WordNet

without undue constriction as from e.g. tenseness or inhibition; "the clarity and resonance of an open tone"; "her natural and open response"
a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water; "finally broke out of the forest into the open" (同)clear
information that has become public; "all the reports were out in the open"; "the facts had been brought to the surface" (同)surface
a tournament in which both professionals and amateurs may play
become available; "an opportunity opened up" (同)open_up
become open; "The door opened" (同)open_up
cause to open or to become open; "Mary opened the car door" (同)open_up
make available; "This opens up new possibilities" (同)open_up
start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning; "open a business" (同)open_up
not sealed or having been unsealed; "the letter was already open"; "the opened package lay on the table" (同)opened
used of mouth or eyes; "keep your eyes open"; "his mouth slightly opened" (同)opened
not brought to a conclusion; subject to further thought; "an open question"; "our position on this bill is still undecided"; "our lawsuit is still undetermined" (同)undecided, undetermined, unresolved
affording unobstructed entrance and exit; not shut or closed; "an open door"; "they left the door open" (同)unfastened
(set theory) of an interval that contains neither of its endpoints
accessible to all; "open season"; "an open economy"
affording free passage or access; "open drains"; "the road is open to traffic"; "open ranks"
begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc.; "He opened the meeting with a long speech"
display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer
have an opening or passage or outlet; "The bedrooms open into the hall"
having no protecting cover or enclosure; "an open boat"; "an open fire"; "open sports cars"
make the opening move; "Kasparov opened with a standard opening"
not having been filled; "the job is still open"
not requiring union membership; "an open shop employs nonunion workers"
open to or in view of all; "an open protest"; "an open letter to the editor"
ready for business; "the stores are open"
a wound resulting from biting by an animal or a person
penetrate or cut, as with a knife; "The fork bit into the surface"
the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws (同)chomp
a portion removed from the whole; "the governments weekly bite from my paycheck"
a light informal meal (同)collation, snack
(angling) an instance of a fish taking the bait; "after fishing for an hour he still had not had a bite"
to grip, cut off, or tear with or as if with the teeth or jaws; "Gunny invariably tried to bite her" (同)seize with teeth
cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort; "The sun burned his face" (同)sting, burn
first or beginning; "the memorable opening bars of Beethovens Fifth"; "the plays opening scene"
opportunity especially for employment or promotion; "there is an opening in the sales department"
a recognized sequence of moves at the beginning of a game of chess; "he memorized all the important chess openings" (同)chess opening
a vacant or unobstructed space that is man-made; "they left a small opening for the cat at the bottom of the door"
becoming open or being made open; "the opening of his arms was the sign I was waiting for"
the act of opening something; "the ray of light revealed his cautious opening of the door"
an open or empty space in or between things; "there was a small opening between the trees"; "the explosion made a gap in the wall" (同)gap
the first performance (as of a theatrical production); "the opening received good critical reviews" (同)opening_night, curtain raising
a ceremony accompanying the start of some enterprise
the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme"
a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states; "there are 8 bits in a byte"
piece of metal held in horses mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding; "the horse was not accustomed to a bit"
the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press; "he looked around for the right size bit"
the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
a small fragment of something broken off from the whole; "a bit of rock caught him in the eye" (同)chip, flake, fleck, scrap
causing a sharply painful or stinging sensation; used especially of cold; "bitter cold"; "a biting wind" (同)bitter

