酒石酸水素カリウム

関: potassium hydrogentartrate

WordNet

a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite (同)K, atomic number 19
a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe (同)H, atomic number 1
a salt or ester of tartaric acid

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ポタシウム,カリウム(金属元素;化学記号はK)
『水素』(化学記号は『H』)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/15 23:12:05」(JST)

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"Cream of tartar" redirects here. For the sauce, see Tartar sauce.

Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, has formula KC₄H₅O₆, is a byproduct of winemaking. In cooking it is known as cream of tartar. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid, a carboxylic acid.

Occurrence

Potassium bitartrate crystallizes in wine casks during the fermentation of grape juice, and can precipitate out of wine in bottles. The crystals (wine diamonds) will often form on the underside of a cork in wine-filled bottles that have been stored at temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F), and will seldom, if ever, dissolve naturally into the wine.

These crystals also precipitate out of fresh grape juice that has been chilled or allowed to stand for some time.^[1] To prevent crystals forming in homemade grape jam or jelly, fresh grape juice should be chilled overnight to promote crystallisation. The potassium bitartrate crystals are removed by filtering through two layers of cheesecloth; the filtered juice may then be made into jam or jelly.^[2] In some cases they adhere to the side of the chilled container, making filtering unnecessary.

The crude form (known as beeswing) is collected and purified to produce the white, odorless, acidic powder used for many culinary and other household purposes.

Applications

In food

Folger's Golden Gate Cream Tartar, first half of 20th century

In food, potassium bitartrate is used for:

Stabilizing egg whites, increasing their heat tolerance and volume
Stabilizing whipped cream, maintaining its texture and volume
Preventing sugar syrups from crystallising
Reducing discolouration of boiled vegetables

Additionally it is used as a component of:

Baking powder, as an acid ingredient to activate baking soda
Sodium-free salt substitutes, in combination with potassium chloride

A similar acid salt, sodium acid pyrophosphate, can be confused with cream of tartar because of their common function as a component of baking powder.

Household use

Potassium bitartrate can be mixed with an acidic liquid such as lemon juice or white vinegar to make a paste-like cleaning agent for metals such as brass, aluminum or copper, or with water for other cleaning applications such as removing light stains from porcelain.^[3] This mixture is sometimes mistakenly made with vinegar and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), which actually react to neutralise each other, creating carbon dioxide and a sodium acetate solution.

Cream of tartar was often used in traditional dyeing where the complexing action of the tartrate ions were used to adjust the solubility and hydrolysis of mordant salts such as tin chloride and alum.

It is a common ingredient in home-made versions of Play-Doh.^[4]

Chemistry

Potassium acid tartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, is, according to NIST, used as a primary reference standard for a pH buffer. Using an excess of the salt in water, a saturated solution is created with a pH of 3.557 at 25 °C (77 °F). Upon dissolution in water, potassium bitartrate will dissociate into acid tartrate, tartrate, and potassium ions. Thus, a saturated solution creates a buffer with standard pH. Before use as a standard, it is recommended that the solution be filtered or decanted between 22 °C (72 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F).^[5]

Potassium carbonate can be made by igniting cream of tartar producing "pearl ash". This process is now obsolete but produced a higher quality (reasonable purity) than "potash" extracted from wood or other plant ashes.

References

^ Lloyds Vinyard FAQs
^ National Center for Home Food Preservation
^ Michigan State University Extension Home Maintenance And Repair - Homemade Cleaners - 01500631, 06/24/03
^ Play Dough Recipes
^ Harris, Daniel C. (17 July 2006), Quantitative Chemical Analysis (7th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-7694-9

External links

Description of Potassium Bitartrate at Monash Scientific

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 edition of The Grocer's Encyclopedia.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 腎尿細管性アシドーシスの病態生理およびカリウムバランスへの影響 pathophysiology of renal tubular acidosis and the effect on potassium balance
2. 成人における高カリウム血症の原因および評価 causes and evaluation of hyperkalemia in adults
3. 低カリウム血症患者の評価 evaluation of the patient with hypokalemia
4. 酸塩基障害におけるカリウムバランス potassium balance in acid base disorders
5. 赤血球水分量の制御 control of red blood cell hydration

English Journal

Preparation and optimization of PMAA-chitosan-PEG nanoparticles for oral drug delivery.

Pawar H, Douroumis D, Boateng JS.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutical, Chemical & Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2012 Feb 1;90:102-8. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
The objective of this study was to develop pH sensitive polymethacrylic acid-chitosan-polyethylene glycol (PCP) nanoparticles. This was achieved by dispersion polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and different chitosan (CS) grades in the presence of cross linking agent
PMID 22037474

ESI-MS investigation of solvent effects on the chiral recognition capacity of tartar emetic towards neutral side-chain amino acids.

Wijeratne AB, Yang SH, Gracia J, Armstrong DW, Schug KA.SourceDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
Chirality.Chirality.2011 Jan;23(1):44-53. doi: 10.1002/chir.20855.
The effect of solvent systems on previously-reported ESI-MS based proton-assisted enantioselective molecular recognition phenomena of tartar emetic, L-antimony(III)-tartrate, was evaluated. This was achieved by carrying out a series of competitive binding experiments using chiral selectors, bis(sodi
PMID 21125685

Japanese Journal

Obstructive nephropathy induced with DL-potassium hydrogen tartrate in F344 rats

Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 28(2), 89-97, 2015
NAID 130005072419

Obstructive nephropathy induced with DL-potassium hydrogen tartrate in F344 rats

Journal of Toxicologic Pathology advpub(0), 89-97, 2015
NAID 130004842623

Structures of Sodium Hydrogen L-Tartrate Monohydrate and Potassium Hydrogen L-Tartrate.

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 66(8), 2166-2173, 1993
NAID 130004148322

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リンク元	「potassium hydrogentartrate」「酒石酸水素カリウム」
関連記事	「tartrate」

「potassium hydrogentartrate」

Potassium bitartrate
	Other names potassium hydrogen tartrate; cream of tartar; potassium acid tartrate; monopotassium tartrate
Identifiers
CAS number	868-14-4
PubChem	23666342
ATC code	A12BA03
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES C(C(C(=O)[O-])O)(C(=O)O)O.[K+] ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H6O6.K/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9, 10);/q;+1/p-1 ;
Properties
Molecular formula	KC4H5O6
Molar mass	188.177
Appearance	white crystalline powder
Density	1.05 g/cm3 (solid)
Solubility	soluble in acid, alkali; insoluble in acetic acid, alcohol
Refractive index (nD)	1.511
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references