関: barium chloride

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/09 10:58:05」(JST)

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塩化バリウム（えんかバリウム、barium chloride）は無機化合物の一種で、組成式 BaCl₂ で式量 208.23 のイオン性化合物。常温常圧で白色の固体。水に対する溶解度が高く、アルコールに対する溶解度は低い^[2]。水溶液では電離してバリウムイオン (Ba²⁺) と塩化物イオン (Cl⁻) に電離する。毒性がある。

製造

水酸化バリウムと塩酸の反応の他、塩化アンモニウムと水酸化バリウムとの反応の際、アンモニアと水が発生した後生成される。工業的には、毒重石（英語版）を塩酸処理するか、もしくは重晶石を炭素と塩化カルシウムとともに熱することで製造される^[3]。塩化バリウムの飽和水溶液から温度による溶解度差を利用して析出させることで二水和物が得られ、加熱していくと水和水を失って順に一水和物、無水物となる^[4]。

用途

塩化バリウムは、他のバリウム化合物を合成するための前駆体として利用される^[2]。例えば、塩化バリウムを水酸化ナトリウムなどを用いて複分解させることで純粋な水酸化バリウムが生成される^[5]。また、塩化バリウムが硫酸イオンと反応して不溶性の硫酸バリウムを生成する反応を利用して、硫酸イオンの定性および定量分析に利用される^[2]。日本工業規格においても、硫酸塩の分析には塩化バリウムを用いた比濁法もしくは重量法が採用されている^[6]。

危険性

塩化バリウムは強い毒性を有しており^[2]、日本では毒物及び劇物取締法第二条の七十九によりバリウム化合物として劇物に指定されている^[7]。

出典

^ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 千谷 (1959) 227頁。
^ 千谷 (1959) 226頁。
^ 千谷 (1959) 226-227頁。
^ 千谷 (1959) 220頁。
^ JISK 8001:2009 試薬試験方法通則 p.79-83
^ “毒物及び劇物指定令”. e-Gov. 2012年1月21日閲覧。

参考文献

千谷利三『新版無機化学（上巻）』産業図書、1959年。

Structure and properties

BaCl₂ crystallizes in two forms (polymorphs). One form has the cubic fluorite (CaF₂) structure and the other the orthorhombic cotunnite (PbCl₂) structure. Both polymorphs accommodate the preference of the large Ba²⁺ ion for coordination numbers greater than six.^[3] The coordination of Ba²⁺ is 8 in the fluorite structure^[4] and 9 in the cotunnite structure.^[5] When cotunnite-structure BaCl₂ is subjected to pressures of 7–10 GPa, it transforms to a third structure, a monoclinic post-cotunnite phase. The coordination number of Ba²⁺ increases from 9 to 10.^[6]

In aqueous solution BaCl₂ behaves as a simple salt; in water it is a 1:2 electrolyte and the solution exhibits a neutral pH. Its solutions react with sulfate ion to produce a thick white precipitate of barium sulfate.

Ba²⁺_(aq) + SO₄^2–_(aq) → BaSO_4(s)

Oxalate effects a similar reaction:

Ba²⁺_(aq) + C₂O₄^2–_(aq) → BaC₂O₄_(s)

When it is mixed with sodium hydroxide, it gives the dihydroxide, which is moderately soluble in water.

Preparation

Barium chloride can be prepared from barium hydroxide or barium carbonate, with barium carbonate being found naturally as the mineral witherite. These basic salts react with hydrochloric acid to give hydrated barium chloride. On an industrial scale, it is prepared via a two step process from barite (barium sulfate):^[7]

BaSO_4(aq) + 4 C_(s) → BaS_(s) + 4 CO_(g)

This first step requires high temperatures.

BaS + CaCl₂ → BaCl₂ + CaS

The second step requires fusion of the reactants. The BaCl₂ can then be leached out from the mixture with water. From water solutions of barium chloride, the dihydrate can be crystallized as white crystals: BaCl₂·2H₂O

Uses

As an inexpensive, soluble salt of barium, barium chloride finds wide application in the laboratory. It is commonly used as a test for sulfate ion (see chemical properties above). In industry, barium chloride is mainly used in the purification of brine solution in caustic chlorine plants and also in the manufacture of heat treatment salts, case hardening of steel, in the manufacture of pigments, and in the manufacture of other barium salts. BaCl₂ is also used in fireworks to give a bright green color. However, its toxicity limits its applicability.

Safety

Barium chloride, along with other water-soluble barium salts, is highly toxic.^[8] Sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate are potential antidotes because they form the insoluble solid barium sulfate BaSO₄, which is also toxic, but less harmful because of its insolubility.