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『開く』,開ける;…‘の'ふた(おおい)をとる / …‘を'『切り開いて作る』,開拓する;…‘を'全開通させる《+『名』+『up,』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘を'『広げる』《+『up』+(『out』)+『名,』+『名』+『up』(『out』)》 / …‘を'『始める』 / …‘を'開業する,開店する,開場する / (人に)〈心など〉‘を'打ち明ける,〈秘密など〉‘を'漏らす《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (新思想などに)〈心・目〉‘を'開く《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈戸などが〉『開く』,あく / 〈花・つぼみが〉開く《+『out』》 / 〈学校などが〉『始まる』;〈店などが〉開く / 〈道路などが〉開通する / (…に)向かって開いている,(…に)通じている《+『out』『on』(『upon,to,onto』)+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈風景などが〉広がる,ひらける / 本を開く;(…)ページを開く《+『to』(《英》『at』)+『名』》 / (窓・口などが)『開いた』,開いている;(包みなどが)広げられて / (花が)咲いた / (店などが)『開いている』,開業している;(催し物が)『公開の』,だれでも入れる / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ふたのしてない,屋根のない,おおいのない / 広く開いた,さえぎるものがない / 公然の / 率直な,遠慮しない / さらされている,無防備の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(職・地位などが)空位の;(時間などが)あいている / (問題・議事などが)未解決の / 凍結しない,雪や霜の降らない;温和な / (漁・猟が)解禁の / (音声が)開口音の;開音節の / 《the~》戸外,野外 / 空き地;(樹木のない)開けた場所,平野
…'を'『かむ』,かじる,くわえる / 〈虫が〉…'を'刺す,食う / 〈こしょうなどが〉…'を'刺激する;〈寒さが〉…‘に'しみる;〈霜が〉…'を'いためる;〈酸が〉…'を'腐食す / る / 〈歯車や機械などが〉…‘に'かみ合う;〈刃物などが〉…‘に'切り(食い)込む / かむ;かみつく;〈魚が〉えさに食いつく / 〈寒さが〉しみる;〈こしょうなどが〉刺激する;〈言葉などが〉(…に)食い込む《+『into』+『名』) / (歯車などが)かみ合う,空回りしない / 『かむこと』,食いつくこと;(釣りで,魚の)食い / 〈C〉(食べ物の)1口[分]《+『of』+『名』》;《話》軽い食事 / 〈C〉かみ傷,(虫などの)刺した跡 / 〈U〉ぴっとする刺激;辛み;(傷の)痛み;激痛 / 〈U〉(機械などの)かみ合い
〈C〉(森・垣根・壁などの)空いている所;空き地;すき間,穴 / 〈C〉(物語・会議などの)始め,出だし,冒頭(beginning) / 〈C〉(…の地位の)空き,就職口《+『for』(『at, in』)+『名』》(vacant) / 〈C〉(劇などの)初演 / 〈U〉(…が)開くこと,あくこと《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)よい機会,好機《+『for』+『名』》 / 初めの,開始の
(…の)『小片』,少量,少し(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《a~》《話》わずかの時間,しばらく;ちよっと,少し / 《米俗》12セント半;《英》小銭 / =bit part
(くつわの)はみ / 錐(きり)の先;(かんなの)刃 / (かぎの)かかり / 〈馬〉‘に'はみをふくませる,はみに慣れさせる
bitの過去・過去分詞
ビット(電算機の情報量の基本単位)
鋭い,痛烈な(sharp) / 膚を刺すような(cutting)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/02 23:56:12」(JST)

wiki en

"Deep bite" redirects here. For the village, see Deep Bight, Newfoundland and Labrador.

A malocclusion is a misalignment of teeth or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. The term was coined by Edward Angle, the "father of modern orthodontics",^[1] as a derivative of occlusion, which refers to the manner in which opposing teeth meet.

Presentation[edit]

Malocclusion is a common finding,^[2] ^[3] although it is not usually serious enough to require treatment. Those who have more severe malocclusions may require orthodontic and sometimes surgical treatment (orthognathic surgery) to correct the problem. Correction of malocclusion may reduce risk of tooth decay and help relieve excessive pressure on the temporomandibular joint. Orthodontic treatment is also used to align for aesthetic reasons.

Malocclusions may be coupled with skeletal disharmony of the face, where the relations between the upper and lower jaws are not appropriate. Such skeletal disharmonies often distort sufferer's face shape, severely affect aesthetics of the face and may be coupled with mastication or speech problems. In these cases the dental problem is, most of the time, derived from the skeletal disharmony.^{[citation needed]} Most skeletal malocclusions can only be treated by orthognathic surgery.

