by Anthony Kingscote, one of whose daughters was Catherine.

He earned his MD from the University of St Andrews in 1792. He is credited with advancing the understanding of angina pectoris. In his correspondence with Heberden, he wrote, "How much the heart must suffer from the coronary arteries not being able to perform their functions."

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to Vaccinate His Family. Oil painting by an English painter, c. 1910

Inoculation was already a standard practice, but involved serious risks; among which included the fear that those inoculated would then transfer the disease to those around them due to their becoming carriers of the disease. In 1721, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu had imported variolation to Britain after having observed it in Constantinople. Voltaire wrote that at this time 60% of the population caught smallpox and 20% of the population died of it. Voltaire also states that the Circassians used the inoculation from times immemorial, and the custom may have been borrowed by the Turks from the Circassians.

The steps taken by Edward Jenner to create vaccination, the first vaccine for smallpox. Jenner did this by inoculating James Phipps with cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, to create immunity, unlike variolation, which used smallpox to create an immunity to itself.

By 1768, English physician John Fewster had realised that prior infection with cowpox rendered a person immune to smallpox. A similar observation had also been made in France by Jacques Antoine Rabaut-Pommier.

In the years following 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox. For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774, but it was not until Jenner's work that the procedure became widely understood. Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success.

Noting the common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox, Jenner postulated that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox.

Jenner's Hypothesis:
The initial source of infection was a disease of horses, called "the grease", which was transferred to cattle by farm workers, transformed, and then manifested as cowpox.

Jenner performing his first vaccination on James Phipps, a boy of age 8. 14 May 1796

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy who was the son of Jenner's gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom, whose hide now hangs on the wall of the St George's medical school library (now in Tooting). Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination.

Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected Phipps with variolous material, the routine method of immunization at that time. No disease followed. The boy was later challenged with variolous material and again showed no sign of infection.

Known:
Smallpox is more dangerous than variolation and cowpox less dangerous than variolation.
Hypothesis:
If target is infected with cowpox, then target is immune to smallpox.
Test:
If variolation after infection with cowpox fails to produce a smallpox infection, immunity to smallpox has been achieved.
Consequence:
Immunity to smallpox can be induced much more safely than by variolation.

Donald Hopkins has written, "Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle. Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 additional subjects.

James Gillray's 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages.

1808 cartoon showing Jenner, Thomas Dimsdale and George Rose seeing off anti-vaccination opponents

Jenner continued his research and reported it to the Royal Society, which did not publish the initial paper. After revisions and further investigations, he published his findings on the 23 cases. Some of his conclusions were correct, some erroneous; modern microbiological and microscopic methods would make his studies easier to reproduce. The medical establishment deliberated at length over his findings before accepting them. Eventually, vaccination was accepted, and in 1840, the British government banned variolation – the use of smallpox to induce immunity – and provided vaccination using cowpox free of charge. (See Vaccination acts).

The success of his discovery soon spread around Europe and was used en masse in the Spanish Balmis Expedition, a three-year-long mission to the Americas, the Philippines, Macao, China, led by Dr. Francisco Javier de Balmis with the aim of giving thousands the smallpox vaccine. The expedition was successful, and Jenner wrote, "I don’t imagine the annals of history furnish an example of philanthropy so noble, so extensive as this." Napoleon, who at the time was at war with Britain, had all his French troops vaccinated, and at the request of Jenner he released English prisoners of war and permitted their return home. Napoleon remarked he could not "refuse anything to one of the greatest benefactors of mankind."

1873 sculpture of Jenner vaccinating his own son against smallpox by Italian sculptor Giulio Monteverde, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome

Jenner's continuing work on vaccination prevented him from continuing his ordinary medical practice. He was supported by his colleagues and the King in petitioning Parliament, and was granted £10,000 in 1802 for his work on vaccination. In 1807, he was granted another £20,000 after the Royal College of Physicians confirmed the widespread efficacy of vaccination.

Later life

In 1803 in London, he became president of the Jennerian Society, concerned with promoting vaccination to eradicate smallpox. The Jennerian ceased operations in 1809. In 1808, with government aid, the National Vaccine Establishment was founded, but Jenner felt dishonoured by the men selected to run it and resigned his directorship. Jenner became a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society on its founding in 1805 (now the Royal Society of Medicine) and presented several papers there. Jenner was also elected a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1802, and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1806.

Returning to London in 1811, Jenner observed a significant number of cases of smallpox after vaccination. He found that in these cases the severity of the illness was notably diminished by previous vaccination. In 1821, he was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, and was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the peace. He continued to investigate natural history, and in 1823, the last year of his life, he presented his "Observations on the Migration of Birds" to the Royal Society.

