WordNet

purely outward or superficial; "external composure"; "an external concern for reputation"- A.R.Gurney,Jr.
outward features; "he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion"
coming from the outside; "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph"; "relying upon an extraneous income"; "disdaining outside pressure groups" (同)extraneous, outside
from or between other countries; "external commerce"; "international trade"; "developing nations need outside help" (同)international, outside
happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface; "the external auditory canal"; "external pressures"
with the wind abaft the beam; "a ship sailing large"
a garment size for a large person
above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent; "a large city"; "set out for the big city"; "a large sum"; "a big (or large) barn"; "a large family"; "big businesses"; "a big expenditure"; "a large number of newspapers"; "a big group of scientists"; "large areas of the world" (同)big
at a distance, wide of something (as of a mark)
fairly large or important in effect; influential; "played a large role in the negotiations"
having broad power and range and scope; "taking the large view"; "a large effect"; "a large sympathy"
responsive to physical stimuli; "a mimosas leaves are sensitive to touch"; "a sensitive voltmeter"; "sensitive skin"; "sensitive to light"
hurting; "the tender spot on his jaw" (同)sore, raw, tender
being susceptible to the attitudes, feelings, or circumstances of others; "sensitive to the local community and its needs"
of or pertaining to classified information or matters affecting national security
(mathematics) a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a coordinate system
the act of changing in form or shape or appearance; "a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface" (同)translation
(genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA
a qualitative change (同)transmutation, shift
a rule describing the conversion of one syntactic structure into another related syntactic structure
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『外側の』,外部の / (作用・動作などが)『外側からの』,外部からの / 表面上の,見せかけの / 体外の;体外用の / 外国の(foreign) / (…の)外観,外形《+『of』+『名』》
(同じ種類のものと比較して,形・体積・数量などが)『大きい』,多い,広い / (考えなどが)広範囲な,幅の広い,寛大な / 大きく / 自慢して,誇大に
(五感が)『敏感な』,感じやすい / 物事を非常に気にする,神経過敏な / 感光性の;(器械などが)感度のよい
変形,変質;変身 / (物理学で)変換;(電流の)変圧 / (言吾学で)変形
蛋白(たんばく)質

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性骨髄性白血病の細胞生物学および分子生物学 cellular and molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia
2. 大顆粒T細胞リンパ球性白血病の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of t cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
3. 幼児の食物蛋白誘発性直腸炎/大腸炎および腸疾患 food protein induced proctitis colitis and enteropathy of infancy
4. 本態性環境不耐性（多種化学物質過敏症）の概要 overview of idiopathic environmental intolerance multiple chemical sensitivity
5. 肥大型心筋症の遺伝学 genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

English Journal

Targeting fibronectins of glioma extracellular matrix by CLT1 peptide-conjugated nanoparticles.

Zhang B1, Shen S2, Liao Z2, Shi W1, Wang Y2, Zhao J2, Hu Y3, Yang J3, Chen J2, Mei H1, Hu Y4, Pang Z5, Jiang X2.Author information 1Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China.2School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.3College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, PR China.4Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China. Electronic address: dr_huyu@126.com.5School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China. Electronic address: zqpang@fudan.edu.cn.AbstractThe abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) in the glioma microenvironment play a critical role in the maintenance of glioma morphology, glioma cells differentiation and proliferation, but little has been done to understand the feasibility of ECM as the therapeutic target for glioma therapy. In this study, a drug delivery system targeting fibronectins (FNs), a prevailing component in the ECM of many solid tumors, was constructed for glioma therapy based on the interaction between the abundant FNs in glioma tissues and the FNs-targeting moiety CLT1 peptide. CLT1 peptide was successfully conjugated to PEG-PLA nanoparticles (CNP). FNs were demonstrated to be highly expressed in the ECM of glioma spheroids in vitro and glioma tissues in vivo. CLT1 modification favored targeting nanoparticles penetration into the core of glioma spheroids and consequently induced more severe inhibitive effects on glioma spheroids growth than traditional NP. In vivo imaging, ex vivo imaging and glioma tissue slides showed that CNP enhanced nanoparticles retention in glioma site, distributed more extensively and more deeply into glioma tissues than that of conventional NP, and mainly located in glioma cells rather than in extracellular matrix as conventional NP. Pharmacodynamics outcomes revealed that the median survival time of glioma-bearing mice models treated with paclitaxel-loaded CNP (CNP-PTX) was significantly prolonged when compared with that of any other group. TUNEL assay demonstrated that more extensive cell apoptosis was induced by CNP-PTX treatment compared with other treatments. Altogether, these promising results indicated that this ECM-targeting drug delivery system enhanced retention and glioma cell uptake of nanoparticles and might have a great potential for glioma therapy in clinical applications.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Apr;35(13):4088-98. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.046. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
The abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) in the glioma microenvironment play a critical role in the maintenance of glioma morphology, glioma cells differentiation and proliferation, but little has been done to understand the feasibility of ECM as the therapeutic target for glioma therapy. In this stu
PMID 24513320

Irisin ERKs the fat.

Wu J1, Spiegelman BM.
Diabetes.Diabetes.2014 Feb;63(2):381-3. doi: 10.2337/db13-1586.
PMID 24464712

Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP kinase signaling.

Zhang Y1, Li R, Meng Y, Li S, Donelan W, Zhao Y, Qi L, Zhang M, Wang X, Cui T, Yang LJ, Tang D.Author information 1Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.AbstractThe number and activity of brown adipocytes are linked to the ability of mammals to resist body fat accumulation. In some conditions, certain white adipose tissue (WAT) depots are readily convertible to a brown-like state, which is associated with weight loss. Irisin, a newly identified hormone, is secreted by skeletal muscles into circulation and promotes WAT "browning" with unknown mechanisms. In the current study, we demonstrated in mice that recombinant irisin decreased the body weight and improved glucose homeostasis. We further showed that irisin upregulated uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1; a regulator of thermogenic capability of brown fat) expression. This effect was possibly mediated by irisin-induced phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK by SB203580 and ERK by U0126 abolished the upregulatory effect of irisin on UCP-1. In addition, irisin also promoted the expression of betatrophin, another newly identified hormone that promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation and improves glucose tolerance. In summary, our data suggest that irisin can potentially prevent obesity and associated type 2 diabetes by stimulating expression of WAT browning-specific genes via the p38 MAPK and ERK pathways.
Diabetes.Diabetes.2014 Feb;63(2):514-25. doi: 10.2337/db13-1106. Epub 2013 Oct 22.
The number and activity of brown adipocytes are linked to the ability of mammals to resist body fat accumulation. In some conditions, certain white adipose tissue (WAT) depots are readily convertible to a brown-like state, which is associated with weight loss. Irisin, a newly identified hormone,
PMID 24150604