Classification[edit]

Depending on the sagittal relations of teeth and jaws, malocclusions can be divided mainly into three types according to Angle's classification method. However, there are also other conditions, e.g. crowding of teeth, not directly fitting into this classification.

Many authors have tried to classify or modify Angle's classification. This has resulted in many subtypes.

Angle's classification method[edit]

Class I with severe crowding and labially erupted canines

Class II molar relationship

Edward Angle, who is considered the father of modern orthodontics, was the first to classify malocclusion. He based his classifications on the relative position of the maxillary first molar.^[4] According to Angle, the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar should align with the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar. The teeth should all fit on a line of occlusion which, in the upper arch, is a smooth curve through the central fossae of the posterior teeth and cingulum of the canines and incisors, and in the lower arch, is a smooth curve through the buccal cusps of the posterior teeth and incisal edges of the anterior teeth. Any variations from this resulted in malocclusion types. It is also possible to have different classes of malocclusion on left and right sides.

Class I: Neutrocclusion Here the molar relationship of the occlusion is normal or as described for the maxillary first molar, but the other teeth have problems like spacing, crowding, over or under eruption, etc.
Class II: Distocclusion (retrognathism, overjet) In this situation, the upper molars are placed not in the mesiobuccal groove but anteriorly to it. Usually the mesiobuccal cusp rests in between the first mandibular molars and second premolars. There are two subtypes:
- Class II Division 1: The molar relationships are like that of Class II and the anterior teeth are protruded.
- Class II Division 2: The molar relationships are class II but the central are retroclined and the lateral teeth are seen overlapping the centrals.
Class III: Mesiocclusion (prognathism, negative overjet) In this case the upper molars are placed not in the mesiobuccal groove but posteriorly to it. The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar lies posteriorly to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar. Usually seen as when the lower front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth. In this case the patient very often has a large mandible or a short maxillary bone.

Crowding of teeth[edit]

Crowding of teeth is where there is insufficient room for the normal complement of adult teeth.

Causes[edit]

Extra teeth, lost teeth, impacted teeth, or abnormally shaped teeth have been cited as causes of malocclusion. A small underdeveloped jaw, caused by lack of masticatory stress during childhood, can cause tooth overcrowding.^[5]^[6] Ill-fitting dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or braces as well as misalignment of jaw fractures after a severe injury are other causes. Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond age 3, and prolonged use of a bottle have also been identified as causes.^[7]

In an experiment on two groups of rock hyraxes fed hardened or softened versions of the same foods, the animals fed softer food had significantly narrower and shorter faces and thinner and shorter mandibles than animals fed hard food.^[5] Experiments have shown similar results in other animals, including primates, supporting the theory that masticatory stress during childhood affects jaw development. Only one small study has investigated this effect in humans. Children chewed a hard resinous gum for two hours a day and showed increased facial growth.^[6]

A 2011 paper suggested that "the changes in human skulls are more likely driven by the decreasing bite forces required to chew the processed foods eaten once humans switched to growing different types of cereals, milking and herding animals about 10,000 years ago."^[8]

Treatment[edit]

Crowding of the teeth is treated with orthodontics, often with tooth extraction, Invisalign, or dental braces, followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) in adults. Surgery may be required on rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to lengthen or shorten the jaw (orthognathic surgery). Wires, plates, or screws may be used to secure the jaw bone, in a manner similar to the surgical stabilization of jaw fractures. Very few people have "perfect" alignment of their teeth. However, most problems are very minor and do not require treatment.^[7]

Other conditions[edit]

Open bite treatment after eight months of braces

Other kinds of malocclusions are due to vertical discrepancies. Long faces may lead to open bite, while short faces can be coupled to a deep bite. However, there are many other more common causes for open bites (such as tongue thrusting and thumb sucking), and likewise for deep bites.

Malocclusions can also be secondary to transverse skeletal discrepancy or to a skeletal asymmetry.