References

^ https://play.google.com/books/reader?printsec=frontcover&output=reader&id=nKQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA64
^ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
^ Wells, A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
^ Haase, A.; Brauer, G. (1978). "Hydratstufen und Kristallstrukturen von Bariumchlorid". Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 441: 181–195. doi:10.1002/zaac.19784410120. edit
^ Brackett, E. B.; Brackett, T. E.; Sass, R. L. (1963). "The Crystal Structures of Barium Chloride, Barium Bromide, and Barium Iodide". J. Phys. Chem. 67 (10): 2132. doi:10.1021/j100804a038. edit
^ Léger, J. M.; Haines, J.; Atouf, A. (1995). "The Post-Cotunnite Phase in BaCl₂, BaBr₂ and BaI₂ under High Pressure". J. Appl. Cryst. 28 (4): 416. doi:10.1107/S0021889895001580. edit
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.
^ The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey, 1960.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0614. (anhydrous)
International Chemical Safety Card 0615. (dihydrate)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
ESIS: European chemical Substances Information System.
Barium chloride's use in industry.
ChemSub Online: Barium chloride.

English Journal

New screening methods for probiotics with adhesion properties to sialic acid and sulphate residues in human colonic mucin using the Biacore assay.

Huang IN, Okawara T, Watanabe M, Kawai Y, Kitazawa H, Ohnuma S, Shibata C, Horii A, Kimura K, Taketomo N, Xiao JZ, Iwatsuki K, Saito T.SourceLaboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Journal of applied microbiology.J Appl Microbiol.2013 Mar;114(3):854-60. doi: 10.1111/jam.12063. Epub 2013 Jan 7.
AIMS: To determine the relationship between adhesive ability of probiotics and acidic residues in human colonic mucin, we developed a new screening method using Biacore to evaluate adherence of bacteria before and after sialic acid or sulphate residues were blocked or removed from mucin.METHODS AND
PMID 23136989

Non-specific inhibitors of aquaporin-4 stimulate S100B secretion in acute hippocampal slices of rats.

Zanotto C, Abib RT, Batassini C, Tortorelli LS, Biasibetti R, Rodrigues L, Nardin P, Hansen F, Gottfried C, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA.SourceDepartamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Brain research.Brain Res.2013 Jan 23;1491:14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.065. Epub 2012 Nov 6.
Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is the principal brain water channel and is predominantly expressed in astrocytes suggesting its dynamic involvement in water homeostasis in brain tissue. Due to the co-localization of AQP-4 and inward rectifier K(+) channels Kir 4.1, a functional coupling between these proteins
PMID 23142267

Sex differences in mesenteric endothelial function of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a shift in the relative importance of EDRFs.

Zhang R, Thor D, Han X, Anderson L, Rahimian R.SourceDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2012 Nov 15;303(10):H1183-98. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00327.2012. Epub 2012 Sep 14.
Several studies suggest that diabetes affects male and female vascular beds differently. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction of sex and diabetes remain to be investigated. This study investigates whether there are 1) sex differences in the development of abnormal vascular responses an
PMID 22982780

Japanese Journal

炭酸カルシウム柱状中空体の新規合成

佐々木敦,土岐規仁,横田政晶 [他],清水健司
化学工学論文集 = Kagaku kogaku ronbunshu 37(5), 496-498, 2011-11-20
… 長径方向に空孔をもつCaCO3柱状中空体が，大気圧下のCaCl2沸騰水溶液にNaHCO3水溶液を液滴状で滴下する新規合成プロセスによって生成することを明らかにした．[HCO32]/[Ca2+]=2の条件において，アラゴナイト単一相で中空結晶が得られた．また，BaCl2沸騰水溶液を用いた場合ではBaCO3柱状中空体が生成することから，新規柱状中空体形成プロセスとしての幅広い適用が期待できる． …
NAID 10030160143

Preparation of needlelike Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 particles using molten SrCl2-BaCl2 salt

Furubayashi Atsushi,Kimura Toshio
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 119(1388), 282-284, 2011
… Needlelike Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 powder particles were prepared from SrCO3, BaCO3, and Nb2O5 in the presence of a mixture of molten SrCl2 and BaCl2. … The exchange reaction, BaO + SrCl2 = BaCl2 + SrO, enriched Sr in the oxide phase. …
NAID 130000662357

Low temperature synthesis of tetragonal BaTiO3 by using molten salt

Kumada Nobuhiro,Ogiso Hideyuki,Wada Satoshi [他],YONESAKI Yoshinori,TAKEI Takahiro,KINOMURA Nobukazu,IIJIMA Takashi,WATANABE Takayuki
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 118(1380), 738-740, 2010
… Tetragonal BaTiO3 was prepared by reaction of a layered K2Ti2O5 and mixed barium salts (BaCl2 + Ba(NO3)2) at above 700°C. …
NAID 130000304628

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リンク元	「barium chloride」「塩化バリウム」

