関: coleoptile、cotyledon、cotyledonary、seed leaves

WordNet

embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants (同)seed_leaf
see and understand, have a good eye; "The artist must first learn to see"
the seat within a bishops diocese where his cathedral is located
be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something; "He verified that the valves were closed"; "See that the curtains are closed"; "control the quality of the product" (同)check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain, assure
deem to be; "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"; "I dont see the situation quite as negatively as you do" (同)consider, reckon, view, regard
accompany or escort; "Ill see you to the door" (同)escort
deliberate or decide; "See whether you can come tomorrow"; "lets see--which movie should we see tonight?"
go to see for a social visit; "I went to see my friend Mary the other day"
go to see for professional or business reasons; "You should see a lawyer"; "We had to see a psychiatrist"
match or meet; "I saw the bet of one of my fellow players"
observe as if with an eye; "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it"
perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight; "You have to be a good observer to see all the details"; "Can you see the bird in that tree?"; "He is blind--he cannot see"
receive as a specified guest; "the doctor will see you now"; "The minister doesnt see anybody before noon"
sprinkle with silver iodide particles to disperse and cause rain; "seed clouds"
a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa
a small hard fruit
inoculate with microorganisms
remove the seeds from; "seed grapes"
bear seeds
distribute (players or teams) so that outstanding teams or players will not meet in the early rounds
go to seed; shed seeds; "The dandelions went to seed"
help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money
turn over pages; "leaf through a book"; "leaf a manuscript"
the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants (同)leafage, foliage
produce leaves, of plants
hinged or detachable flat section (as of a table or door)
a sheet of any written or printed material (especially in a manuscript or book) (同)folio
having the seeds extracted; "seeded raisins"
sprinkled with seed; "a seeded lawn" (同)sown
(of the more skilled contestants) selectively arranged in the draw for position in a tournament so that they meet each other in later rounds
having or supplied with seeds; "a seeded breadfruit"; "seeded rolls"
having seeds as specified; "many-seeded"; "black-seeded"
having vision, not blind

PrepTutorEJDIC

(種子の)子葉
(視野にはいって)…‘が'『見える』,(目にとめて)…‘を'『見る』,(夢・空想の中で)…‘を'見る / 〈名所など〉‘を'『見物する』;〈劇・映画など〉‘を'見る / …‘を'『理解する』,‘が'分かる / …‘を'予見する,予測する / …‘を'判断する / …‘を'調べる,確かめる / …‘を'取り計らう,…‘に'気を配る / (…まで)〈人〉‘と'いっしょに行く,〈人〉‘を'送り届ける《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'体験する,‘に'遭遇する / 〈人〉‘に'会う,面会する;…‘を'訪問する;〈医者など〉‘に'見てもらう,〈医者が〉〈患者〉‘を'見る / 『見える』,見る / 『理解する』,わかる / 調べる,見てみる,考えてみる
司教区 / 司教の地位;司教管轄権
〈U〉〈C〉『種』,種子 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(物事・事件などの)原因,根源,種 / 〈U〉(聖書で)子供たち,子孫 / 〈土地〉‘に'『種をまく』,まく;(…を)…‘に'まく《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈果物など〉‘の'種を除く / 〈チーム・競技者など〉‘を'シードする / (人工雨を降らすため)〈雲〉‘に'ドライアイス(その他の化学薬品)を散布する / 〈植物が〉種(実)を生ずる;種(実)を落とす
〈C〉(木・草の)『葉』 / 〈C〉花びら / 〈C〉(本などのページの裏表)『1枚』 / 〈U〉(金属の)薄片,箔(はく) / 〈C〉(折りたたみ式テーブルの)補助板 / 《おもに米》〈木が〉葉を出す《+『out』》 / (本などの)ページをばらばらとめくる,内容にざっと目を通す》+『through』+『名』》
…ということを考えると;…であるからには,だから《+『that 節』(《話》『as節』)》 / 〈U〉〈C〉見ること / 〈U〉視力,視覚 / 目の見える,目のきく

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/19 15:46:50」(JST)

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Cotyledon in formation before the accumulation of the reserve seen at Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum)

Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting. Note that the visible part of the monocot plant (left) is actually the first true leaf produced from the meristem; the cotyledon itself remains within the seed

Schematic of epigeal vs hypogeal germination

Peanut seeds cut in half showing the embryos with cotyledons and primordial root.

Two-weeks-old cotyledons of Douglas-fir.

A seedling of Pinus halepensis with eight cotyledons

A cotyledon (/kɒtɨˈliːdən/; "seed leaf" from Greek: κοτυληδών kotylēdōn, gen.: κοτυληδόνος kotylēdonos, from κοτύλη kotýlē "cup, bowl") is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling. The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms). Species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous ("monocots"). Plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous ("dicots") and placed in the class Magnoliopsida.

In the case of dicot seedlings whose cotyledons are photosynthetic, the cotyledons are functionally similar to leaves. However, true leaves and cotyledons are developmentally distinct. Cotyledons are formed during embryogenesis, along with the root and shoot meristems, and are therefore present in the seed prior to germination. True leaves, however, are formed post-embryonically (i.e. after germination) from the shoot apical meristem, which is responsible for generating subsequent aerial portions of the plant.