Etiology[edit]

Oral habits and pressure on teeth or the maxilla and mandible are etiological factors in malocclusion.^[9]^[10]

In the active skeletal growth^[11] mouthbreathing, finger sucking, thumb sucking, pacifier sucking, onychophagia (nail biting), dermatophagia, pen biting, pencil biting, abnormal posture, deglutition disorders and other habits greatly influence the development of the face and dental arches.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Pacifier sucking habits are also correlated with otitis media.^[17]^[18]

Dental caries, periapical inflammation and tooth loss in the deciduous teeth alter the correct permanent teeth eruptions.

References[edit]

^ Gruenbaum, Tamar. Famous Figures in Dentistry Mouth - JASDA 2010;30(1):18
^ Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C (2001). "Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development.". Eur J Orthod. 23 (2): 153–167. doi:10.1093/ejo/23.2.153. PMID 11398553.
^ Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (2009). "Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children.". Eur J Orthod. 31 (5): 477–484. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjp031. PMID 19477970.
^ "Angle's Classification of Malocclusion". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ ^a ^b Lieberman, Daniel E; Krovitz, GE; Yates, FW; Devlin, M; St Claire, M (2004). "Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution 46 (6): 655–677. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.005. PMID 15183669.
^ ^a ^b Ingervall, Bengt; Bitsanis, E (1987). "A pilot study of the effect of masticatory muscle training on facial growth in long-face children". European Journal of Orthodontics 9 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1093/ejo/9.1.15. PMID 3470182.
^ ^a ^b Rosenberg, Jack (2010-02-22). "Malocclusion of teeth". Medline Plus. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
^ Von Cramon-Taubadel, N. (2011). "Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (49): 19546–51. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113050108. PMC 3241821. PMID 22106280. Lay summary.
^ Klein ET., E (1952). "Pressure Habits, Etiological Factors in Malocclusion". Am. Jour. Orthod. 38 (8): 569–587. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(52)90025-0.
^ Graber TM., T (1963). "The "Three m's": Muscles, Malformation and Malocclusion". Am. Jour. Orthod. 49 (6): 418–450. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(63)90167-2.
^ Björk A., Helm S., A; Helm, S (1967). "Prediction of the Age of Maximum Puberal Growth in Body Height". Angle Orthod. 37 (2): 134–143. doi:10.1043/0003-3219(1967)037<0134:POTAOM>2.0.CO;2. PMID 4290545. ^{[dead link]}
^ Brucker M., M. (1943). "Studies on the Incidence and Cause of Dental Defects in Children: IV. Malocclusion". J Dent Res 22 (4): 315–321. doi:10.1177/00220345430220041201.
^ Calisti L. J. P., Cohen M. M., Fales M. H., L. J.; Cohen, M. M; Fales, M. H (1960). "Correlation between Malocclusion, Oral Habits, and Socio-economic Level of Preschool Children". J. Dent Res 39 (3): 450–454. doi:10.1177/00220345600390030501. PMID 13806967. Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help)
^ Subtelny J. D., Subtelny J. D. (1973). "Oral Habits - Studies in Form, Function, and Therapy". Angle Orthod. 43 (4): 347–383. ^{[dead link]}
^ Aznar T., Galán A. F., Marín I., Domínguez A., T; Galán, AF; Marín, I; Domínguez, A (2006). "Dental Arch Diameters and Relationships to Oral Habits". Angle Orthod. 76 (3): 441–445. doi:10.1043/0003-3219(2006)076[0441:DADART]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16637724. ^{[dead link]}
^ Yamaguchi H., Sueishi K., H; Sueishi, K (2003). "Malocclusion associated with abnormal posture". Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 44 (2): 43–54. doi:10.2209/tdcpublication.44.43. PMID 12956088.
^ Wellington M., Hall C. B.; H; E; F.; K.; J.; G.; W. et al. (2002). "Pacifier as a risk factor for acute otitis media". Pediatrics. 109 (2): 351–352. doi:10.1542/peds.109.2.351. PMID 11826228. More than one of |author1= and |last= specified (help); |displayauthors= suggested (help)
^ Wellington M., Hall C. B.; N.; L.; G.; V.; S. (2008). "Is pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study". Fam Pract. 25 (4): 233–6. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmn030. PMID 18562333. More than one of |author1= and |last= specified (help)

External links[edit]

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