Death

Jenner was found in a state of apoplexy on 25 January 1823, with his right side paralysed. He never fully recovered and eventually died of an apparent stroke, his second, on 26 January 1823, aged 73. He was buried in the Jenner family vault at the Church of St. Mary's, Berkeley, Gloucestershire. Jenner was survived by one son and one daughter, his elder son having died of tuberculosis aged 21.

Religious views

1825 memorial to Jenner by Robert William Sievier, Gloucester Cathedral

Neither fanatic nor lax, Jenner was a Christian who in his personal correspondence showed himself quite spiritual; he treasured the Bible. Some days before his death, he stated to a friend: "I am not surprised that men are not grateful to me; but I wonder that they are not grateful to God for the good which he has made me the instrument of conveying to my fellow creatures."

Legacy

In 1979, the World Health Organization declared smallpox an eradicated disease. This was the result of coordinated public health efforts, but vaccination was an essential component. Although the disease was declared eradicated, some pus samples still remain in laboratories in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta in the US, and in State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.

Jenner's vaccine laid the foundation for contemporary discoveries in immunology. In 2002, Jenner was named in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. The lunar crater Jenner is named in his honour. Jenner was recognized in the TV show The Walking Dead. In "TS-19", a CDC scientist is named Edwin Jenner.

Monuments and buildings

Dr Jenner's House, The Chantry, Church Lane, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England

Bronze in Kensington Gardens, London

• Jenner's house in the village of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, is now a small museum, housing, among other things, the horns of the cow, Blossom.
• A statue of Jenner by Robert William Sievier was erected in the nave of Gloucester Cathedral.
• Another statue was erected in Trafalgar Square and later moved to Kensington Gardens.
• Near the Gloucestershire village of Uley, Downham Hill is locally known as "Smallpox Hill" for its possible role in Jenner's studies of the disease.
• London's St. George's Hospital Medical School has a Jenner Pavilion, where his bust may be found.
• A group of villages in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, was named in Jenner's honor by early 19th-century English settlers, including Jenners, Jenner Township, Jenner Crossroads, and Jennerstown, Pennsylvania
• Jennersville, Pennsylvania, is located in Chester County.
• A section at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital is known as the Edward Jenner Ward; it is where blood is drawn.
• A ward at Northwick Park Hospital is called Jenner Ward.
• Jenner Gardens at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, opposite one of the scientist's former offices, is a small garden and cemetery
• A monument outside the walls of the upper town of Boulogne sur Mer, France.
• In The Henry Cort Community College, Fareham, Hampshire, a building is named after him.
• A street in Stoke Newington, north London: Jenner Road, N16 51.55867°N 0.06761°W / 51.55867; -0.06761 (Jenner Road)
• Edward Jenner's name is featured on the Frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature of the Keppel Street building when it was constructed in 1926.

Edward Jenner's name as it appears on the Frieze of the LSHTM Keppel Street building

Publications

• 1798 An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ
• 1799 Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox.
• 1800 A Continuation of Facts and Observations relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ 40pgs
• 1801 The Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation 12pgs