The cotyledon of grasses and many other monocotyledons is a highly modified leaf composed of a scutellum and a coleoptile. The scutellum is a tissue within the seed that is specialized to absorb stored food from the adjacent endosperm. The coleoptile is a protective cap that covers the plumule (precursor to the stem and leaves of the plant).

Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons, and these are often variable in number (multicotyledonous), with from 2 to 24 cotyledons forming a whorl at the top of the hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) surrounding the plumule. Within each species, there is often still some variation in cotyledon numbers, e.g. Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings have 5–9, and Jeffrey Pine (Pinus jeffreyi) 7–13 (Mirov 1967), but other species are more fixed, with e.g. Mediterranean Cypress always having just two cotyledons. The highest number reported is for Big-cone Pinyon (Pinus maximartinezii), with 24 (Farjon & Styles 1997).

The cotyledons may be ephemeral, lasting only days after emergence, or persistent, enduring a year or more on the plant. The cotyledons contain (or in the case of gymnosperms and monocotyledons, have access to) the stored food reserves of the seed. As these reserves are used up, the cotyledons may turn green and begin photosynthesis, or may wither as the first true leaves take over food production for the seedling.^[1]

Epigeal versus hypogeal development

Cotyledons may be either epigeal, expanding on the germination of the seed, throwing off the seed shell, rising above the ground, and perhaps becoming photosynthetic; or hypogeal, not expanding, remaining below ground and not becoming photosynthetic. The latter is typically the case where the cotyledons act as a storage organ, as in many nuts and acorns.

Hypogeal plants have (on average) significantly larger seeds than epigeal ones. They also are capable of surviving if the seedling is clipped off, as meristem buds remain underground (with epigeal plants, the meristem is clipped off if the seedling is grazed). The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive.^[2]^[3]

Related plants show a mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family. Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Araucariaceae family of Southern Hemisphere conifers,^[4] the Fabaceae (pea family),^[2] and the genus Lilium (see Lily seed germination types). The frequently garden grown common bean - Phaseolus vulgaris - is epigeal while the closely related runner bean - Phaseolus coccineus - is hypogeal.

History

The term cotyledon was coined by Marcello Malpighi. John Ray was the first botanist to recognize that some plants have two and others only one, and eventually the first to recognize the immense importance of this fact to systematics.^[1]

Theophrastus and Albertus Magnus may also have recognized the distinction between the dicotyledons and monocotyledons.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Vines, Sydney Howard (1913), "Robert Morison 1620—1683 and John Ray 1627—1705", in Oliver, Francis Wall, Makers of British botany, Cambridge University Press, pp. 8–43
^ ^a ^b Charles R. Tischler, Justin D. Derner, H. Wayne Polley, and Hyrum B. Johnson, Response of Seedlings of Two Hypogeal Brush Species to CO2 Enrichment, Proceedings: Shrubland dynamics -- fire and water; 2004 August 10–12; Lubbock, TX. Proceedings RMRS-P-47, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, pp. 104–106
^ Baraloto, C.; Forget, P.-M. (2007), "Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neotropical rain forest trees", American Journal of Botany 94 (6): 901–11, doi:10.3732/ajb.94.6.901, PMID 21636459
^ Hiroaki Setoguchi, Takeshi Asakawa Osawa, Jean-Christophe Pintaud, Tanguy Jaffré and Jean-Marie Veillon (1998), "Phyloghuhenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences", American Journal of Botany 85 (11): 1507–1516, doi:10.2307/2446478, JSTOR 2446478, PMID 21680310
^ http://bioetymology.blogspot.com.br/2011/06/cotyledon-monocotyledon-plural-usually.html

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cotyledon.

Tiscali.reference - Cotyledon

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English Journal

Intra-specific variation in Ni tolerance, accumulation and translocation patterns in the Ni-hyperaccumulator Alyssum lesbiacum.

Adamidis GC, Aloupi M, Kazakou E, Dimitrakopoulos PG.Author information Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Lesbos, Greece. Electronic address: adamidis@env.aegean.gr.AbstractA hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate inter-population variation in Ni tolerance, accumulation and translocation patterns in Alyssum lesbiacum. The in vitro results were compared to field data (soil bioavailable and leaf Ni concentrations) so as to examine any potential relationship between hydroponic and natural conditions. Seeds from the four major existing populations of A. lesbiacum were used for the cultivation of plantlets in solution cultures with incrementally increasing Ni concentrations (ranging from 0 to 250μmolL(-1) NiSO4). Ni accumulation and tolerance of shoots and roots, along with initial seed Ni concentration for each population were measured. The ratio of root or shoot length of plantlets grown in NiSO4 solutions to root or shoot lengths of plantlets grown in the control solution was used as tolerance index. For the range of metal concentrations used, A. lesbiacum presented significant inter-population variation in Ni tolerance, accumulation and translocation patterns. Initial seed Ni concentration was positively correlated to shoot Ni accumulation. A significant positive relationship between tolerance and accumulation was demonstrated. Initial seed Ni concentration along with physiological differences in xylem loading and Ni translocation of each population, appear to be the determining factors of the significant inter-population variation in Ni tolerance and accumulation. Our results highlight the inter-population variation in Ni tolerance and accumulation patterns in the Ni-hyperaccumulator A. lesbiacum and give support to the suggestion that the selection of metal hyperaccumulator species with enhanced phytoremediation efficiency should be considered at the population level.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Jan;95:496-502. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.106. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate inter-population variation in Ni tolerance, accumulation and translocation patterns in Alyssum lesbiacum. The in vitro results were compared to field data (soil bioavailable and leaf Ni concentrations) so as to examine any potential relationship b
PMID 24182400

Accumulation of total mercury and methylmercury in rice plants collected from different mining areas in China.

Meng M, Li B, Shao JJ, Wang T, He B, Shi JB, Ye ZH, Jiang GB.Author information State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.AbstractA total of 155 rice plants were collected from ten mining areas in three provinces of China (Hunan, Guizhou and Guangdong), where most of mercury (Hg) mining takes place in China. During the harvest season, whole rice plants were sampled and divided into root, stalk & leaf, husk and seed (brown rice), together with soil from root zone. Although the degree of Hg contamination varied significantly among different mining areas, rice seed showed the highest ability for methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation. Both concentrations of total mercury (THg) and MeHg in rice plants were significantly correlated with Hg levels in soil, indicating soil is still an important source for both inorganic mercury (IHg) and MeHg in rice plants. The obvious discrepancy between the distribution patterns of THg and MeHg reflected different pathways of IHg and MeHg accumulation. Water soluble Hg may play more important role in MeHg accumulation in rice plants.
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2014 Jan;184:179-86. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.030. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
A total of 155 rice plants were collected from ten mining areas in three provinces of China (Hunan, Guizhou and Guangdong), where most of mercury (Hg) mining takes place in China. During the harvest season, whole rice plants were sampled and divided into root, stalk & leaf, husk and seed (brown
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Detection of potato mop-top virus in soils and potato tubers using bait-plant bioassay, ELISA and RT-PCR.

Arif M, Ali M, Rehman A, Fahim M.Author information Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan. Electronic address: m.arif@aup.edu.pk.AbstractThe hilly region of Northwest of Pakistan is leading seed potato producing areas of the country. Soil and plant samples were collected from the region and tested for PMTV using both conventional and molecular techniques. The bait plants exhibited PMTV-characteristic v-shaped yellow leaf markings in Nicotiana debneyi plants grown in putative viruliferious soils from 20/26 locations. The results were confirmed by back inoculation of sap from both roots and leaves of bait plant on indicator hosts (N. debneyi, Nicotiana benthamiana). The root samples of bait plants grown in soils of 25 locations and leaves of 24 locations reproduced systemic infection on indicator hosts upon back inoculation. The virus was identified in bait plants grown in soils from 25/26 locations using double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS)-ELISA and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. The products of the 566bp were amplified from coat protein region of PMTV RNA 3 in both root and leaf samples of baited plants. The virus was detected in 10 potato cultivars commercially grown in the region using DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. The virus was also detected in zoospores of Spongospora subterranea derived from the peels of selected scabby tubers using triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA. The results indicate that a bait plant bioassay, infectivity assay, ELISA and RT-PCR can detect PMTV in roots and leaves of baited plants, field samples, zoospores of S. subterranea and tubers of 10 potato cultivars commercially grown in the region.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2014 Jan;195:221-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.022. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
The hilly region of Northwest of Pakistan is leading seed potato producing areas of the country. Soil and plant samples were collected from the region and tested for PMTV using both conventional and molecular techniques. The bait plants exhibited PMTV-characteristic v-shaped yellow leaf markings in
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Japanese Journal

β-caryophylleneの植物に対する生育促進作用および耐病性増進作用の解析

山際泰夫,豊田和弘,稲垣善茂,一瀬勇規,百町満朗,白石友紀
岡山大学農学部学術報告 102, 7-14, 2013-02-01
… FS2 enhanced seed germination, root elongation and leaf growth of Brassica rapa var perviridis (Komatsuna). …
NAID 120005222605

岡山県の栽培圃場における植物生育促進菌の探索と同定

山際泰夫,豊田和弘,稲垣善茂,一瀬勇規,白石友紀
岡山大学農学部学術報告 102, 1-6, 2013-02-01
… The strain FS2, which enhanced seed germination, root elongation and leaf growth of Brassica rapa var. …
NAID 120005222604

Photosynthetic compensation by the reproductive structures in the spring ephemeral Gagea lutea

Sunmonu Ninuola,Ida Takashi Y.,Kudo Gaku
Plant Ecology 214(2), 175-188, 2013-02-00
… To clarify the mechanism to mitigate the cost of reproduction, contributions of foliar and non-foliar photosynthetic products to seed production were examined in a spring ephemeral Gagea lutea. … Leaf growth, foliar and non-foliar photosynthetic activities, and total assimilated products were compared among reproductive-intact, floral-bud removal and vegetative plants. … Finally, seed set was compared between intact, leaf-clipping and bract-clipping treatments. …
NAID 120005228359