a national park in Hawaii featuring active volcanoes
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Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, established on August 1, 1916, is an American national park located in the U.S. state of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii. The park encompasses two active volcanoes: Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa, the world's most massive shield volcano. The park provides scientists with insight into the birth and development of the Hawaiian Islands, and ongoing studies into the processes of volcanism. For visitors, the park offers dramatic volcanic landscapes, as well as glimpses of rare flora and fauna.
In recognition of its outstanding natural values, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987.[3] In 2012, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park was depicted on the 14th quarter of the America the Beautiful Quarters series.
On May 10, 2018 the park was closed to the public in the Kīlauea volcano summit area, including the visitor center and park headquarters, due to explosions and toxic ash clouds from Halemaʻumaʻu crater, as well as earthquakes and road damage.[4] However, portions of the park, including the visitor center, reopened to the public on September 22, 2018.[5][6]
Eruptive activity, ground collapses and explosions in the park ceased in early August. As of late September, the lull in eruptive activity at Kīlauea Volcano continues. At the summit, seismicity and deformation are negligible. Sulfur dioxide emission rates at both the summit and the Lower East Rift Zone are drastically reduced; the combined rate is lower than at any time since late 2007. Earthquake and deformation data show no net accumulation, withdrawal, or significant movement of subsurface magma or pressurization as would be expected if the system was building toward a resumption of activity. [7]
Contents
1Environment
2History
3Heads
3.1Historic places
4Visitor center and museums
5Painting of Pele
6Recent events
7Gallery
8See also
9References
10External links
Environment
The park includes 323,431 acres (505.36 sq mi; 1,308.88 km2) of land.[8]
Over half of the park is designated the Hawaii Volcanoes Wilderness area and provides unusual hiking and camping opportunities. The park encompasses diverse environments that range from sea level to the summit of the Earth's most massive active volcano, Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet (4,169 m). Climates range from lush tropical rain forests, to the arid and barren Kaʻū Desert.
Lava erupting from the Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent in June 1983
Recently eruptive sites include the main caldera of Kīlauea and a more active but remote vent called Puʻu ʻŌʻō.[9]
The main entrance to the park is from the Hawaii Belt Road. The Chain of Craters Road, as the name implies, leads past several craters from historic eruptions to the coast. It used to continue to another entrance to the park near the town of Kalapana, but that portion is now covered by a lava flow.
History
Kīlauea and its Halemaʻumaʻu caldera were traditionally considered the sacred home of the volcano goddess Pele, and Hawaiians visited the crater to offer gifts to the goddess.
In 1790, a party of warriors (along with women and children who were in the area) were caught in an unusually violent eruption. Many were killed and others left footprints in the lava that can still be seen today.[10]
The first western visitors to the site, English missionary William Ellis and American Asa Thurston, went to Kīlauea in 1823. Ellis wrote of his reaction to the first sight of the erupting volcano:
A spectacle, sublime and even appalling, presented itself before us. 'We stopped and trembled.' Astonishment and awe for some moments rendered us mute, and, like statues, we stood fixed to the spot, with our eyes riveted on the abyss below.[11]
The volcano became a tourist attraction in the 1840s, and local businessmen such as Benjamin Pitman and George Lycurgus ran a series of hotels at the rim.[12] Volcano House is the only hotel or restaurant located within the borders of the national park.
Lorrin A. Thurston, grandson of the American missionary Asa Thurston, was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the park after investing in the hotel from 1891 to 1904. William R. Castle first proposed the idea in 1903. Thurston, who then owned the Honolulu Advertiser newspaper, printed editorials in favor of the park idea. In 1907, the territory of Hawaii paid for fifty members of Congress and their wives to visit Haleakala and Kīlauea. It included a dinner cooked over lava steam vents. In 1908 Thurston entertained Secretary of the Interior James Rudolph Garfield, and in 1909 another congressional delegation. Governor Walter F. Frear proposed a draft bill in 1911 to create "Kilauea National Park" for $50,000. Thurston and local landowner William Herbert Shipman proposed boundaries, but ran into some opposition from ranchers. Thurston printed endorsements from John Muir, Henry Cabot Lodge, and former President Theodore Roosevelt.[13] After several attempts, the legislation introduced by delegate Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole finally passed to create the park. House Resolution 9525 was signed by Woodrow Wilson on August 1, 1916. It was the 11th National Park in the United States, and the first in a Territory.[14]
Within a few weeks, the National Park Service Organic Act would create the National Park Service to run the system.[15] Originally called "Hawaii National Park", it was split from the Haleakalā National Park on September 22, 1961 (75 Stat. 577) to be formally known as Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park.