See also

• History of science

Further reading

• Papers at the Royal College of Physicians
• Baron, John M.D. F.R.S., "The Life of Edward Jenner MD LLD FRS", Henry Colburn, London, 1827.
• Baron, John, "The Life of Edward Jenner with illustrations of his doctrines and selections from his correspondence". Two volumes. London 1838.
• Edward Jenner, the man and his work. BMJ 1949 E Ashworth Underwood
• Fisher, Richard B., "Edward Jenner 1749–1823," Andre Deutsch, London, 1991.
• Cartwright K (October 2005). "From Jenner to modern smallpox vaccines". Occupational Medicine. 55 (7): 563–563. PMID 16251374. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi163. 
• Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings. 18 (1): 21–5. PMC 1200696 . PMID 16200144. 
• Tan SY (November 2004). "Edward Jenner (1749–1823): conqueror of smallpox" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 45 (11): 507–8. PMID 15510320. 
• van Oss CJ (November 2000). "Inoculation against smallpox as the precursor to vaccination". Immunological Investigations. 29 (4): 443–6. PMID 11130785. 
• Gross CP, Sepkowitz KA (1998). "The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): 54–60. PMID 9831677. doi:10.1016/S1201-9712(98)90096-0. 
• Willis NJ (August 1997). "Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox". Scottish Medical Journal. 42 (4): 118–21. PMID 9507590. 
• Theves G (1997). "Smallpox: an historical review" [Smallpox: an historical review]. Bulletin De La Société Des Sciences Médicales Du Grand-Duché De Luxembourg (in German). 134 (1): 31–51. PMID 9303824. 
• Kempa ME (December 1996). "Edward Jenner (1749–1823)--benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox)" [Edward Jenner (1749–1823)--benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox)]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski (in Polish). 1 (6): 433–4. PMID 9273243. 
• Baxby D (November 1996). "The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine". FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 16 (1): 1–10. PMID 8954347. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00105.x. 
• Larner AJ (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (12): 901; author reply 902. PMID 8778627. doi:10.1056/nejm199609193351217. 
• Aly A, Aly S (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (12): 900–1; author reply 902. PMID 8778626. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217. 
• Magner J (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (12): 900–902. PMID 8778624. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217. 
• Kumate-Rodríguez J (1996). "Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons" [Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons]. Salud Pública De México (in Spanish). 38 (5): 379–85. PMID 9092091. 
• Budai J (August 1996). "200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine" [200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine]. Orvosi Hetilap (in Hungarian). 137 (34): 1875–7. PMID 8927342. 
• Rathbone J (June 1996). "Lady Mary Wortley Montague's contribution to the eradication of smallpox". Lancet. 347 (9014): 1566. PMID 8684145. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90724-2. 
• Baxby D (June 1996). "The Jenner bicentenary; still uses for smallpox vaccine". Epidemiology and Infection. 116 (3): 231–4. PMC 2271423 . PMID 8666065. doi:10.1017/S0950268800052523. 
• Cook GC (May 1996). "Dr William Woodville (1752–1805) and the St Pancras Smallpox Hospital". Journal of Medical Biography. 4 (2): 71–8. PMID 11616267. 
• Baxby D (1996). "Jenner and the control of smallpox". Transactions of the Medical Society of London. 113: 18–22. PMID 10326082. 
• Dunn PM (January 1996). "Dr Edward Jenner (1749–1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 74 (1): F77–8. PMC 2528332 . PMID 8653442. doi:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77. 
• Meynell E (August 1995). "French reactions to Jenner's discovery of smallpox vaccination: the primary sources". Social History of Medicine. 8 (2): 285–303. PMID 11639810. doi:10.1093/shm/8.2.285. 
• Bloch H (July 1993). "Edward Jenner (1749–1823). The history and effects of smallpox, inoculation, and vaccination". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 147 (7): 772–4. PMID 8322750. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160310074022. 
• Roses DF (October 1992). "From Hunter and the Great Pox to Jenner and smallpox". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 175 (4): 365–72. PMID 1411896. 
• Turk JL, Allen E (April 1990). "The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (4): 266–7. PMC 1292617 . PMID 2187990. 
• Poliakov VE (December 1985). "Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox" [Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox]. Meditsinskaia Sestra (in Russian). 44 (12): 49–51. PMID 3912642. 
• Hammarsten JF, Tattersall W, Hammarsten JE (1979). "Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 90: 44–55. PMC 2279376 . PMID 390826. 
• Rodrigues BA (1975). "Smallpox eradication in the Americas". Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization. 9 (1): 53–68. PMID 167890. 
• Wynder EL (March 1974). "A corner of history: Jenner and his smallpox vaccine". Preventive Medicine. 3 (1): 173–5. PMID 4592685. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(74)90074-7. 
• Andreae H (June 1973). "Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago" [Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago]. Das Offentliche Gesundheitswesen (in German). 35 (6): 366–7. PMID 4269783. 
• Friedrich I (February 1973). "A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death" [A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death]. Orvosi Hetilap (in Hungarian). 114 (6): 336–8. PMID 4567814. 
• MacNalty AS (January 1968). "The prevention of smallpox: from Edward Jenner to Monckton Copeman". Medical History. 12 (1): 1–18. PMC 1033768 . PMID 4867646. doi:10.1017/s0025727300012722. 
• Udovitskaia EF (November 1966). "Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)" [Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)]. Vrachebnoe Delo (in Russian). 11: 111–5. PMID 4885910. 
• Voigt K (1964). "THE PHARMACY DISPLAY WINDOW. EDWARD JENNER DISCOVERED SMALLPOX VACCINATION" [The Pharmacy Display Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination]. Pharmazeutische Praxis (in German). 106: 88–9. PMID 14237138. 
• Ordnance Survey showing reference to Smallpox Hil: http://explore.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os_routes/show/1539
• Davies JW (1970). "A historical note on the Reverend John Clinch, first Canadian vaccinator". CMAJ. 102: 957–61. 
• Roberts KB (1978). "Smallpox: an historic disease". Memorial University of Newfoundland Occas Papers Med Hist. 1: 31–9. 
• LeFanu WR. 1951 A bio-bibliography of Edward Jenner, 1749–1823. London (UK): Harvey and Blythe; 1951. p. 103–8.
• "Smallpox Zero". African Comic Production House, Johannesburg, South Africa. ISBN 978-0-620-43765-3. 

