WordNet

bring disorder to (同)disarray
a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
a disturbance of the peace or of public order
not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/22 21:32:48」(JST)

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Neurons in patient with epilepsy, 40x magnified.

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the body nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness.There are many recognized neurological disorders, some relatively common, but many rare. They may be assessed by neurological examination, and studied and treated within the specialities of neurology and clinical neuropsychology.

Interventions for neurological disorders include preventative measures, lifestyle changes, physiotherapy or other therapy, neurorehabilitation, pain management, medication, or operations performed by neurosurgeons. The World Health Organization estimated in 2006 that neurological disorders and their sequelae (direct consequences) affect as many as one billion people worldwide, and identified health inequalities and social stigma/discrimination as major factors contributing to the associated disability and suffering.^[1]

Causes

Part of the causal chain leading to Alzheimer's disease.

Because brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough membranes, enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae, and chemically isolated by the so-called blood–brain barrier, they are very susceptible if compromised. Nerves tend to lie deep under the skin but can still become exposed to damage. Individual neurons, and the neural networks and nerves into which they form, are susceptible to electrochemical and structural disruption. Neuroregeneration may occur in the peripheral nervous system and thus overcome or work around injuries to some extent, it is thought to be rare in the brain and spinal cord.

The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities or disorders, infections, lifestyle or environmental health problems including malnutrition, and brain injury, spinal cord injury or nerve injury. The problem may start in another body system that interacts with the nervous system. For example, cerebrovascular disorders involve brain injury due to problems with the blood vessels (cardiovascular system) supplying the brain; autoimmune disorders involve damage caused by the body's own immune system; lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease can lead to neurological deterioration.

In a substantial minority of cases of neurological symptoms, no neural cause can be identified using current testing procedures, and such "idiopathic" conditions can invite different theories about what is occurring.

Classification

Anatomy of the human brain.

Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause. The broadest division is between central nervous system (CNS) disorders and peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders. The Merck Manual lists brain, spinal cord and nerve disorders in the following overlapping categories:^[2]

Brain:
- Brain damage according to cerebral lobe (see also 'lower' brain areas such as basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem):
  - Frontal lobe damage
  - Parietal lobe damage
  - Temporal lobe damage
  - Occipital lobe damage
- Brain dysfunction according to type:
  - Aphasia (language)
  - Dysarthria (speech)
  - Apraxia (patterns or sequences of movements)
  - Agnosia (identifying things/people)
  - Amnesia (memory)
Spinal cord disorders (see spinal pathology, injury, inflammation)
Peripheral neuropathy & other Peripheral nervous system disorders
Cranial nerve disorder such as Trigeminal neuralgia
Autonomic nervous system disorders such as dysautonomia, Multiple System Atrophy
Seizure disorders such as epilepsy
Movement disorders of the central & peripheral nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, Essential tremor, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),Tourette's Syndrome, Multiple Sclerosis & various types of Peripheral Neuropathy
Sleep disorders such as Narcolepsy
Migraines & other types of Headache such as Cluster Headache & Tension Headache
Lower back and neck pain (see Back pain)
Central Neuropathy (see Neuropathic pain)
Neuropsychiatric illnesses (diseases &/or disorders with psychiatric features associated with known nervous system injury, underdevelopment, biochemical, anatomical,or electrical malfunction, and/or disease pathology e.g. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autism, Tourette's Syndrome & some cases of Obsessive compulsive disorder as well as the neurobehavioral associated symptoms of degeneratives of the nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, Essential tremor, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple sclerosis & organic psychosis.)

Many of the diseases/disorders listed above have neurosurgical treatments available. (e.g. Tourette's Syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Essential tremor & Obsessive compulsive disorder.)

Delirium and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease
Dizziness and vertigo
Stupor and coma
Head injury
Stroke (CVA, cerebrovascular attack)
Tumors of the nervous system (e.g. cancer)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases
Infections of the brain or spinal cord (including meningitis)
Prion diseases (a type of infectious agent)
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) (a chronic pain condition.)

Neurological disorders in non-human animals are treated by veterinarians.^[3]^[4]

Mental functioning

A neurological examination can to some extent assess the impact of neurological damage and disease on brain function in terms of behavior, memory or cognition. Behavioral neurology specializes in this area. In addition, clinical neuropsychology uses neuropsychological assessment to precisely identify and track problems in mental functioning, usually after some sort of brain injury or neurological impairment.

Alternatively, a condition might first be detected through the presence of abnormalities in mental functioning, and further assessment may indicate an underlying neurological disorder. There are sometimes unclear boundaries in the distinction between disorders treated within neurology, and mental disorders treated within the other medical specialty of psychiatry, or other mental health professions such as clinical psychology. In practice, cases may present as one type but be assessed as more appropriate to the other.^[5] Neuropsychiatry deals with mental disorders arising from specific identified diseases of the nervous system.

One area that can be contested is in cases of idiopathic neurological symptoms - conditions where the cause cannot be established. It can be decided in some cases, perhaps by exclusion of any accepted diagnosis, that higher-level brain/mental activity is causing symptoms, rather than the symptoms originating in the area of the nervous system from which they may appear to originate. Classic examples are "functional" seizures, sensory numbness, "functional" limb weakness and functional neurological deficit ("functional" in this context is usually contrasted with the old term "organic disease"). Such cases may be contentiously interpreted as being "psychological" rather than "neurological". Some cases may be classified as mental disorders, for example as conversion disorder, if the symptoms appear to be causally linked to emotional states or responses to social stress or social contexts.

