WordNet

play in the starting lineup
the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race); "with an hours start he will be hard to catch" (同)head_start
a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen" (同)starting
a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game (同)starting line, scratch, scratch line
the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start"
begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!" (同)go, get going
bulge outward; "His eyes popped" (同)protrude, pop, pop_out, bulge, bulge out, bug out, come_out
get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer" (同)start up
get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack" (同)start up, embark on, commence
begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job" (同)take_up
a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa"
a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
the manner in which an electrical or mechanical device responds to an input signal or a range of input signals
move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm; "She startled when I walked into the room" (同)jump, start
a sudden involuntary movement; "he awoke with a start" (同)jump, start
to stimulate to action ; "..startled him awake"; "galvanized into action" (同)galvanize, galvanise
so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm; "Sydneys startling new Opera House"; "startling news"; "startling earthquake shocks"
excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement; "students startled by the teachers quiet return"; "the sudden fluttering of the startled pigeons"; "her startled expression"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…から…に向かって)『出発する』《+『from』+『名』+『for』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『始まる』,発生する;)…で)始まる《+『with』+『塁』》,(…から)生じる《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉『活動し始める』,〈機械などが〉動き始める;(…を)始める,(…に)着手する《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈人が〉(…に驚いて)急に動く;《比喩(ひゆ)的に》ぎまりとする,ぎょっとする《+『at』+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈物が〉急に動く,飛び出る,噴出する / (試合の)先発メンバーになる / …‘を'『始める』,開始する / 〈人〉‘に'始めさせる / …‘を'生じさせる,引き起こす / 〈機械など〉‘を'『始動させる』 / …‘を'使い始める / 〈獲物〉‘を'狩り出す,飛び立たせる,先発メンバーしとて出す / 〈C〉『出発』,スタート;出発点 / 〈C〉(事業などの)『開始』,着手 / 〈C〉最初,初め,出だし / 〈C〉《a ~》はっと(びっくり)すること,びっくりして飛び上がること / 〈U〉《時にa ~》(…に対する)先発[権],優先[権];機先《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》
〈C〉(…に対する)『返事』,『返答』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…に対する)『反応』,『反響』《『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉応答歌,応唱(牧師にならって合唱隊・会衆が短い祈り・歌を応答すること)
…‘を'『飛び上がらせる』,ぎょっとさせる / (…に)ぎょっとする,はっとする《+『at』+『名』》 / 突然の驚き,はっとすること
驚くべき,びっくりさせる(surprising)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/24 14:23:40」(JST)

wiki en

The startle response is a defensive response to sudden or threatening stimuli, and is associated with negative affect.^[1] Usually the onset of the startle response is reflectory. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect the back of the neck (whole-body startle) or the eye (eyeblink) and facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across the lifespan and in many species. An individual's emotional state may lead to a variety of responses.^[2]

Neuromotor examination

During neuromotor examination of newborns, it is noted that, for a number of techniques, the patterns of the startle reaction and the Moro reflex may significantly overlap, the notable distinction being the absence of arm abduction (spreading) during startle response.^[3]

Acoustic startle reflex

The Acoustic Startle Reflex is thought to be caused by an auditory stimulus greater than 80 decibels.^[4] The reflex is typically measured by electromyography, brain imagining or sometimes positron electron tomography ^[5]^[6] There are many brain structures and pathways thought to be involved in the reflex. The amygdala, hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and anterior cingulate cortex are all thought to play a role in modulating the reflex.^[7]^[8] The Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the brain is largely thought to be the main area associated with emotional response and awareness, which can contribute to the way an individual reacts to a startle inducing stimuli.^[9] Along with the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the hippocampus are known to have implications in this reflex. The amygdala is known to have a role in the “fight or flight” response, and the hippocampus functions to form memories of the stimulus and the emotions associated with it.^[10] The role of the BNST in the acoustic startle reflex may be attributed to specific areas within the nucleus responsible for stress and anxiety responses.^[11] Activation of the BNST by certain hormones is thought to promote a startle response ^[12] The auditory pathway for this response was largely elucidated in rats in the 1980s.^[13] The basic pathway follows the auditory pathway from the ear up to the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLN) from where it activates a motor centre in the reticular formation. This centre sends descending projections to lower motor neurones of the limbs^{[clarification needed]}.