An easily accessible lava tube was named for the Thurston family. An undeveloped stretch of the Thurston Lava Tube extends an additional 1,100 ft (340 m) beyond the developed area and dead-ends into the hillside, but it is closed to the general public.
Park map including the Kahuku Ranch on left
In 2004, an additional 115,788 acres (468.58 km2) of Kahuku Ranch were added to the park, making it 56% larger. This was an area west of the town of Waiʻōhinu and east of Ocean View, the largest land acquisition in Hawaii's history. The land was bought for US$21.9 million from the Samuel Mills Damon Estate, with financing from the Nature Conservancy.[8]
Heads
National Park superintendents:[16][17]
1922–1922 — Albert O. Burkland
1922–1926 — Thomas Boles
1926–1926 — Albert O. Burkland
1927–1928 — Richard T. Evans
1928–1931 — Thomas J. Allen
1931–1933 — Ernest P. Leavitt
1933–1946 — Edward G. Wingate
1946–1946 — Gunnar O. Fagerlund
1946–1953 — Francis R. Oberhansley
1953–1959 — John B. Wosky
1959–1965 — Fred T. Johnston
1965–1967 — Glen T. Bean
1967–1970 — Daniel J. Tobin
1970–1971 — Gene J. Balaz
1971–1975 — G. Bryan Harry
1975–1978 — Robert D. Barbee
1979–1987 — David B. Ames
1987–1987 — James F. Martin
1987–1993 — Hugo H. Huntzinger
1993–2004 — James F. Martin
from 2004 — Cynthia Orlando
Historic places
Several of the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii are located within the park:
1790 Footprints
Ainahou Ranch
Ainapo Trail
Kilauea Crater
Puna-Ka'u Historic District
Volcano House
Whitney Seismograph Vault No. 29
Wilkes Campsite
Panoramic view of the lava at the end of the Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Visitor center and museums
Night view of Halemaʻumaʻu from Jaggar Museum in 2015
The main visitor center, located just within the park entrance at 19°25′46″N155°15′25.5″W / 19.42944°N 155.257083°W / 19.42944; -155.257083, includes displays and information about the features of the park. The nearby Volcano Art Center, located in the original 1877 Volcano House hotel, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and now houses historical displays and an art gallery.
The Thomas A. Jaggar Museum, located a few miles west on Crater Rim Drive, features more exhibits and a close view of the Kīlauea's active vent Halemaʻumaʻu. The museum is named after scientist Thomas Jaggar, the first director of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, which adjoins the museum. The observatory itself is operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and is not open to the public.
Bookstores are located in the main visitor center and the Jaggar Museum.[18]
The Kilauea Military Camp provides accommodations for U.S. military personnel.[19]
As of 2008[update] the superintendent was Cindy Orlando.[8] Volunteer groups also sponsor events in the park.[20]
Painting of Pele
Arthur Johnsen's Pele
About 1929, D. Howard Hitchcock made an oil painting of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes. In 1966, the artist's son, Harvey, donated the painting to the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, where it was displayed in the visitors' center from 1966 to 2005.[21] The painting was criticized for portraying the Hawaiian goddess as a Caucasian.[21]
In 2003, the Volcano Art Center announced a competition for a "more modern and culturally authentic rendering" of the goddess.[22] An anonymous judging panel of Native Hawaiian elders selected a painting by Arthur Johnsen of Puna, Hawaii from 140 entries.[23] In Johnsen's painting, the goddess has distinctly Polynesian features. She is holding a digging stick (ʻōʻō) in her left hand and the egg that gave birth to her younger sister Hiʻiaka in her right hand.[22] In 2005, the Hitchcock was replaced with Johnsen's painting.
