WordNet

talk volubly
genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged (同)rap music, hip-hop
a gentle blow (同)strike, tap
voluble conversation
strike sharply; "rap him on the knuckles" (同)knap
perform rap music
a ridge that forms a seam between two parts (同)rhaphe

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…を)『コツン』(『トン』)『とたたくこと』(『音』)《+『on』(『at』)+『名』》 / 《話》(人のしたことに対する)非難,とがめ《+『for』+『名』》 / 《俗》おしゃべり / …‘を'コツン(トン)とたたく / 〈命令など〉‘を'びしゃりと言う《+『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》 / (…を)コツン(トン)とたたく《+『at』(on)+『名』》 / 《俗》互いに気持ちよく話す・〔俗〕非難（する）; 叱る; 〔俗〕告訴［処罰，逮捕］（する）; 〔俗〕おしゃべり（する）; 〔米俗〕ラップ（ミュージック）; 〔米俗〕ラップで歌う・「take the rap」で「甘んじて罰を受ける」
少しも(…しない)
nucleusの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/21 16:43:45」(JST)

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The raphe nuclei (Greek: ῥαφή "seam"^[1]) are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain.^[2] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets.^[3]

Anatomy

The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem.

In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the nucleus raphe pallidus, the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus raphe pontis, the median raphe nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, caudal linear nucleus.^[4] In the first systematic examination of the raphe nuclei, Taber et al. (1960)^[5] originally proposed the existence of two linear nuclei (nucleus linearis intermedius and nucleus linearis rostralis). This study was published before techniques enabling the visualization of serotonin or the enzymes participating in its synthesis had been developed, as first demonstrated by Dahlström and Fuxe in 1964.^[6] Later, it was revealed that of these two nuclei, only the former (nucleus linearis intermedius, now known as the caudal linear nucleus), proved to contain serotonin-producing neurons.^[7]

In some works (e.g.^[8]), researchers have grouped the nuclei lineares into one nucleus, the nucleus linearis, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g., NeuroNames makes the following ordering:^[9]

Raphe nuclei of medulla oblongata
- Nucleus raphe obscurus
- Nucleus raphe magnus
- Nucleus pallidus
Raphe nuclei of the pontine reticular formation
- Nucleus raphe pontis
- Nucleus centralis inferior
Raphe nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation
- Nucleus centralis superior (median raphe nucleus)
- Nucleus raphe dorsalis

Nomenclature

The Latin names commonly used for most of these nuclei are grammatically and orthographically incorrect. Latin grammar would require to use the genitive case raphes ('of the seam') instead of the nominative case raphe ('seam') in these Latin expressions. The main authority in anatomical names, Terminologia Anatomica uses for example nucleus raphes magnus^[10] instead of the grammatically incorrect nucleus raphe magnus. The spelling raphe/raphes however can also be contested as numerous sources^[11]^[12]^[13] indicate that raphe is an incorrect Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek word ῥαφή as the initial letter rho with rough breathing (spiritus asper) is normally rendered as rh in Latin.^[11] The edition of the Nomina Anatomica that was ratified in Jena in 1935 used rhaphe instead of raphe.^[14]^[15]

Projections

These nuclei interact with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction. These select nuclei are discussed as follows.

Overall, the caudal raphe nuclei, including the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus and nucleus raphe obscurus, all project towards the spinal cord and brain stem. The more-rostral nuclei, including the nucleus raphe pontis, nucleus centralis superior (also called median raphe nucleus) and nucleus raphe dorsalis project towards the brain areas of higher function^[16]

However, studies also show that numerous areas of the brain control the serotonergic neurons located in the nucleus raphe dorsalis, including the orbital cortex, cingulate cortex, medial preoptic area, lateral preoptic area, and several areas of the hypothalamus. The connection between these areas, particularly between the nucleus raphe dorsalis and the orbital cortices, is thought to have influences on depression and obsessive compulsive disorder prognosis.^[17]

Dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain

Function

The raphe nuclei have a vast impact upon the central nervous system. Many of the neurons in the nuclei (but not the majority) are serotonergic; i.e., contain serotonin, a type of monoamine neurotransmitter and are modulated through fibrous pathways in the midbrain.^[18]

Projections from the raphe nuclei also terminate in the dorsal horn of spinal gray matter where they regulate the release of enkephalins, which inhibit pain sensation.

The raphe nuclei provide feedback to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), thus contributing in circadian rhythms in animals. The SCN transmits to the raphe nuclei via the dorsomedial hypothalamus nucleus altering serotonin levels for sleep/wake states. The raphe nuclei will then transmit feedback to the SCN about the animal's vigilance and levels of alertness. This reciprocal feedback between the two structures provides an adaptable yet stable basis of circadian rhythms.^[19]

The raphe nuclei and the effects of ghrelin

More recent studies of the Raphe Nuclei done with rats involve the effects of Ghrelin on the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus. When administered, larger doses of Ghrelin act centrally on the raphe nucleus, hippocampus, and amygdala which causes dramatic increases in food intake, memory retention, and increases in anxiety. The effects of ghrelin on the raphe nucleus as soon as an hour after injection, suggesting rapid changes in the nucleus' structure. Changes also occur after 24 hours suggesting delayed modifications as well.^[20]

