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Prostanoids are a subclass of eicosanoids consisting of the prostaglandins (mediators of inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction), and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution phase of inflammation.)

See also main articles at Prostaglandin, Prostacyclin and Thromboxane

Biosynthesis

Prostaglandin H₂

PGD synthase

PGD₂

PGJ₂

PGE
synthase

PGE₂

PGA₂

PGB₂

Prostacyclin synthase

PGI₂

6-keto-PGFα

PGE
9-ketoreductase

PGF₂

Thromboxane-A
synthase

TXA₂

Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of the free essential fatty acids to prostanoids by a two-step process. In the first step, two molecules of O₂ are added as two peroxide linkages and a 5-member carbon ring is forged near the middle of the fatty acid chain. This forms the short-lived, unstable intermediate Prostaglandin G (PGG). One of the peroxide linkages sheds a single oxygen, forming PGH. (See diagrams and more detail at Cyclooxygenase). All other prostanoids originate from PGH (as PGH₁, PGH₂, or PGH₃).

Figure 1 shows how PGH₂ (derived from Arachidonic acid) is converted:

By PGE synthetase into PGE (which in turn is converted into PGF)
By PGD synthetase into PGD
By Prostacyclin synthase into prostacyclin (PGI2)
By Thromboxane synthase into thromboxanes

The three classes of prostanoids have distinctive rings in the center of the molecule. They differ in their structures. The PGH compounds (parents to all the rest) have a 5-carbon ring, bridged by two oxygens (a peroxide.) The derived prostaglandins contain a single, unsaturated 5-carbon ring. In prostacyclins, this ring is conjoined to another oxygen-containing ring. In thromboxanes the ring becomes a 6-member ring with one oxygen.

Production of PGE₂ in bacterial and viral infections appear to be stimulated by certain cytokines, e.g., interleukin-1.^[1]

References

^ University of Kansas Medical Center (2004). "Eicosanoids and Inflammation" (PDF). http://classes.kumc.edu/som/bioc801/small_group/eicosanoids/eicosanoids-2004.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-05.^{[dead link]}

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English Journal

Professional phagocytic granulocyte-derived PGD2 regulates the resolution of inflammation in fish.

Gómez-Abellán V1, Montero J1, López-Muñoz A1, Figueras A2, Arizcun M3, Mulero V1, Sepulcre MP4.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2015 Oct;52(2):182-91. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.017. Epub 2015 May 28.
Prostaglandins (PGs) play a key role in the development on the immune response through the regulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. PGD2 can be either pro- or anti-inflammatory depending on the inflammatory milieu. Prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) is the enzyme responsible for the con
PMID 26027798

New yeast-based approaches in production of palmitoleic acid.

Kolouchová I1, Sigler K2, Schreiberová O3, Masák J3, Řezanka T4.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2015 Sep;192:726-34. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.048. Epub 2015 Jun 16.
Palmitoleic acid is found in certain dairy products and has broad applications in medicine and cosmetics. We tried to find a suitable producer of this acid among traditional biotechnological yeast species (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) characterized by
PMID 26101962

Des-aspartate-angiotensin I, a novel angiotensin AT1 receptor drug.

Sim MK1.
European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2015 Aug 5;760:36-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.004. Epub 2015 Apr 17.
The review describes DAA-I (des-aspartate-angiotensin-I) as a prototype of a novel class of drugs that acts as agonists on the angiotensin AT1 receptor or ARAs (angiotensin receptor agonists). DAA-I is a component of the renin angiotensin system. Earlier studies showed that it was rapidly metabolize
PMID 25891368

Japanese Journal

Roles of prostaglandin receptors in female reproduction (JB Special Reviews : Recent Progress in Lipid Mediators)

Sugimoto Yukihiko,Inazumi Tomoaki,Tsuchiya Soken
The journal of biochemistry 157(2), 73-80, 2015-02
NAID 40020353006

Prostanoids in allergy

,
Allergology International 64(1), 11-16, 2015
… It has been demonstrated that each prostanoid receptor has multiple functions and that the effect of receptor stimulation can vary depending on context; … The balance between the production of each prostanoid and the expression of its receptors has been shown to be important for maintaining homeostasis but also involved in the development of various pathological conditions such as allergy. …
NAID 130004873121

ダイオキシン毒性とその分子標的の解明

遠山千春
日本衛生学雑誌 69(1), 1-7, 2014
… As the molecular basis of the tissue-specific endpoints of dioxin toxicity, dysregulation of AhR downstream pathways, such as signaling of prostanoid synthesis, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and signaling by receptors for inflammatory cytokines, are discussed. …
NAID 130003394509