Recent events
Further information: Halema`uma`u crater
Sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halemaʻumaʻu vent in April, 2008
On March 19, 2008, there was a small explosion in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, the first explosive event since 1924 and the first eruption in the Kīlauea caldera since September 1982. Debris from the explosion was scattered over an area of 74 acres (300,000 m2). A small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community. The explosion covered part of Crater Rim Drive and damaged Halemaʻumaʻu Overlook. The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources.[24]
This explosion event followed the opening of a major sulfur dioxide gas vent, greatly increasing levels emitted from the Halemaʻumaʻu crater. The dangerous increase of sulfur dioxide gas prompted closures of Crater Rim Drive between the Jaggar Museum south/southeast to Chain of Craters Road, Crater Rim Trail from Kīlauea Military Camp south/southeast to Chain of Craters Road, and all trails leading to Halemaʻumaʻu crater, including those from Byron Ledge, ʻIliahi (Sandalwood) Trail, and Kaʻū Desert Trail.[25]
In mid-May 2018, the park was closed due to explosive eruptions at Halema`uma`u crater. As of May 31, the Kīlauea area of the park has remained closed, making the closure the longest in the park’s history.[26]
Gallery
The Pauahi Crater, which last erupted in 1979, is 300 feet (100 m) wide and up to 500 feet (150 m) deep.
2007 view of lava from Puʻu ʻŌʻō flowing through subsurface lava tubes until it meets the ocean.
The delicate Holei Sea Arch sits at the end of the Chain of Craters Road.
The alien world of Mauna Ulu is the result of a series of eruptions from 1969 to 1974.
The scars of an array of lava flows can be seen on the Kīlauea landscape at the Halini Pali overlook.
The Kīlauea Iki pit crater features the solidified lava lake from a 1959 eruption.
Since 1913, guests have been able to traverse the extinct Nāhuku (Thurston) lava tube, which sits in a lush rain forest.
Volcanic gases and groundwater mix to create steam and colorful clay at the Sulphur Vents.
Visitors stop along the Sulphur Banks boardwalk trail
See also
Chain of Craters Road
Devastation Trail
Kilauea Iki
List of national parks of the United States
References
^"Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
^"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
^"Hawai'i's Only World Heritage Site". Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park web site. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
Find more aboutHawaiʻi Volcanoes National Parkat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
"Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Official website of the National Park Service
Volcano Gallery: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park - Local Info Photo Gallery, Volcano Live Cam, Eruption Update and General Park Information.
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. HI-47, "Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Roads, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 6 photos, 20 measured drawings, 116 data pages, 1 photo caption page
HAER No. HI-76, "Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Water Collection System, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 51 photos, 40 measured drawings, 43 data pages, 5 photo caption pages
HAER No. HI-48, "Crater Rim Drive, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 17 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
HAER No. HI-48, "Chain of Craters Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 7 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
HAER No. HI-50, "Mauna Loa Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 13 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
HAER No. HI-51, "Hilina Pali Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 8 photos, 1 color transparency, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. HI-523, "Namakani Paio Campground, Highway 11, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI", 6 photos, 4 data pages, 1 photo caption page
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Hawai'i journal of medicine & public health : a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health.Hawaii J Med Public Health.2014 Nov;73(11 Suppl 2):17-20.
Self-reinforcing impacts of plant invasions change over time.
Yelenik SG1, D'Antonio CM.
Nature.Nature.2013 Nov 28;503(7477):517-20. doi: 10.1038/nature12798. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
Returning native species to habitats degraded by biological invasions is a critical conservation goal. A leading hypothesis poses that exotic plant dominance is self-reinforced by impacts on ecosystem processes, leading to persistent stable states. Invaders have been documented to modify fire regime
The 2008 explosion that started a new eruption at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, was not preceded by a dramatic increase in earthquakes nor inflation, but was associated with increases in SO2 emissions and seismic tremor. Here we perform shear wave splitting analysis on local earthquakes s
Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is celebrating its Centennial in 2016. Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death or ROD Please help prevent the spread of this terrible disease Directions & Transportation Finding Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park ...
Sponsored Links Welcome to the Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park Page. This site is dedicated to providing useful information on Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park. Learn about the park’s history and wildlife, discover scenic hiking ...