関: monoglyceride

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/18 08:43:42」(JST)

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Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety.

Monoacylglycerols can be formed by both industrial chemical and biological processes. They are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase.

Mono- and diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.^[1] The values given in the nutritional labels for total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat do not include those present in mono- and diglycerides.

The commercial source may be either animal (cow- or hog-derived) or vegetable, and they may be synthetically made as well. They are often found in bakery products, beverages, ice cream, chewing gum, shortening, whipped toppings, margarine, and confections.^{[citation needed]} When used in bakery products, monoglycerides improve loaf volume, and create a smooth, soft crumb.

One special monoacylglycerol, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, is a full agonist of the cannabinoid receptors. Another important monoacylglycerol is 2-oleoylglycerol, which is a GPR119 agonist.^[2]

References [edit]

^ "Questions About Food Ingredients". Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ Hansen, K. B.; Rosenkilde, M. M.; Knop, F. K.; Wellner, N.; Diep, T. A.; Rehfeld, J. F.; Andersen, U. B.; Holst, J. J. et al. (2011). "2-Oleoyl Glycerol is a GPR119 Agonist and Signals GLP-1 Release in Humans". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (9): E1409–E1417. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0647. PMID 21778222. |displayauthors= suggested (help) edit

English Journal

The effects of pressure and temperature on the energetics and pivotal surface in a monoacylglycerol/water gyroid inverse bicontinuous cubic phase.

Tang TY1, Seddon AM, Jeworrek C, Winter R, Ces O, Seddon JM, Templer RH.Author information 1Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AY, UK.AbstractWe have studied the effect of pressure and temperature on the location of the pivotal surface in a lipid inverse bicontinuous gyroid cubic phase (Q), described by the area at the pivotal surface (An), the volume between the pivotal surface and the bilayer midplane (Vn), and the molecular volume of the lipid (V). Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to measure the swelling behaviour of the lipid, monolinolein, as a function of pressure and temperature, and the data were fitted to two different geometric models: the parallel interface model (PIM), and the constant mean curvature model (CMCM). The results show that an increase in temperature leads to a shift in the location of the pivotal surface towards the bilayer midplane, whilst an increase in pressure causes the pivotal surface to move towards the interfacial region. In addition, we describe the relevance of An, Vn and V for modeling the energetics of curved mesophases with specific reference to the mean curvature at the pivotal surface and discuss the significance of this parameter for modelling the energetics of curved mesophases.
Soft matter.Soft Matter.2014 Apr 2;10(17):3009-15. doi: 10.1039/c4sm00114a.
We have studied the effect of pressure and temperature on the location of the pivotal surface in a lipid inverse bicontinuous gyroid cubic phase (Q), described by the area at the pivotal surface (An), the volume between the pivotal surface and the bilayer midplane (Vn), and the molecular volume of t
PMID 24695766

Identification of Small Molecules That Selectively Inhibit Diacylglycerol Lipase-α Activity.

Appiah KK1, Blat Y, Robertson BJ, Pearce BC, Pedicord DL, Gentles RG, Yu XC, Mseeh F, Nguyen N, Swaffield JC, Harden DG, Westphal RS, Banks MN, O'Connell JC.Author information 11Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Wallingford, CT, USA.AbstractRecent genetic evidence suggests that the diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL-α) isoform is the major biosynthetic enzyme for the most abundant endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), in the central nervous system. Revelation of its essential role in regulating retrograde synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis has made it an attractive therapeutic target. Therefore, it has become apparent that selective inhibition of DAGL-α enzyme activity with a small molecule could be a strategy for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of disease indications such as depression, anxiety, pain, and cognition. In this report, the authors present the identification of small-molecule inhibitor chemotypes of DAGL-α, which were selective (≥10-fold) against two other lipases, pancreatic lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase, via high-throughput screening of a diverse compound collection. Seven chemotypes of interest from a list of 185 structural clusters, which included 132 singletons, were initially selected for evaluation and characterization. Selection was based on potency, selectivity, and chemical tractability. One of the chemotypes, the glycine sulfonamide series, was prioritized as an initial lead for further medicinal chemistry optimization.
Journal of biomolecular screening.J Biomol Screen.2014 Apr;19(4):595-605. doi: 10.1177/1087057113511111. Epub 2013 Nov 15.
Recent genetic evidence suggests that the diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL-α) isoform is the major biosynthetic enzyme for the most abundant endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), in the central nervous system. Revelation of its essential role in regulating retrograde synaptic plasticity and a
PMID 24241710

Genistein alleviates the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet.

Jeon S1, Park YJ, Kwon YH.Author information 1Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.AbstractSCOPE: Genistein (GEN) is a compound that has been shown to alleviate hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigated its protective effects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-) ) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
Molecular nutrition & food research.Mol Nutr Food Res.2014 Apr;58(4):830-41. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300112. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
SCOPE: Genistein (GEN) is a compound that has been shown to alleviate hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigated its protective effects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-) ) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).METHODS AND RESULTS: Wild-type and
PMID 24214843

Japanese Journal

Characterization of Triacylglycerol Composition of Fish Oils by Using Chromatographic Techniques

Solaesa Angela Garcia,Bucio Silvia Liliana,Sanz Maria Teresa [他],Beltrán Sagrario,Rebolleda Sara
Journal of Oleo Science 63(5), 449-460, 2014
… The subsequent separation of 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) by TLC (thin layer chromatography) analysis showed that ethanolysis system is effective for analysis of FA composition at the 2-position in oils containing PUFA. …
NAID 130003391380

Acyl migration evaluation in monoacylglycerols from Echium plantagineum seed oil and Marinol(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Rincon Cervera Miguel Angel,Venegas Venegas Elena,Ramos Bueno Rebeca [他],Garcia Ignacio Rodriguez,Guil-Guerrero Jose Luis
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 115(5), 518-522, 2013-05
Production of 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) by selective hydrolysis of the triacyiglycerols (TAGs) of Echium plantagineum seed oil and Marinol and further purification was carried out. Three purificati …
NAID 110009611455

Stimulatory and Inhibitory Roles of Brain 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Bombesin-Induced Central Activation of Adrenomedullary Outflow in Rats

Shimizu Takahiro,Tanaka Kenjiro,Yokotani Kunihiko
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 121(2), 157-171, 2013
… 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is recognized as a potent endocannabinoid, which reduces synaptic transmission through cannabinoid CB1 receptors, and is hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) to arachidonic acid (AA), a cyclooxygenase substrate. …
NAID 130003362679