References

^ Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ George J. Siegel, ed. (1999). "Understanding the neuroanatomical organization of serotonergic cells in brain provides insight into the functions of this neurotransmitter". Basic Neurochemistry. Bernard W. Agranoff, Stephen K. Fisher, R. Wayne Albers, Michael D. Uhler (Sixth ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-397-51820-X. In 1964, Dahlstrom and Fuxe (discussed in [2]), using the Falck-Hillarp technique of histofluorescence, observed that the majority of serotonergic soma are found in cell body groups, which previously had been designated as the raphe nuclei.
^ Briley, M; Moret, C (October 1993). "Neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant therapies". Clin Neuropharmacol 16 (5): 387–400. doi:10.1097/00002826-199310000-00002. PMID 8221701.
^ Törk, Istvan (1990). "Anatomy of the serotonergic system". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 600: 12. PMID 2252340. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
^ Taber, Elizabeth; Brodal, Alf; Walberg, Fred (1960). "The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. I. Normal topography and cytoarchitecture and general discussion". J Comp Neurol 114 (2): 161–187. PMID 13836517.
^ Dahlström, Annica; Fuxe, Kjell (1964). "Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons". Acta Physiol Scand 232 (Suppl): 1–55. PMID 14229500. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Halliday, Glenda M.; Törk, Istvan (1989). "Serotonin-like immunoreactive cells and fibres in the rat ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum". Brain Res Bull 22 (4): 727–9. PMID 2736398.
^ Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf; Voogd, Jan; van Huijzen, Chris (2008). The human central nervous system (4 ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 890, 893.
^ ancil-190 at NeuroNames
^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
^ ^a ^b Hyrtl, J. (1880). Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Unversitätsbuchhändler.
^ Foster, F.D. (1891-1893). An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
^ Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
^ Kopsch, F. (1941). Die Nomina anatomica des Jahres 1895 (B.N.A.) nach der Buchstabenreihe geordnet und gegenübergestellt den Nomina anatomica des Jahres 1935 (I.N.A.) (3. Auflage). Leipzig: Georg Thieme Verlag.
^ Stieve, H. (1949). Nomina Anatomica. Zusammengestellt von der im Jahre 1923 gewählten Nomenklatur-Kommission, unter Berücksichtigung der Vorschläge der Mitglieder der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, der Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, sowie der American Association of Anatomists, überprüft und durch Beschluß der Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf der Tagung in Jena 1935 endgültig angenommen. (Vierte Auflage). Jena: Verlag Gustav Fischer.
^ BilZ0r; Erowid (2005). "Figure 4. Diagram of the human brain showing the divergent serotonergic projections of the raphe nuclei to both cortical and subcortical locations throughout the brain." (PNG). The Neuropharmacology of Hallucinogens: a technical overview. Erowid Pharmacology Vaults. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
^ C. Peyron; J.M Petit; C. Rampon; M. Jouvet; P.H. Luppi (1997). "Forebrain Afferants to the Rat Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Demonstrated by Retrograde and Anterograde Tracing Methods" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Neuroscience 82 (2): 443–468. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00268-6. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
^ Efrain C. Azmitia and Menahem Segal (2004). "An Autoradiographic Analysis of the Differential Ascending Projections of the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei in the Rat". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 179 (3): 641–667. doi:10.1002/cne.901790311.
^ J.M. Monti, ed. (2008). "Reciprocal connections between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the midbrain raphe nuclei: A putative role in the circadian control of behavioral states". Serotonin and Sleep: Molecular, Functional and Clinical Aspects. Samüel Deurveilher and Kazue Semba. Birkhäuser Basel. ISBN 978-3-7643-8560-6.
^ Valeria P Carlinia, Mariana M Varasa, Andrea B Cragnolinia, Helgi B Schiöthb, Teresa N Scimonellia, Susana R de Barioglio (2004). "Differential Role of the Hippocampus, amygdala, and Dorsal Raphe Nucleus in Regulating Feeding, Memory, and Anxiety-like Behavioral Responses to Ghrelin" Check |url= value (help). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 313 (3): 635–641. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.150.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Projection patterns of lateral hypothalamic, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons to the dorsal raphe and/or the locus coeruleus in the rat.

Yoon YS, Lee HS.SourceDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 143-701 Seoul, Korea.
Brain research.Brain Res.2013 Feb 4;1494:56-69. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.042. Epub 2012 Dec 1.
The present study was designed to reveal the projection patterns of lateral hypothalamic (LH), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons to the dorsal raphe (DR) and/or the locus coeruleus (LC) in the rat. After the injection of Red or Green Retrobeads into the DR or LC, LH sectio
PMID 23206801

Impaired maturation of serotonergic function in the dentate gyrus associated with epilepsy.

Gilling KE, Oltmanns F, Behr J.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: kate-elizabeth.gilling@charite.de.
Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2013 Feb;50:86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.012. Epub 2012 Oct 13.
Temporal lobe epilepsy is believed to develop after an initial precipitating injury, usually suffered in childhood or adolescence, and aspects include impaired maturation of the hippocampus, and specifically the dentate gyrus. The dentate gyrus receives a major serotonergic input from the brainstem
PMID 23072977

Japanese Journal

Alteration in anxiety-related behaviors and reduction of serotonergic neurons in raphe nuclei in adult rats prenatally exposed to ethanol

OHTA Ken-ichi,SAKATA HAGA Hiromi,FUKUI Yoshihiro
Congenital anomalies 50(2), 105-114, 2010-06-01
NAID 10029577757

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「縫線核」「縫線核群」「大縫線核」
関連記事	「raphe」「nuclei」「rap」

「縫線核」

Raphe nuclei
	Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.)
	Horizontal cross section of the brainstem at the lower pons. The raphe nucleus is labeled #18 in the middle.
Details
Latin	nuclei raphe
Identifiers
MeSH	A08.186.211.132.659.632
NeuroLex ID	Raphe Nuclei
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12582773
TA	A14.1.04.257; A14.1.04.318; A14.1.05.402; A14.1.05.601; A14.1.06.401
FMA	84017
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy