WordNet

the topmost one of two
piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles"
higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories"
superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class"
the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction (同)blockage
any structure that makes progress difficult (同)obstructor, obstructer, impediment, impedimenta
getting in someones way
the act of obstructing; "obstruction of justice"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(場所・位置が)『上のほうの』,上部の / 『上級の』,上位の / 奥地の,上流の / 靴の甲皮(こうがわ)(かかとより上の部分) / 覚醒剤（これの反意語はdowner：鎮静剤）
〈U〉(…への)妨害,障害《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…への)妨害物,障害物《+『to』+『名』》
〈C〉航空路 / 〈C〉(鉱山などの)通風路 / 《複数形》航空会社

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/30 10:29:12」(JST)

wiki en

Airway obstruction is a blockage of respiration in the airway. It can be broadly classified into being either in the upper airway or lower airway.

Upper airway obstruction

Causes of upper airway obstruction include foreign body aspiration, blunt laryngotracheal trauma, penetrating laryngotracheal trauma, tonsillar hypertrophy, paralysis of the vocal cord or vocal fold, acute laryngotracheitis such as viral croup, bacterial tracheitis, epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, pertussis, retropharyngeal abscess, spasmodic croup.^[1] In basic and advanced life support airway obstructions are often referred to as A-problems. Management of airways relies on both minimal-invasive and invasive techniques.

Lower airway obstruction

Lower airway obstruction is mainly caused by increased resistance in the bronchioles (usually from a decreased radius of the bronchioles) that reduces the amount of air inhaled in each breath and the oxygen that reaches the pulmonary arteries. It is different from airway restriction (which prevents air from diffusing into the pulmonary arteries because of some kind of blockage in the lungs). Diseases that cause lower airway obstruction are termed obstructive lung diseases.

Lower airway obstruction can be measured using spirometry. A decreased FEV1/FVC ratio (versus the normal of about 80%) is indicative of an airway obstruction, as the normal amount of air can no longer be exhaled in the first second of expiration. An airway restriction would not produce a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, but would reduce the vital capacity. The ventilation is therefore affected leading to a ventilation perfusion mismatch and hypoxia.

Consequences

Airway obstruction may cause obstructive pneumonitis or post-obstructive pneumonitis.

References

^ Respiratory Emergencies, section Acute Upper Airway Obstruction. From FP Essentials 368. January 2010 by American Academy of Family Physicians.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における急性上気道閉塞の緊急評価 emergent evaluation of acute upper airway obstruction in children
2. 成人の閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸における上気道閉塞のメカニズムおよび解剖学的部位 mechanisms and anatomic sites of upper airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea in adults
3. フローボリューム曲線 flow volume loops
4. 中枢気道閉塞の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of central airway obstruction
5. 成人における喘息以外の喘鳴をきたす疾患の診断 diagnosis of wheezing illnesses other than asthma in adults

English Journal

Determination of the appropriate sizes of oropharyngeal airways in adults: correlation with external facial measurements: A randomised crossover study.

Kim HJ1, Kim SH, Min NH, Park WK.
European journal of anaesthesiology.Eur J Anaesthesiol.2016 Dec;33(12):936-942.
BACKGROUND: Two external facial measurements have been recommended as reference criteria for estimating appropriate oropharyngeal airway sizes: the distances between the maxillary incisors to the angle of the mandible, and that from the corner of the mouth to the angle of the mandible.OBJECTIVE: To
PMID 26908003

Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea.

Vianello A1, Bisogni V, Rinaldo C, Gallan F, Maiolino G, Braccioni F, Guarda-Nardini L, Molena B, Rossi GP, Marchese-Ragona R; Padova Sleep Apnea Study Group.
Minerva medica.Minerva Med.2016 Dec;107(6):437-451. Epub 2016 Sep 13.
Affecting a large number of middle-aged, frequently overweight subjects, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep related breathing disorder. Partial or complete upper airway (UA) collapse during sleep causing repeated apneic episodes, which is the leading pathophysiological mechanism
PMID 27625198