In slightly more detail this corresponds to Ear (cochlea) -> Cranial Nerve VIII (auditory) -> Cochlear Nucleus (ventral/inferior) -> LLN -> Caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). The whole process has a less than 10ms^{[clarification needed]} latency. There is no involvement of the superior/rostral or inferior/caudal colliculus in the reaction that "twitches" the hindlimbs, but these may be important for adjustment of pinnae, gaze towards the direction of the sound or the associated blink.^[14]

References

^ Rammirez-Moreno,David."A computational model for the modulation of the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex". Biological Cybernetics,2012,p.169
^ "Peter J. Lang, Margaret M. Bradley, Bruce M Cuthbert. "Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex" 1990". Mendeley.com. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
^ http://books.google.com/books?id=2chdTE4SHE8C&pg=PA472
^ Rammirez-Moreno,David."A computational model for the modulation of the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex". Biological Cybernetics,2012,p.169
^ Pissiota,Anna. "Amygdala and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activation During Affective Startle Modulation:a PET Study of Fear". The European Journal of Neuroscience,2003,p 1325
^ Phillips, R.G. "Differential Contribution of Amygdala and Hippocampus to Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning". Behavioral Neuroscience,1992,p.274
^ Medford, Nick. "Conjoint Activity of Anterior Insular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex:Awareness and Response". Brain Structure and Function,2010,p.535
^ Lee, Younglim. "Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of Neuroscience,1997,p.6434
^ Medford, Nick. "Conjoint Activity of Anterior Insular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex:Awareness and Response". Brain Structure and Function,2010,p.535
^ Grouen, Wouter. "Amygdala and Hippocampus Enlargement During Adolescence in Autism".Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,2010,p.552
^ Lee, Younglim. "Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of Neuroscience,1997,p.6434
^ Lee, Younglim. "Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of Neuroscience,1997,p.6434
^ Davis, M; Gendelman, Ds; Tischler, Md; Gendelman, Pm (Jun 1982). "A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies" (Free full text). Journal of Neuroscience 2 (6): 791–805. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 7086484.
^ Castellote, Jm; Kumru, H; Queralt, A; Valls-Solé, J (Feb 2007). "A startle speeds up the execution of externally guided saccades". Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale 177 (1): 129–36. doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0659-4. ISSN 0014-4819. PMID 16944110.

Carney Landis, William Alvin Hunt, Hans Strauss (1939). The startle pattern. Farrar & Rinehart. , review[1]
Robert C. Eaton (1984). Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior. ISBN 978-0306415562.

External links

Startle Response and PTSD

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児における非てんかん性発作性障害 nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in infancy
2. 機能性不随意運動 functional movement disorders
3. 小児における運動過多な運動障害 hyperkinetic movement disorders in children
4. スティッフパーソン症候群 stiff person syndrome
5. 症候性（二次性）ミオクローヌス symptomatic secondary myoclonus

English Journal

Exposure to morphine-associated cues increases mu opioid receptor mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of Wistar Kyoto rats.

Dennis TS1, Beck KD2, Cominski TP2, Bobzean SA1, Kuzhikandathil EV3, Servatius RJ2, Perrotti LI4.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2016 Oct 15;313:208-13. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.017. Epub 2016 Jul 12.
The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat has been proposed as a model of anxiety vulnerability as it exhibits pronounced behavioral inhibition, passive avoidance, exaggerated startle response, enhanced HPA-axis activation, and active avoidance that is resistant to extinction. Accumulating evidence suggests that W
PMID 27421830

Sensitivity to trauma-associated cues is restricted to vulnerable traumatized rats and reinstated after extinction by yohimbine.

Le Dorze C1, Gisquet-Verrier P2.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2016 Oct 15;313:120-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.006. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom is mainly characterized by re-experiencing the traumatic event, the reactivity to trauma-associated cues in resilient and vulnerable subjects has not been extensively studied. Using an animal model of PTSD induced by a single prolonged stress (SPS)
PMID 27392642

The T-type calcium channel antagonist Z944 disrupts prepulse inhibition in both epileptic and non-epileptic rats.

Marks WN1, Greba Q1, Cain SM2, Snutch TP2, Howland JG3.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 Sep 22;332:121-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.035. Epub 2016 Jun 27.
The role of T-type calcium channels in brain diseases such as absence epilepsy and neuropathic pain has been studied extensively. However, less is known regarding the involvement of T-type channels in cognition and behavior. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating which is a ba
PMID 27365170

Japanese Journal

Developmental Neurotoxicology: History and Outline of Developmental Neurotoxicity Study Guidelines

Aoyama Hiroaki,Takahashi Naofumi,Shutoh Yasufumi,Motomura Atsuko,Crofton Kevin M.
Food Safety 3(2), 48-61, 2015
… Current internationally harmonized DNT study guidelines are thus intended to predict adverse effects of test compounds on the developing CNS by observing such postnatal parameters as motor activity, startle response, and learning and memory, as well as neuropathological alterations. …
NAID 130005084364

脳波測定によるミス・驚愕及び疲労状態の検知に関する研究

佐藤孝則,Sato Takanori
55, 2014-03-24
… Motivated by this fact, in this paper, detection of error response, startle response and fatigue state is investigated based on the measurement of electroencephalogram (EEG). …
NAID 120005524482