External links

• Works by Edward Jenner at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Edward Jenner at Internet Archive
• The Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox
• A digitized copy of An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at Carnegie Mellon
• The Edward Jenner Museum & Old Cyder House Conference Centre
• The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Osler, W (FTP)
• Review of The Edward Jenner Museum on SoGlos.com

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 痘瘡ワクチンとしてのワクシニアウイルス vaccinia virus as the smallpox vaccine
• 2. 複合胎位異常 compound fetal presentation
• 3. 自己免疫性肝炎：疾患分類 autoimmune hepatitis disease classification
• 4. 自己免疫性肝炎：関連する肝外疾患 autoimmune hepatitis associated extrahepatic disorders
• 5. 後頭横位 occiput transverse position

English Journal

• Patellofemoral Joint Replacement and Nickel Allergy: An Unusual Presentation.

• Syed F1, Jenner E1, Faisal M1.
• Case reports in orthopedics.Case Rep Orthop.2015;2015:635082. doi: 10.1155/2015/635082. Epub 2015 Oct 12.
• Metal allergy is an unusual complication of joint replacement that may cause aseptic loosening and necessitate joint revision surgery. We present the case of nickel allergy causing aseptic loosening following patellofemoral joint replacement (PFJR) in a 54-year-old male. Joint revision surgery to a
• PMID 26543657

• Chemical deterrent enables a socially parasitic ant to invade multiple hosts.

• Martin SJ1, Jenner EA, Drijfhout FP.
• Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2007 Nov 7;274(1626):2717-21.
• Social parasites are involved in a coevolutionary arms race, which drives increasing specialization resulting in a very narrow host range. The Formicoxenus ants are a small group of social parasites with a xenobiotic lifestyle. Formicoxenus quebecensis and Formicoxenus provancheri are highly special
• PMID 17711838

Japanese Journal

• 『善那余話』からみた東京国立博物館ジェンナー像建立の経緯

• 深瀬 泰旦
• 日本醫史學雜誌 55(3), 291-301, 2009-09-20
• NAID 10026092720

• CD45 regulates apoptosis in peripheral T lymphocytes

• LIU Zhe,DAWES Ritu,PETROVA Svetla,BEVERLEY Peter C. L.,TCHILIAN Elma Z.
• International immunology 18(6), 959-966, 2006-06-01
• NAID 10020619007

• Altered CD45 isoform expression affects lymphocyte function in CD45 Tg mice

• TCHILIAN Elma Z.,DAWES Ritu,HYLAND Lisa,MONTOYA Maria,Agnes Le Bon,BORROW Persephone,HOU Sam,TOUGH David,BEVERLEY Peter C. L.
• International immunology 16(9), 1323-1332, 2004-09-01
• NAID 10013504184

Related Links

• Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination

EDWARD JENNER Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, the son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, vicar of Berkeley. Edward was orphaned at age 5 and went to live with his older brother.

• BBC - History - Edward Jenner

Brief biography of Jenner, and his pioneering anti-smallpox treatment which eventually led to global eradication of the disease. Links to more information about smallpox.

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「102F015」「108H011」「097E050」
関連記事	「Edward」

「102F015」

　　[★]

• 「治すこと 時々、和らげること しばしば、慰めること いつも」との名言を遺した近代外科学の父と呼ばれているのは誰か。

• a. Hippocrates ヒポクラテス
• b. Robert Koch ロベルト・コッホ
• c. Ambroise Pare アンブロワズ・パレ
• d. Claude Bernard クロード・ベルナール
• e. Edward Jenner エドワード・ジェンナー

[正答]

C

※国試ナビ4※　［102F014］←［国試_102］→［102F016］

「108H011」

　　[★]

• 医学の歴史的発見と発見者名の組合せで正しいのはどれか。

• a　通仙散―――――――――貝原益軒
• b　体外受精 ―――――――― Edward Jenner
• c　ワクチン ―――――――― Barry Marshall
• d　ペニシリン ――――――― Alexander Fleming
• e　Helicobacterpylori ―――― Robert Edwards

[正答]

D

※国試ナビ4※　［108H010］←［国試_108］→［108H012］

「097E050」

　　[★]

• 正しい組合せはどれか。
• a. Hippocrates－ローマの水道建設
• b. Edward Jenner－ペストの予防
• c. Florence Nightingale－医師の養成
• d. 志賀潔－赤痢菌の発見
• e. 野口英世－マラリア原虫の発見

[正答]

D

※国試ナビ4※　［097E049］←［国試_097］→［097F001］

「Edward」

　　[★]