On the other hand, dissociation refer to partial or complete disruption of the integration of a person’s conscious functioning, such that a person may feel detached from one's emotions, body and/or immediate surroundings. At one extreme this may be diagnosed as depersonalization disorder. There are also conditions viewed as neurological where a person appears to consciously register neurological stimuli that cannot possibly be coming from the part of the nervous system to which they would normally be attributed, such as phantom pain or synesthesia, or where limbs act without conscious direction, as in alien hand syndrome. Theories and assumptions about consciousness, free will, moral responsibility and social stigma can play a part in this, whether from the perspective of the clinician or the patient.

Some of the fields that contribute to understanding mental functioning

Conditions that are classed as mental disorders, or learning disabilities and forms of Intellectual disability, are not themselves usually dealt with as neurological disorders. Biological psychiatry seeks to understand mental disorders in terms of their basis in the nervous system, however. In clinical practice, mental disorders are usually indicated by a mental state examination, or other type of structured interview or questionnaire process. At the present time, neuroimaging (brain scans) alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental disorder or tell the risk of developing one; however, it can be used to rule out other medical conditions such as a brain tumor.^[6] In research, neuroimaging and other neurological tests can show correlations between reported and observed mental difficulties and certain aspects of neural function or differences in brain structure. In general, numerous fields intersect to try and understand the basic processes involved in mental functioning, many of which are brought together in cognitive science. The distinction between neurological and mental disorders can be a matter of some debate, either in regard to specific facts about the cause of a condition or in regard to the general understanding of brain and mind.

Moveover, the definition of disorder in medicine or psychology is sometimes contested in terms of what is considered abnormal, dysfunctional, harmful or unnatural in neurological, evolutionary, psychometric or social terms.

External links

Disorder Index of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

References

^ WHO Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges
^ Merck Manual: Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerve Disorders
^ Veterinary Neurological Centre - Neurological Signs and Diseases
^ Merck Veterinary Manual - Nervous System
^ Butler, C (1 March 2005). "Neurological syndromes which can be mistaken for psychiatric conditions". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 76 (suppl_1): i31–i38. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.060459.
^ NIMH publications (2009) Neuroimaging and Mental Illness

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Presentation of three cases with phyto contact dermatitis caused by Ranunculus and Anthemis genera.

Uçmak D1, Ayhan E, Meltem Akkurt Z, Haydar Uçak.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):467-9. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.849792. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
In addition to being used especially in a systematic way, herbal treatments are preferred topically by the elderly population in some rheumatological and dermatological diseases. Although alternative medicine treatments may have beneficial effects, certain plants are known to cause common contact de
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Midbrain cues dictate differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells towards functional dopaminergic neurons.

Kanafi M1, Majumdar D, Bhonde R, Gupta P, Datta I.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Oct;229(10):1369-77. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24570.
Dental pulp originating from the neural crest is considered a better source of postnatal stem cells for cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) have been shown to differentiate into cell-types of cranial neural crest ontology; however, their ability to diff
PMID 24477667

Nitric oxide production by monocytes in children with OSA and endothelial dysfunction.

Kheirandish-Gozal L1, Wang Y1, Duggan RC2, Harshan Vardhan S1, Tan HL1, Molero Ramirez H1, Khalyfa A1, Bhattacharjee R1, Bandla HP1, Gozal D1.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Sep;127(5):323-30. doi: 10.1042/CS20130679.
OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea) is associated with a higher risk for alterations in post-occlusive hyperaemia, an eNOS (endothelial NO synthase)-dependent endothelial response. However, since not all children manifest endothelial dysfunction, we hypothesized that differences in circulating monocyte s
PMID 24611870

Japanese Journal

化膿性脊椎炎および脊髄硬膜外膿瘍を伴った咽後膿瘍例

大野慶子,木村百合香
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 108(2), 133-138, 2015
… An 83-year-old man presented to the emergency department of our hospital with disorder of consciousness (Japan coma scale I-2), weakness of the limbs, and a 4-day history of neck pain. … Based on the literature and our experience, we believe that although rare, spinal epidural abscesses are a critical complication that could result in a severe decline in neurologic function or death if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. …
NAID 130004827510

CCL2 induces neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in Niemann-Pick type C mice

, , , , , , , ,
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
… Niemann-Pick type C disease (NP-C) is a rare and ultimately fatal lysosomal storage disorder with variable neurologic symptoms. …
NAID 130004781107

糖尿病性神経障害に対する低反応レベルレーザー照射治療（Low reactive Level Laser Therapy: LLLT）の効果

上野博司,深澤圭太,原田秋穂,細川豊史
日本レーザー医学会誌 34(4), 406-412, 2014
糖尿病性神経障害は糖尿病の合併症の中で最も頻度が高く，四肢末梢の疼痛・しびれが主症状である．神経障害は，高血糖による神経細胞の損傷と神経周囲の血管障害による神経損傷，神経再生障害が主なメカニズムと考えられている．神経症状の治療はアルドース還元酵素阻害薬と鎮痛補助薬による薬物療法が中心であるが，血管拡張作用と神経再生作用を持つ低反応レベルレーザー照射による治療の有効性が確認されている．
NAID 130005065161

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リンク元	「神経障害」「neurologic deficit」「neuropathic」「nervous system disorder」「neurological disorder」
拡張検索	「degenerative neurologic disorder」
関連記事	「disorder」「neurologic」