「barium chloride」

Barium chloride
	Other names Barium muriate; Muryate of Barytes
Identifiers
CAS number	10361-37-2 , ; 10326-27-9 (dihydrate)
ChemSpider	23540
UNII	0VK51DA1T2
EC number	233-788-1
RTECS number	CQ8750000 (anhydrous); CQ8751000 (dihydrate)
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES [Ba+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Ba.2ClH/h;21H/q+2;;/p-2 ; Key: WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L InChI=1/Ba.2ClH/h;21H/q+2;;/p-2; Key: WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-NUQVWONBAL ;
Properties
Molecular formula	BaCl2
Molar mass	208.23 g/mol (anhydrous); 244.26 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance	White solid
Density	3.856 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 3.0979 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
Melting point	962 °C; 960 °C (dihydrate)
Boiling point	1560 °C
Solubility in water	31.2 g/100 mL (0 °C); 35.8 g/100 mL (20 °C); 59.4 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	soluble in methanol, insoluble in ethanol, ethyl acetate
Structure
Crystal structure	orthogonal (anhydrous); monoclinic (dihydrate)
Coordination; geometry	7-9
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation ΔfHo298	−858.56 kJ/mol
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU Index	056-004-00-8
EU classification	Toxic (T); Harmful (Xn)
R-phrases	R20, R25
S-phrases	(S1/2), S45
NFPA 704	0 3 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	Barium fluoride; Barium bromide; Barium iodide
Other cations	Beryllium chloride; Magnesium chloride; Calcium chloride; Strontium chloride; Radium chloride; Lead chloride
Supplementary data page
Structure and; properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic; data	Phase behaviour; Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
	(verify) (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

塩化バリウム
識別情報
CAS登録番号	10361-37-2 , ; 10326-27-9 (二水和物)
ChemSpider	23540
UNII	0VK51DA1T2
EINECS	233-788-1
RTECS番号	CQ8750000 (無水物); CQ8751000 (二水和物)
	SMILES [Ba+2].[Cl-].[Cl-];
	InChI InChI=1S/Ba.2ClH/h;21H/q+2;;/p-2 ; Key: WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L InChI=1/Ba.2ClH/h;21H/q+2;;/p-2; Key: WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-NUQVWONBAL;
特性
化学式	BaCl2
モル質量	208.23 g/mol (無水物); 244.26 g/mol (二水和物)
外観	White solid
密度	3.856 g/cm3 (無水物); 3.0979 g/cm3 (二水和物)
融点	962 °C; 960 °C (二水和物)
沸点	1560 °C
水への溶解度	31.2 g/100 mL (0 °C); 35.8 g/100 mL (20 °C); 59.4 g/100 mL (100 °C)
溶解度	メタノールに溶ける。エタノール、酢酸エチルに溶けない
構造
結晶構造	直交 (無水物); 単斜晶系 (二水和物)
配位構造	7-9
熱化学
標準生成熱 ΔfHo	−858.56 kJ/mol
危険性
EU分類	毒性(T); 有害(Xn)
EU Index	056-004-00-8
NFPA 704	0 2 0
Rフレーズ	R20, R25
Sフレーズ	（S1/2）, S45
関連する物質
その他の陰イオン	フッ化バリウム; 臭化バリウム; ヨウ化バリウム
その他の陽イオン	塩化ベリリウム; 塩化マグネシウム; 塩化カルシウム; 塩化ストロンチウム; 塩化ラジウム; 塩化鉛(II)
	特記なき場合、データは常温 (25 °C)・常圧 (100 kPa) におけるものである。

　　[★]

塩化バリウム

関: BaCl2

「塩化バリウム」

　　[★]

英: barium chloride、BaCl2

[1] Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.

[chitani227-2] 千谷 (1959) 227頁。

[3] 千谷 (1959) 226頁。

[4] 千谷 (1959) 226-227頁。

[5] 千谷 (1959) 220頁。

[6] JISK 8001:2009 試薬試験方法通則 p.79-83

[7] “毒物及び劇物指定令”. e-Gov. 2012年1月21日閲覧。

[1] ttps://play.google.com/books/reader?printsec=frontcover&output=reader&id=nKQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA64

[2] Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.

[3] Wells, A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.

[4] Haase, A.; Brauer, G. (1978). "Hydratstufen und Kristallstrukturen von Bariumchlorid". Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 441: 181–195. doi:10.1002/zaac.19784410120. edit

[5] Brackett, E. B.; Brackett, T. E.; Sass, R. L. (1963). "The Crystal Structures of Barium Chloride, Barium Bromide, and Barium Iodide". J. Phys. Chem. 67 (10): 2132. doi:10.1021/j100804a038. edit

[6] Léger, J. M.; Haines, J.; Atouf, A. (1995). "The Post-Cotunnite Phase in BaCl₂, BaBr₂ and BaI₂ under High Pressure". J. Appl. Cryst. 28 (4): 416. doi:10.1107/S0021889895001580. edit

[7] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.

[8] The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey, 1960.

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案内

BaCl2