WordNet

be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
an agent that triggers mitosis

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(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/25 00:27:34」(JST)

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A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis. A mitogen is usually some form of a protein. Mitogenesis is the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen. Mitogens trigger signal transduction pathways in which mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved, leading to mitosis.

Use in immunology

Lymphocytes can enter mitosis when they are activated by mitogens or antigens. B cells specifically can divide when they encounter an antigen matching their immunoglobulin. T cells undergo mitosis when stimulated by mitogens to produce small lymphocytes that are then responsible for the production of lymphokines, which are substances that modify the host organism to improve its immunity. B cells, on the other hand, divide to produce plasma cells when stimulated by mitogens, which then produce immunoglobulins, or antibodies.^[1] Mitogens are often used to stimulate lymphocytes and thereby assess immune function. The most commonly used mitogens in clinical laboratory medicine are:

Name	Acts upon T cells?	Acts upon B cells?
phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)	yes	no
concanavalin A (conA)	yes	no
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	no	yes
pokeweed mitogen (PWM)	yes	yes

Lipopolysaccharide toxin from gram-negative bacteria is thymus-independent. They may directly activate B cells, regardless of their antigenic specificity. Plasma cells are terminally differentiated and, therefore, cannot undergo mitosis. Memory B cells can proliferate to produce more memory cells or plasma B cells. This is how the mitogen works, that is, by inducing mitosis in memory B cells to cause them to divide, with some becoming plasma cells.

Mitogens in human physiology

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 mediates the major growth-promoting effect of Human Growth Hormone as a paracrine agent at growth plates in the skeletal system. Another example for mitogen agent is G-CSF.

Other uses

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways can induce enzymes such as the COX-2 enzyme.^[2] MAPK pathways may also play a role in the regulation of PTGS2.^[3]

References

^ Barret, James (1980). Basic Immunology and its Medical Application (2 ed.). St.Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company. p. 52-3. ISBN 0-8016-0495-8.
^ Font-Nieves, M; Sans-Fons, MG (2012). "Induction of COX-2 enzyme and down-regulation of COX-1 expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) control prostaglandin E2 production in astrocytes". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 24;287: 6454–68. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.327874. PMID 22219191.
^ Casciani, V; Marinoni, E (2008). "Opposite effect of phorbol ester PMA on PTGS2 and PGDH mRNA expression in human chorion trophoblast cells". Reproductive Sciences 15: 40–50. doi:10.1177/1933719107309647. PMID 18212353.

External links

Mitogens at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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English Journal

Development of Personalized Molecular Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Engen CB, Hajjar E, Gjertsen BT1.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2016;17(1):20-9.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by extensive clinical and biological heterogeneity. Despite vast advances in understanding the molecular pathology in AML during the last two decades few new AML therapeutics have been approved by the European Medicines Agency. Since 2005 only the epigen
PMID 26420051

Vanadium pentoxide prevents NK-92MI cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion through sustained JAK3 phosphorylation.

Gallardo-Vera F1, Diaz D2, Tapia-Rodriguez M3, Fortoul van der Goes T1, Masso F4, Rendon-Huerta E1, Montaño LF1.
Journal of immunotoxicology.J Immunotoxicol.2016 Jan;13(1):27-37. doi: 10.3109/1547691X.2014.996681. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
Vanadium is a major air pollutant with toxic and carcinogenic effects; it also exercises immunosuppressive effects on the adaptive immune response. Its effect on the innate immune response is poorly explored. The aim of this study was to identify if vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) impairs the function of
PMID 25565016

Expansion of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo by IL-33.

Matta BM1, Turnquist HR2,3.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2016;1371:29-41. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_3.
Thymic-derived, regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of CD4(+) T cells that are required for normal immune homeostasis and suppression of unwanted responses against self-antigens (Ags) that prevent autoimmunity. Their role as immune regulators and potent ability to suppress T cell responses
PMID 26530793

Japanese Journal

Production of an aminoterminally truncated, stable type of bioactive mouse fibroblast growth factor 4 in Escherichia coli(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Sugawara Saiko,Ito Toshihiko,Sato Shiori [他],Sato Yuki,Kasuga Kano,Kojima Ikuo,Kobayashi Masayuki
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 117(5), 525-530, 2014-05
… In mice, fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4) is a crucial gene for the generation of trophectoderm, progenitor cells of the placenta. … HismFGF4L exerted significant mitogenic activities at concentrations as low as 0.01 nM (P < …
NAID 110009823125

Effect of Selenite on T-Cell Mitogenesis: Contribution of ROS Production and Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1

, , , , , , , ,
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(8), 1352-1358, 2014
… Although supplementation with the selenocompound, sodium selenite has been shown to stimulate the concanavalin A-induced T-cell mitogenic response, the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. … This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the induction of apoptosis, formation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1 and the thioredoxin (Trx) system when mitogenesis was stimulated by selenite. …
NAID 130004677545

Common Amino Acid Sequences Deduced from Coding Exons of the Porcine FGF4 Gene in Two Breeds and Production of the Encoded Protein in Escherichia coli

, , [他], , , , , , , , ,
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77(1), 173-177, 2013
… Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is considered a crucial gene in the development of mammalian embryos. … In a porcine embryonic fibroblast cell line, HispFGF4 showed significant mitogenic activities at concentrations as low as 0.001 nM (p<0.01). …
NAID 130004138005